The output of 25 models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) were evaluated,with a focus on summer precipitation in eastern China for the last 40 years of the 20th century.Most mod-els fai...The output of 25 models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) were evaluated,with a focus on summer precipitation in eastern China for the last 40 years of the 20th century.Most mod-els failed to reproduce rainfall associated with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM),and hence the seasonal cycle in eastern China,but provided reasonable results in Southwest (SW) and Northeast China (NE).The simula-tions produced reasonable results for the Yangtze-Huai (YH) Basin area,although the Meiyu phenomenon was underestimated in general.One typical regional phe-nomenon,a seasonal northward shift in the rain belt from early to late summer,was completely missed by most models.The long-term climate trends in rainfall over eastern China were largely underestimated,and the ob-served geographical pattern of rainfall changes was not reproduced by most models.Precipitation extremes were evaluated via parameters of fitted GEV (Generalized Ex-treme Values) distributions.The annual extremes were grossly underestimated in the monsoon-dominated YH and SW regions,but reasonable values were calculated for the North China (NC) and NE regions.These results suggest a general failure to capture the dynamics of the EASM in current coupled climate models.Nonetheless,models with higher resolution tend to reproduce larger decadal trends and annual extremes of precipitation in the regions studied.展开更多
The yield of magnesium hydroxide was investigated via response surface methodology using bischofite and aqueous ammonia as raw materials. The experimental results indicated that the effects of reaction temperature,mag...The yield of magnesium hydroxide was investigated via response surface methodology using bischofite and aqueous ammonia as raw materials. The experimental results indicated that the effects of reaction temperature,magnesium ion and aqueous ammonia concentrations on the yield of magnesium hydroxide gradually decreased. In particular,reaction temperature and magnesium ion concentration had a significant influence on the yield. After the regression and fitting of the response value and each factor,the regression equation was obtained. As proven by experiments,the predicted value and actual value showed a good fit. The products of the center experiment were characterized by particle size analysis,scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the morphology is irregular and shows a lamellar structure. The particles have a narrow size distribution ranging from 0.64 to 0.68 μm of D50 size. The difference in particle size of D10 and D90 is less than 0.91 μm,and the purity very high.展开更多
Patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis(AC)may develop severe alcohol-associated hepatitis(sAH),a disease with high short-term mortality.Our previous studies demonstrated that sAH,but not AC livers,are infiltrated ...Patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis(AC)may develop severe alcohol-associated hepatitis(sAH),a disease with high short-term mortality.Our previous studies demonstrated that sAH,but not AC livers,are infiltrated with a high number of self-sustaining IL-8+neutrophils that likely drive the transition from AC to sAH.Monocyte-derived macrophages(MoMFs)also infiltrate the liver in sAH,but their roles remain largely obscure.In the present study,we characterized liver macrophages in human liver explants from sAH and AC patients.Our data revealed a marked reduction in Kupffer cells,whereas MoMFs were increased in sAH and AC.Single-cell RNA-Seq analyses revealed several populations in both AC and sAH,including C1Q+,S100A8+,APOE+,TNF+and VSIG4+macrophages,with sAH containing unique C1Q+macrophages potentially playing a role in removing apoptotic neutrophils in sAH.C1Q+macrophages also express many genes involved in phagocytosis and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions,suggesting that C1Q+macrophages have diverse functions in sAH.The roles of C1Q,S100A8,and APOE were further examined in experimental models of alcohol-induced liver injury.Our data revealed that C1q KO mice and macrophage-specific S100a8 KO mice presented similar alcohol-induced liver injury and hepatic neutrophil infiltration,while Apoe KO mice developed much more severe liver injury than did WT mice following chronic-plus-binge ethanol challenge.Taken together,sAH and AC are infiltrated with multiple populations of macrophages that perform diverse functions to drive chronic disease progression.Unique C1Q+macrophages in sAH play a compensatory role in removing dead cells but may also promote inflammation in sAH.展开更多
Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global d...Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global distribution that contributes to diverse ecosystems.Poaceae species are classified into 12 subfamilies,with generally strong phylogenetic support for their monophyly.However,many relationships within subfamilies,among tribes and/or subtribes,remain uncertain.To better resolve the Poaceae phylogeny,we generated 342 transcriptomic and seven genomic datasets;these were combined with other genomic and transcriptomic datasets to provide sequences for 357 Poaceae species in 231 genera,representing 45 tribes and all 12 subfamilies.Over 1200 low-copy nuclear genes were retrieved from these datasets,with several subsets obtained using additional criteria,and used for coalescent analyses to reconstruct a Poaceae phylogeny.Our results strongly support the monophyly of 11 subfamilies;however,the subfamily Puelioideae was separated into two non-sister clades,one for each of the two previously defined tribes,supporting a hypothesis that places each tribe in a separate subfamily.Molecular clock analyses estimated the crown age of Poaceae to be101 million years old.Ancestral character reconstruction of C3/C4 photosynthesis supports the hypothesis of multiple independent origins of C4 photosynthesis.These origins are further supported by phylogenetic analysis of the ppc gene family that encodes the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,which suggests that members of three paralogous subclades(ppc-aL1a,ppc-aL1b,and ppcB2)were recruited as functional C4 ppc genes.This study provides valuable resources and a robust phylogenetic framework for evolutionary analyses of the grass family.展开更多
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China 2009CB421401/2006CB400503the Chinese Meteorological Administration ProgramGYHY200706001
文摘The output of 25 models used in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 3 (CMIP3) were evaluated,with a focus on summer precipitation in eastern China for the last 40 years of the 20th century.Most mod-els failed to reproduce rainfall associated with the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM),and hence the seasonal cycle in eastern China,but provided reasonable results in Southwest (SW) and Northeast China (NE).The simula-tions produced reasonable results for the Yangtze-Huai (YH) Basin area,although the Meiyu phenomenon was underestimated in general.One typical regional phe-nomenon,a seasonal northward shift in the rain belt from early to late summer,was completely missed by most models.The long-term climate trends in rainfall over eastern China were largely underestimated,and the ob-served geographical pattern of rainfall changes was not reproduced by most models.Precipitation extremes were evaluated via parameters of fitted GEV (Generalized Ex-treme Values) distributions.The annual extremes were grossly underestimated in the monsoon-dominated YH and SW regions,but reasonable values were calculated for the North China (NC) and NE regions.These results suggest a general failure to capture the dynamics of the EASM in current coupled climate models.Nonetheless,models with higher resolution tend to reproduce larger decadal trends and annual extremes of precipitation in the regions studied.
