In this paper,we have calculated the structural,electronic,and optical properties of chalcogenide stannite Cu_(2)CdSnX4(X=S,Se,Te) materials.The calculations are based on the density functional theory (DFT) method and...In this paper,we have calculated the structural,electronic,and optical properties of chalcogenide stannite Cu_(2)CdSnX4(X=S,Se,Te) materials.The calculations are based on the density functional theory (DFT) method and are performed using the Cambridge sequential total energy package (CASTEP) code included in the Biovia Material Studio 20 software.All optical properties have been studied in a domain that extends energetically from 10 meV to 40 eV.Our results show that Cu_(2)CdSnX4(X=S,Se,Te) stannite exhibits absorption in the visible region,the refractive index decreases with increasing energy,and the refractive index values are n=3.2,3.73 and 3.75 for Cu_(2)CdSnS_(4),Cu_(2)CdSnSe_(4)and Cu_(2)CdSnTe_(4),respectively.They show also high conductivity,which implies that this material is promising for solar cells.These results argue in favor of the use of these materials in various potential applications.The density of state,band structures,and structural properties of Cu_(2)CdSnX4(X=S,Se,and Te) stannite are also studied in this work.展开更多
BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM)is a rare congenital abnormality in pancreaticobiliary duct development.PBM is commonly found in children,and it often leads to acute pancreatitis and other diseases as a ...BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM)is a rare congenital abnormality in pancreaticobiliary duct development.PBM is commonly found in children,and it often leads to acute pancreatitis and other diseases as a result of pancreaticobiliary reflux.Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy is a common surgical method for the treatment of PBM,but there are several associated complications that may occur after this operation.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a 12-year-old female,was hospitalized nearly 20 times in 2021 for recurrent acute pancreatitis.In 2022,she was diagnosed with PBM and underwent laparoscopic common bile duct resection and Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy in a tertiary hospital.In the first year after surgery,the patient had more than 10 recurrent acute pancreatitis episodes.After undergoing abdominal computed tomography and other examinations,she was diagnosed with“residual bile duct stones and recurrent acute pancreatitis”.On January 30,2024,the patient was admitted to our hospital due to recurrent upper abdominal pain and was cured through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.CONCLUSION This article reports a case of a child with distal residual common bile duct stones and recurrent acute pancreatitis after Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy for PBM.The patient was cured through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.展开更多
Multimodal deep learning has emerged as a key paradigm in contemporary medical diagnostics,advancing precision medicine by enabling integration and learning from diverse data sources.The exponential growth of high-dim...Multimodal deep learning has emerged as a key paradigm in contemporary medical diagnostics,advancing precision medicine by enabling integration and learning from diverse data sources.The exponential growth of high-dimensional healthcare data,encompassing genomic,transcriptomic,and other omics profiles,as well as radiological imaging and histopathological slides,makes this approach increasingly important because,when examined separately,these data sources only offer a fragmented picture of intricate disease processes.Multimodal deep learning leverages the complementary properties of multiple data modalities to enable more accurate prognostic modeling,more robust disease characterization,and improved treatment decision-making.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of multimodal deep learning approaches in medical diagnosis.We classify and examine important application domains,such as(1)radiology,where automated report generation and lesion detection are facilitated by image-text integration;(2)histopathology,where fusion models improve tumor classification and grading;and(3)multi-omics,where molecular subtypes and latent biomarkers are revealed through cross-modal learning.We provide an overview of representative research,methodological advancements,and clinical consequences for each domain.Additionally,we critically analyzed the fundamental issues preventing wider adoption,including computational complexity(particularly in training scalable,multi-branch networks),data heterogeneity(resulting from modality-specific noise,resolution variations,and inconsistent annotations),and the challenge of maintaining significant cross-modal correlations during fusion.These problems impede interpretability,which is crucial for clinical trust and use,in addition to performance and generalizability.Lastly,we outline important areas for future research,including the development of standardized protocols for harmonizing data,the creation of lightweight and interpretable fusion architectures,the integration of real-time clinical decision support systems,and the promotion of cooperation for federated multimodal learning.Our goal is to provide researchers and clinicians with a concise overview of the field’s present state,enduring constraints,and exciting directions for further research through this review.展开更多
Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,emphasizing the critical need for improved diagnostic techniques.Early detection of lung tumors significantly increases the chances of suc...Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,emphasizing the critical need for improved diagnostic techniques.Early detection of lung tumors significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and survival.However,current diagnostic methods often fail to detect tumors at an early stage or to accurately pinpoint their location within the lung tissue.Single-model deep learning technologies for lung cancer detection,while beneficial,cannot capture the full range of features present in medical imaging data,leading to incomplete or inaccurate detection.Furthermore,it may not be robust enough to handle the wide variability in medical images due to different imaging conditions,patient anatomy,and tumor characteristics.To overcome these disadvantages,dual-model or multi-model approaches can be employed.This research focuses on enhancing the detection of lung cancer by utilizing a combination of two learning models:a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for categorization and the You Only Look Once(YOLOv8)architecture for real-time identification and pinpointing of tumors.CNNs automatically learn to extract hierarchical features from raw image data,capturing patterns such as edges,textures,and complex structures that are crucial for identifying lung cancer.YOLOv8 incorporates multiscale feature extraction,enabling the detection of tumors of varying sizes and scales within a single image.This is particularly beneficial for identifying small or irregularly shaped tumors that may be challenging to detect.Furthermore,through the utilization of cutting-edge data augmentation methods,such as Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),the suggested approach can handle the issue of limited data and boost the models’ability to learn from diverse and comprehensive datasets.The combined method not only improved accuracy and localization but also ensured efficient real-time processing,which is crucial for practical clinical applications.The CNN achieved an accuracy of 97.67%in classifying lung tissues into healthy and cancerous categories.The YOLOv8 model achieved an Intersection over Union(IoU)score of 0.85 for tumor localization,reflecting high precision in detecting and marking tumor boundaries within the images.Finally,the incorporation of synthetic images generated by DCGAN led to a 10%improvement in both the CNN classification accuracy and YOLOv8 detection performance.展开更多
This study evaluated the effectiveness of Chinese herbal foot bath therapy in improving sleep quality among postpartum women of advanced maternal age.A quasi-experimental design was used,involving 60 participants with...This study evaluated the effectiveness of Chinese herbal foot bath therapy in improving sleep quality among postpartum women of advanced maternal age.A quasi-experimental design was used,involving 60 participants with sleep disturbances recruited from Zouping County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital.Participants were divided into control and experimental groups,and sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)before and after the intervention.The experimental group received Chinese herbal foot bath therapy,while the control group did not.Post-intervention results showed a significant improvement in sleep quality for the experimental group,with a mean PSQI score of 7.79(SD=2.90),compared to 13.45(SD=2.57)in the control group,indicating continued poor sleep.Statistical analysis confirmed that the therapy led to significant improvements across overall and component PSQI scores.The study concludes that Chinese herbal foot bath therapy is a safe,non-invasive,and cost-effective method to enhance sleep quality among postpartum women,especially those of advanced maternal age.It holds promise as a complementary treatment option and could be integrated into standard postpartum care practices to address sleep disturbances without relying on pharmacological interventions.展开更多
This study presents an enhanced convolutional neural network(CNN)model integrated with Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)techniques for accurate prediction and interpretation of wheat crop diseases.The aim is to...This study presents an enhanced convolutional neural network(CNN)model integrated with Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)techniques for accurate prediction and interpretation of wheat crop diseases.The aim is to streamline the detection process while offering transparent insights into the model’s decision-making to support effective disease management.To evaluate the model,a dataset was collected from wheat fields in Kotli,Azad Kashmir,Pakistan,and tested across multiple data splits.The proposed model demonstrates improved stability,faster conver-gence,and higher classification accuracy.The results show significant improvements in prediction accuracy and stability compared to prior works,achieving up to 100%accuracy in certain configurations.In addition,XAI methods such as Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations(LIME)and Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)were employed to explain the model’s predictions,highlighting the most influential features contributing to classification decisions.The combined use of CNN and XAI offers a dual benefit:strong predictive performance and clear interpretability of outcomes,which is especially critical in real-world agricultural applications.These findings underscore the potential of integrating deep learning models with XAI to advance automated plant disease detection.The study offers a precise,reliable,and interpretable solution for improving wheat production and promoting agricultural sustainability.Future extensions of this work may include scaling the dataset across broader regions and incorporating additional modalities such as environmental data to enhance model robustness and generalization.展开更多
Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuo...Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuous light exposure.This study aimed to investigate the morphological and functional alterations in BAT under continuous light conditions and to identify traditional Chinese medicine compounds capable of reversing these changes.Methods:A metabolic disorder model was established by subjecting mice to continuous light exposure for 5 weeks.During this period,body weight,food intake,and body fat percentage were monitored.Serum levels of triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were measured to assess lipid metabolism.Histological changes in BAT were examined using H&E staining.The expression of the thermogenic marker uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in BAT was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot to evaluate thermogenic function.