基金Supported by the Department of Science and Technology of Qinghai Province(No.2010-G-221A)
文摘The yield of magnesium hydroxide was investigated via response surface methodology using bischofite and aqueous ammonia as raw materials. The experimental results indicated that the effects of reaction temperature,magnesium ion and aqueous ammonia concentrations on the yield of magnesium hydroxide gradually decreased. In particular,reaction temperature and magnesium ion concentration had a significant influence on the yield. After the regression and fitting of the response value and each factor,the regression equation was obtained. As proven by experiments,the predicted value and actual value showed a good fit. The products of the center experiment were characterized by particle size analysis,scanning electron microscopy,and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the morphology is irregular and shows a lamellar structure. The particles have a narrow size distribution ranging from 0.64 to 0.68 μm of D50 size. The difference in particle size of D10 and D90 is less than 0.91 μm,and the purity very high.
基金supported by the intramural program of NIAAA,NIH(B.G.)the NIAAA Clinical Resources for AH Investigators(R24AA025017,Z.S.).
文摘Patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis(AC)may develop severe alcohol-associated hepatitis(sAH),a disease with high short-term mortality.Our previous studies demonstrated that sAH,but not AC livers,are infiltrated with a high number of self-sustaining IL-8+neutrophils that likely drive the transition from AC to sAH.Monocyte-derived macrophages(MoMFs)also infiltrate the liver in sAH,but their roles remain largely obscure.In the present study,we characterized liver macrophages in human liver explants from sAH and AC patients.Our data revealed a marked reduction in Kupffer cells,whereas MoMFs were increased in sAH and AC.Single-cell RNA-Seq analyses revealed several populations in both AC and sAH,including C1Q+,S100A8+,APOE+,TNF+and VSIG4+macrophages,with sAH containing unique C1Q+macrophages potentially playing a role in removing apoptotic neutrophils in sAH.C1Q+macrophages also express many genes involved in phagocytosis and proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions,suggesting that C1Q+macrophages have diverse functions in sAH.The roles of C1Q,S100A8,and APOE were further examined in experimental models of alcohol-induced liver injury.Our data revealed that C1q KO mice and macrophage-specific S100a8 KO mice presented similar alcohol-induced liver injury and hepatic neutrophil infiltration,while Apoe KO mice developed much more severe liver injury than did WT mice following chronic-plus-binge ethanol challenge.Taken together,sAH and AC are infiltrated with multiple populations of macrophages that perform diverse functions to drive chronic disease progression.Unique C1Q+macrophages in sAH play a compensatory role in removing dead cells but may also promote inflammation in sAH.
基金supported by funds from Eberly College of Science and the Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences at the Pennsylvania State University and from grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31770242 and 31970224)funds from the Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at Fudan University.
文摘Poaceae(the grasses)includes rice,maize,wheat,and other crops,and is the most economically important angiosperm family.Poaceae is also one of the largest plant families,consisting of over 11000 species with a global distribution that contributes to diverse ecosystems.Poaceae species are classified into 12 subfamilies,with generally strong phylogenetic support for their monophyly.However,many relationships within subfamilies,among tribes and/or subtribes,remain uncertain.To better resolve the Poaceae phylogeny,we generated 342 transcriptomic and seven genomic datasets;these were combined with other genomic and transcriptomic datasets to provide sequences for 357 Poaceae species in 231 genera,representing 45 tribes and all 12 subfamilies.Over 1200 low-copy nuclear genes were retrieved from these datasets,with several subsets obtained using additional criteria,and used for coalescent analyses to reconstruct a Poaceae phylogeny.Our results strongly support the monophyly of 11 subfamilies;however,the subfamily Puelioideae was separated into two non-sister clades,one for each of the two previously defined tribes,supporting a hypothesis that places each tribe in a separate subfamily.Molecular clock analyses estimated the crown age of Poaceae to be101 million years old.Ancestral character reconstruction of C3/C4 photosynthesis supports the hypothesis of multiple independent origins of C4 photosynthesis.These origins are further supported by phylogenetic analysis of the ppc gene family that encodes the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase,which suggests that members of three paralogous subclades(ppc-aL1a,ppc-aL1b,and ppcB2)were recruited as functional C4 ppc genes.This study provides valuable resources and a robust phylogenetic framework for evolutionary analyses of the grass family.