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was employed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)involved in BAT whitening induced by prolonged continuous light exposure.DEGs were analyzed using the connectivity map(CMap)database to identify potential preventive and therapeutic compounds.The therapeutic efficacy of the selected compounds was subsequently evaluated using the above indicators,and key pathways were validated through western blot analysis.Results:After 5 weeks of continuous light exposure,mice exhibited increased body fat percentage and serum levels of TG,impaired mitochondrial function,reduced thermogenic capacity,and whitening of BAT.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses indicated that BAT whitening was primarily associated with the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,fatty acid metabolism,and circadian rhythm.Ten hub genes identified using Cytoscape were mainly related to AMPK signaling and heat shock proteins.In vivo experiments showed that cordycepin significantly attenuated the increase in body fat percentage caused by prolonged light exposure.This effect was mediated by activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP1 signaling pathway,which restored the multilocular morphology and thermogenic function of BAT.Conclusion:Cordycepin mitigates continuous light-induced BAT whitening and metabolic disturbances by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.展开更多
Not always climate and cultural contexts are discussed at the forefront of architectural discussions on traditional or vernacular architecture,nevertheless,the construction material also plays a significant part in de...Not always climate and cultural contexts are discussed at the forefront of architectural discussions on traditional or vernacular architecture,nevertheless,the construction material also plays a significant part in defining places’architectural languages.Building from the local materials is an essential ingredient of the local distinctiveness,whilst forming the architectural grand gesture in its context.In Siwa oasis,salt architecture has formed that architectural grand gesture.The vernacular vocabularies adopted by old Bedouins using salt bricks generated Siwa’s unique spirit.In this paper,some examples are illustrated based on a series of site visits to three main sites in Siwa,namely:Old Shali,Abu Shuruf,and Aghourmy.This shows the evolution of Siwa’s vernacular architecture and the role of the architectural language or detrimental effect on the overall quality of architecture.From the site visits,it was observed that building with the traditional technique is now becoming abandoned in Siwa,explained by the local builders to be due to the huge costs required;forcing them to shifting to modern architecture.The influx to building using modern techniques has led to a significant transformation in the urban morphology and spirit of Siwa.Herein lies the scope of this paper:to discuss the impact of the evolution of vernacular architecture on the overall quality of architecture in Siwa and thus identifying the problems which will lead to policy formulation and guidelines for the redevelopment of Siwa in order to“revitalize/resuscitate”its vernacular style accordingly.展开更多
Dear Editor,This letter studies finite-time stability (FTS) of impulsive and switched hybrid systems with delay-dependent impulses. Some conditions, based on Lyapunov method, are proposed for ensuring FTS and estimati...Dear Editor,This letter studies finite-time stability (FTS) of impulsive and switched hybrid systems with delay-dependent impulses. Some conditions, based on Lyapunov method, are proposed for ensuring FTS and estimating settling-time function (STF) of the hybrid systems.When switching dynamics are FTS and impulsive dynamics involve destabilizing delay-dependent impulses, the FTS is retained if the impulses occur infrequently.展开更多
The prevalence of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders is increasing worldwide.Recent studies suggest the excessive intake of ultra-processed food plays a role in the inheritance of these disorders via...The prevalence of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders is increasing worldwide.Recent studies suggest the excessive intake of ultra-processed food plays a role in the inheritance of these disorders via heavy metal exposures and nutritional deficits that impact the expression of genes.In the case of the metallothionein(MT)gene,biomarker studies show dietary zinc(Zn)deficits impact MT protein levels in children with autism and are associated with the bioaccumulation of lead and/or mercury in children exhibiting autism/attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders symptomology.The impact of dietary changes on lead and mercury exposures and MT gene behavior could be determined using a randomized test and control group design.Pregnant women serving in the testgroup would participate in a nutritional epigenetics education intervention/course designed to reduce ultra-processed food intake and heavy metal levels in blood while increasing whole food intake and MT and Zn levels.Changes in maternal diet would be measured using data derived from an online diet survey administered to the test and control groups pre-post intervention.Changes in maternal lead,mercury,Zn,and MT levels would be measured via blood sample analyses prior to the intervention and after childbirth via cord blood analyses to determine infant risk factors.展开更多
Honey, an apicultural product with a complex chemical composition, contains numerous bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial effects. This study investigated the effect of Apis mellifera honey from Brazil’s ...Honey, an apicultural product with a complex chemical composition, contains numerous bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial effects. This study investigated the effect of Apis mellifera honey from Brazil’s Central-West Region, combined with antibiotics, on bacterial membrane permeability, exploring the contributions of bioactive compounds and the botanical origin of honey. Six fresh Apis mellifera honey samples and their fractions (hexane and ethyl acetate) were analyzed, for a total of 18 samples. The bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, Helicobacter pylori and Enterococcus faecalis were used for antibacterial activity tests, which included minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination and synergistic effect (checkerboard) assays. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantified, and the botanical origin was determined based on pollen analysis. The tested honey samples significantly affected bacterial membrane permeability when combined with rifampicin and clarithromycin. Although many honey-derived bioactive compounds, when isolated, did not exhibit significant activity against these bacteria, the additive or synergistic effect of multiple compounds acting on different targets appears to potentiate the antibacterial action. Descriptive statistical analysis, including means and 95% confidence intervals, confirmed the relevance of the findings. This study has provided an important discovery: Honey has an effect on bacterial membrane permeability, although the specific mechanisms involved in this process require further investigation.展开更多
Hierarchical porous carbon(HPC)materials exhibit superior performance profiles in various applications due to their well-developed multiscale interconnected pore structures.The synthesis of HPC from natural biomass pr...Hierarchical porous carbon(HPC)materials exhibit superior performance profiles in various applications due to their well-developed multiscale interconnected pore structures.The synthesis of HPC from natural biomass precursors instead of fossil fuel-based precursors has gained considerable attention in recent decades.Rice husk,a globally abundant agricultural waste,offers a sustainable and cost-effective precursor for HPC production.The structural components and inherent silica content of rice husk act as a natural self-template for forming hierarchical pore structures with superior characteristics.In this review,recent studies on preparing rice husk-based HPC are summarized,and synthesis techniques are evaluated.In addition,recent advancements in activation methods and the effect of silica templates are reviewed while comparing these with traditional activated carbon production methods.Potential future directions for research and development activities are also discussed.Rice husk is a highly promising candidate for producing high-performance HPC materials.展开更多
Proper knowledge of the nature of geomagnetic storms and their relationships with the conditions of the space environment at the outer part of the Earth's magnetosphere(bow shock nose) is essential to increase our...Proper knowledge of the nature of geomagnetic storms and their relationships with the conditions of the space environment at the outer part of the Earth's magnetosphere(bow shock nose) is essential to increase our resilience to space weather disturbances. In this article, we present an analysis of the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF) and solar wind parameters relevant to 100 geomagnetic storms in Solar Cycle 24. We revisit the relationship between the minimum disturbance storm time index(Dst_(min)), the minimum southward IMF(B_(S, min)), the maximum solar wind density(N_(SW, max)) and speed(V_(max)), and the lag time between the extrema(dT(B_(z), N),dT(B_(z), V)). We end with a regression formula that fits the data, with a coefficient of determination of 0.58, a root mean square error of 21.30 nT, and a mean absolute error of 15.87 nT. Even though more complex machine learning models can outperform this model, it serves as a theoretically sensible alternative for understanding and forecasting geomagnetic storms.展开更多
Accurately modeling heavy-tailed data is critical across applied sciences,particularly in finance,medicine,and actuarial analysis.This work presents the heavy-tailed power XLindley distribution(HTPXLD),a unique heavy-...Accurately modeling heavy-tailed data is critical across applied sciences,particularly in finance,medicine,and actuarial analysis.This work presents the heavy-tailed power XLindley distribution(HTPXLD),a unique heavy-tailed distribution.Adding one more parameter to the power XLindley distribution improves this new distribution,especially when modeling leptokurtic lifetime data.The suggested density provides greater flexibility with asymmetric forms and different degrees of peakedness.Its statistical features,like the quantile function,moments,extropy measures,incomplete moments,stochastic ordering,and stress-strength parameters,are explored.We further investigate its use in actuarial science through the computation of pertinent metrics,such as value-at-risk,tail value-at-risk,tail variance,and tail variance premium.To obtain the point and interval parameter estimates,we use the maximum likelihood estimation approach.We do many simulation tests to evaluate the performance of our proposed estimator.Metrics like bias,relative bias,mean squared error,root mean squared error,average interval length,and coverage probability will be used in these tests to assess the estimator’s performance.To illustrate the practical value of our proposed model,we apply it to analyze three real-world datasets.We then compare its performance to established competing models,highlighting its advantages.展开更多
Integrating the photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system in green hydrogen production is an improvement in sustainable energy technologies.In PV/T systems,solar energy is converted into electricity and thermal energy simultan...Integrating the photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system in green hydrogen production is an improvement in sustainable energy technologies.In PV/T systems,solar energy is converted into electricity and thermal energy simultaneously using hot water or air together with electricity.This dual use saves a significant amount of energy and officially fights greenhouse gases.Different cooling techniques have been proposed in the literature for improving the overall performance of the PV/T systems;employing different types of agents including nanofluids and phase change materials.Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe and has later turned into a flexible energy carrier for transportation and other industrial applications.Issues,including the processes of Hydrogen manufacturing,preservation as well as some risks act as barriers.This paper provides an analysis of several recent publications on the efficiency of using PV/T technology in the process of green hydrogen production and indicates the potential for its increased efficiency as compared to conventional systems that rely on fossil fuels.Due to the effective integration of solar energy,the PV/T system can play an important role in the reduction of the levelized cost of hydrogen(LCOH)and hence play an important part in reducing the economic calculations of the decarbonized energy system.展开更多
The undercurrent research survey explores the roles of nonlocality and strain gradient size dependencies in nonlinear asymmetric buckling of shallow nanoscale arches having dissimilar end conditions through a numerica...The undercurrent research survey explores the roles of nonlocality and strain gradient size dependencies in nonlinear asymmetric buckling of shallow nanoscale arches having dissimilar end conditions through a numerical analysis.The arches,made from a functionally graded graphene nanofiller reinforced composite(FG-GNRC),are subjected to discretional radial concentrated loads along with converting of temperature.To account for the size dependencies,the exploration is carried out stemming from the nonlocal strain gradient theory(NSGT)in the sense of a quasi-2D parabolic shear flexible concept of curved beam.The material properties of the contemplated FG-GNRC sandwich are determined using the modified Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model.Subsequently,an extended isogeometric analysis(XIGA)is manipulated comprising insertion plus multiplication of knots to achieve the demanded lower continuity allocated to the integration between flexural and tangential reflexes.It is perceived that the both softening and stiffening concomitants assigned to the salient concentrated radial loads obtained by the developed NSGT-based XIGA diminish from the first upper limit to the second one,and then likewise from the first lower limit to the second one.Although,by becoming the upsurge in temperature higher,these softening and stiffening concomitants get more remarkable.展开更多
Multi-objective optimization is critical for problem-solving in engineering,economics,and AI.This study introduces the Multi-Objective Chef-Based Optimization Algorithm(MOCBOA),an upgraded version of the Chef-Based Op...Multi-objective optimization is critical for problem-solving in engineering,economics,and AI.This study introduces the Multi-Objective Chef-Based Optimization Algorithm(MOCBOA),an upgraded version of the Chef-Based Optimization Algorithm(CBOA)that addresses distinct objectives.Our approach is unique in systematically examining four dominance relations—Pareto,Epsilon,Cone-epsilon,and Strengthened dominance—to evaluate their influence on sustaining solution variety and driving convergence toward the Pareto front.Our comparison investigation,which was conducted on fifty test problems from the CEC 2021 benchmark and applied to areas such as chemical engineering,mechanical design,and power systems,reveals that the dominance approach used has a considerable impact on the key optimization measures such as the hypervolume metric.This paper provides a solid foundation for determining themost effective dominance approach and significant insights for both theoretical research and practical applications in multi-objective optimization.展开更多
CaS phosphor activated with Dy ions is prepared by the solid-state diffusion method. The phosphor is characterized by x-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and photoiuminescence. Defect centres formed i...CaS phosphor activated with Dy ions is prepared by the solid-state diffusion method. The phosphor is characterized by x-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and photoiuminescence. Defect centres formed in CaS：Dy are studied using the technique of electron spin resonance. The thermoluminescence glow curve shows peaks at around 117℃ and 345℃. Irradiated CaS：Dy exhibits ESR lines due to defect centres. The thermal annealing behaviour of one of the defect centres appears to correlate with the TL peaks at 117℃ and 345℃. This centre is characterized by an isotropic g-value of 2.0035 and is assigned to an F^＋ centre.展开更多
Background:Routinely collected health data are increasingly used in clinical research.No study has systematically reviewed the temporal trends in the number of publications and analyzed different aspects of local rese...Background:Routinely collected health data are increasingly used in clinical research.No study has systematically reviewed the temporal trends in the number of publications and analyzed different aspects of local research practices and their variations in Hong Kong,China,with a specific focus on research ethics governance and approval.Methods:PubMed was systematically searched from its inception to March 28,2023,for studies using routinely col-lected healthcare data from Hong Kong.Results:A total of 454 studies were included.Between 2000 and 2009,32 studies were identified.The number of pub-lications increased from 5 to 120 between 2010 and 2022.Of the investigator-led studies using the Hospital Authority(HA)’s cross-cluster data(n=393),327(83.2%)reported receiving ethics approval from a single cluster/university-based REC,whereas 50 studies(12.7%)did not report approval from a REC.For use of the HA Data Collaboration Lab,approval by a single hospital-based or University-based REC is accepted.Repeated submission of identical ethics applications to different RECs is estimated to cost HK$4.2 million yearly.Conclusions:Most studies reported gaining approval from a single cluster REC before retrieval of cross-cluster HA data.Substantial cost savings would result if repeated review of identical ethics applications were not required.展开更多
Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a significant global soft fruit crop, prized for its nutrient content and pleasant flavor. However, diseases, particularly grey mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. ...Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a significant global soft fruit crop, prized for its nutrient content and pleasant flavor. However, diseases, particularly grey mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. poses major constraints to strawberry production and productivity. Grey mold severely impacts fruit quality and quantity, diminishing market value. This study evaluated five B. cinerea isolates from various locations in the Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya. All isolates were pathogenic, with isolate SGM 2 identified as highly virulent. Host range studies showed the pathogen-producing symptoms in the fava bean pods, marigold, gerbera, and chrysanthemum flowers and in the fava bean, gerbera, and lettuce leaves. In vitro tests revealed that neem extract (15% w/v) achieved the highest mycelial growth inhibition at 76.66%, while black turmeric extract (5% w/v) had the lowest inhibition at 9.62%. Dual culture methods with bio-control agents indicated that Bacillus subtilis recorded the highest mean inhibition at 77.03%, while Pseudomonas fluorescens had the lowest at 20.36% against the two virulent isolates. Pot evaluations demonstrated that B. subtilis resulted in the lowest percent disease index at 20.59%, followed by neem extract at 23.31%, with the highest disease index in the control group at 42.51%. Additionally, B. subtilis significantly improved plant growth, yielding an average of 0.32 kg compared to 0.14 kg in the control. The promising results of B. subtilis and neem leaf extract from this study suggest their potential for eco-friendly managing grey mold in strawberries under field conditions.展开更多
基金supported by the University Sultan Moulay Slimane,Beni Mellal,Morocco。
文摘In this paper,we have calculated the structural,electronic,and optical properties of chalcogenide stannite Cu_(2)CdSnX4(X=S,Se,Te) materials.The calculations are based on the density functional theory (DFT) method and are performed using the Cambridge sequential total energy package (CASTEP) code included in the Biovia Material Studio 20 software.All optical properties have been studied in a domain that extends energetically from 10 meV to 40 eV.Our results show that Cu_(2)CdSnX4(X=S,Se,Te) stannite exhibits absorption in the visible region,the refractive index decreases with increasing energy,and the refractive index values are n=3.2,3.73 and 3.75 for Cu_(2)CdSnS_(4),Cu_(2)CdSnSe_(4)and Cu_(2)CdSnTe_(4),respectively.They show also high conductivity,which implies that this material is promising for solar cells.These results argue in favor of the use of these materials in various potential applications.The density of state,band structures,and structural properties of Cu_(2)CdSnX4(X=S,Se,and Te) stannite are also studied in this work.
文摘BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary maljunction(PBM)is a rare congenital abnormality in pancreaticobiliary duct development.PBM is commonly found in children,and it often leads to acute pancreatitis and other diseases as a result of pancreaticobiliary reflux.Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy is a common surgical method for the treatment of PBM,but there are several associated complications that may occur after this operation.CASE SUMMARY The patient,a 12-year-old female,was hospitalized nearly 20 times in 2021 for recurrent acute pancreatitis.In 2022,she was diagnosed with PBM and underwent laparoscopic common bile duct resection and Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy in a tertiary hospital.In the first year after surgery,the patient had more than 10 recurrent acute pancreatitis episodes.After undergoing abdominal computed tomography and other examinations,she was diagnosed with“residual bile duct stones and recurrent acute pancreatitis”.On January 30,2024,the patient was admitted to our hospital due to recurrent upper abdominal pain and was cured through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.CONCLUSION This article reports a case of a child with distal residual common bile duct stones and recurrent acute pancreatitis after Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy for PBM.The patient was cured through endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
文摘Multimodal deep learning has emerged as a key paradigm in contemporary medical diagnostics,advancing precision medicine by enabling integration and learning from diverse data sources.The exponential growth of high-dimensional healthcare data,encompassing genomic,transcriptomic,and other omics profiles,as well as radiological imaging and histopathological slides,makes this approach increasingly important because,when examined separately,these data sources only offer a fragmented picture of intricate disease processes.Multimodal deep learning leverages the complementary properties of multiple data modalities to enable more accurate prognostic modeling,more robust disease characterization,and improved treatment decision-making.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of multimodal deep learning approaches in medical diagnosis.We classify and examine important application domains,such as(1)radiology,where automated report generation and lesion detection are facilitated by image-text integration;(2)histopathology,where fusion models improve tumor classification and grading;and(3)multi-omics,where molecular subtypes and latent biomarkers are revealed through cross-modal learning.We provide an overview of representative research,methodological advancements,and clinical consequences for each domain.Additionally,we critically analyzed the fundamental issues preventing wider adoption,including computational complexity(particularly in training scalable,multi-branch networks),data heterogeneity(resulting from modality-specific noise,resolution variations,and inconsistent annotations),and the challenge of maintaining significant cross-modal correlations during fusion.These problems impede interpretability,which is crucial for clinical trust and use,in addition to performance and generalizability.Lastly,we outline important areas for future research,including the development of standardized protocols for harmonizing data,the creation of lightweight and interpretable fusion architectures,the integration of real-time clinical decision support systems,and the promotion of cooperation for federated multimodal learning.Our goal is to provide researchers and clinicians with a concise overview of the field’s present state,enduring constraints,and exciting directions for further research through this review.
文摘Lung cancer continues to be a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide,emphasizing the critical need for improved diagnostic techniques.Early detection of lung tumors significantly increases the chances of successful treatment and survival.However,current diagnostic methods often fail to detect tumors at an early stage or to accurately pinpoint their location within the lung tissue.Single-model deep learning technologies for lung cancer detection,while beneficial,cannot capture the full range of features present in medical imaging data,leading to incomplete or inaccurate detection.Furthermore,it may not be robust enough to handle the wide variability in medical images due to different imaging conditions,patient anatomy,and tumor characteristics.To overcome these disadvantages,dual-model or multi-model approaches can be employed.This research focuses on enhancing the detection of lung cancer by utilizing a combination of two learning models:a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for categorization and the You Only Look Once(YOLOv8)architecture for real-time identification and pinpointing of tumors.CNNs automatically learn to extract hierarchical features from raw image data,capturing patterns such as edges,textures,and complex structures that are crucial for identifying lung cancer.YOLOv8 incorporates multiscale feature extraction,enabling the detection of tumors of varying sizes and scales within a single image.This is particularly beneficial for identifying small or irregularly shaped tumors that may be challenging to detect.Furthermore,through the utilization of cutting-edge data augmentation methods,such as Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Networks(DCGAN),the suggested approach can handle the issue of limited data and boost the models’ability to learn from diverse and comprehensive datasets.The combined method not only improved accuracy and localization but also ensured efficient real-time processing,which is crucial for practical clinical applications.The CNN achieved an accuracy of 97.67%in classifying lung tissues into healthy and cancerous categories.The YOLOv8 model achieved an Intersection over Union(IoU)score of 0.85 for tumor localization,reflecting high precision in detecting and marking tumor boundaries within the images.Finally,the incorporation of synthetic images generated by DCGAN led to a 10%improvement in both the CNN classification accuracy and YOLOv8 detection performance.
文摘This study evaluated the effectiveness of Chinese herbal foot bath therapy in improving sleep quality among postpartum women of advanced maternal age.A quasi-experimental design was used,involving 60 participants with sleep disturbances recruited from Zouping County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital.Participants were divided into control and experimental groups,and sleep quality was assessed using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI)before and after the intervention.The experimental group received Chinese herbal foot bath therapy,while the control group did not.Post-intervention results showed a significant improvement in sleep quality for the experimental group,with a mean PSQI score of 7.79(SD=2.90),compared to 13.45(SD=2.57)in the control group,indicating continued poor sleep.Statistical analysis confirmed that the therapy led to significant improvements across overall and component PSQI scores.The study concludes that Chinese herbal foot bath therapy is a safe,non-invasive,and cost-effective method to enhance sleep quality among postpartum women,especially those of advanced maternal age.It holds promise as a complementary treatment option and could be integrated into standard postpartum care practices to address sleep disturbances without relying on pharmacological interventions.
文摘This study presents an enhanced convolutional neural network(CNN)model integrated with Explainable Artificial Intelligence(XAI)techniques for accurate prediction and interpretation of wheat crop diseases.The aim is to streamline the detection process while offering transparent insights into the model’s decision-making to support effective disease management.To evaluate the model,a dataset was collected from wheat fields in Kotli,Azad Kashmir,Pakistan,and tested across multiple data splits.The proposed model demonstrates improved stability,faster conver-gence,and higher classification accuracy.The results show significant improvements in prediction accuracy and stability compared to prior works,achieving up to 100%accuracy in certain configurations.In addition,XAI methods such as Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations(LIME)and Shapley Additive Explanations(SHAP)were employed to explain the model’s predictions,highlighting the most influential features contributing to classification decisions.The combined use of CNN and XAI offers a dual benefit:strong predictive performance and clear interpretability of outcomes,which is especially critical in real-world agricultural applications.These findings underscore the potential of integrating deep learning models with XAI to advance automated plant disease detection.The study offers a precise,reliable,and interpretable solution for improving wheat production and promoting agricultural sustainability.Future extensions of this work may include scaling the dataset across broader regions and incorporating additional modalities such as environmental data to enhance model robustness and generalization.
文摘Background:Long-term exposure to light has emerged as a novel risk factor for metabolic diseases.The whitening of brown adipose tissue(BAT)may play an important role in metabolic disorders caused by long-term continuous light exposure.This study aimed to investigate the morphological and functional alterations in BAT under continuous light conditions and to identify traditional Chinese medicine compounds capable of reversing these changes.Methods:A metabolic disorder model was established by subjecting mice to continuous light exposure for 5 weeks.During this period,body weight,food intake,and body fat percentage were monitored.Serum levels of triglyceride(TG),total cholesterol(TC),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)were measured to assess lipid metabolism.Histological changes in BAT were examined using H&E staining.The expression of the thermogenic marker uncoupling protein 1(UCP1)in BAT was determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot to evaluate thermogenic function.RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)was employed to identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs)involved in BAT whitening induced by prolonged continuous light exposure.DEGs were analyzed using the connectivity map(CMap)database to identify potential preventive and therapeutic compounds.The therapeutic efficacy of the selected compounds was subsequently evaluated using the above indicators,and key pathways were validated through western blot analysis.Results:After 5 weeks of continuous light exposure,mice exhibited increased body fat percentage and serum levels of TG,impaired mitochondrial function,reduced thermogenic capacity,and whitening of BAT.Gene ontology(GO)and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses indicated that BAT whitening was primarily associated with the adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase(AMPK)signaling pathway,fatty acid metabolism,and circadian rhythm.Ten hub genes identified using Cytoscape were mainly related to AMPK signaling and heat shock proteins.In vivo experiments showed that cordycepin significantly attenuated the increase in body fat percentage caused by prolonged light exposure.This effect was mediated by activation of the AMPK/PGC-1α/UCP1 signaling pathway,which restored the multilocular morphology and thermogenic function of BAT.Conclusion:Cordycepin mitigates continuous light-induced BAT whitening and metabolic disturbances by activating the AMPK signaling pathway.
文摘Not always climate and cultural contexts are discussed at the forefront of architectural discussions on traditional or vernacular architecture,nevertheless,the construction material also plays a significant part in defining places’architectural languages.Building from the local materials is an essential ingredient of the local distinctiveness,whilst forming the architectural grand gesture in its context.In Siwa oasis,salt architecture has formed that architectural grand gesture.The vernacular vocabularies adopted by old Bedouins using salt bricks generated Siwa’s unique spirit.In this paper,some examples are illustrated based on a series of site visits to three main sites in Siwa,namely:Old Shali,Abu Shuruf,and Aghourmy.This shows the evolution of Siwa’s vernacular architecture and the role of the architectural language or detrimental effect on the overall quality of architecture.From the site visits,it was observed that building with the traditional technique is now becoming abandoned in Siwa,explained by the local builders to be due to the huge costs required;forcing them to shifting to modern architecture.The influx to building using modern techniques has led to a significant transformation in the urban morphology and spirit of Siwa.Herein lies the scope of this paper:to discuss the impact of the evolution of vernacular architecture on the overall quality of architecture in Siwa and thus identifying the problems which will lead to policy formulation and guidelines for the redevelopment of Siwa in order to“revitalize/resuscitate”its vernacular style accordingly.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61833005)
文摘Dear Editor,This letter studies finite-time stability (FTS) of impulsive and switched hybrid systems with delay-dependent impulses. Some conditions, based on Lyapunov method, are proposed for ensuring FTS and estimating settling-time function (STF) of the hybrid systems.When switching dynamics are FTS and impulsive dynamics involve destabilizing delay-dependent impulses, the FTS is retained if the impulses occur infrequently.
文摘The prevalence of autism and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders is increasing worldwide.Recent studies suggest the excessive intake of ultra-processed food plays a role in the inheritance of these disorders via heavy metal exposures and nutritional deficits that impact the expression of genes.In the case of the metallothionein(MT)gene,biomarker studies show dietary zinc(Zn)deficits impact MT protein levels in children with autism and are associated with the bioaccumulation of lead and/or mercury in children exhibiting autism/attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders symptomology.The impact of dietary changes on lead and mercury exposures and MT gene behavior could be determined using a randomized test and control group design.Pregnant women serving in the testgroup would participate in a nutritional epigenetics education intervention/course designed to reduce ultra-processed food intake and heavy metal levels in blood while increasing whole food intake and MT and Zn levels.Changes in maternal diet would be measured using data derived from an online diet survey administered to the test and control groups pre-post intervention.Changes in maternal lead,mercury,Zn,and MT levels would be measured via blood sample analyses prior to the intervention and after childbirth via cord blood analyses to determine infant risk factors.
文摘Honey, an apicultural product with a complex chemical composition, contains numerous bioactive compounds with potential antimicrobial effects. This study investigated the effect of Apis mellifera honey from Brazil’s Central-West Region, combined with antibiotics, on bacterial membrane permeability, exploring the contributions of bioactive compounds and the botanical origin of honey. Six fresh Apis mellifera honey samples and their fractions (hexane and ethyl acetate) were analyzed, for a total of 18 samples. The bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis, Helicobacter pylori and Enterococcus faecalis were used for antibacterial activity tests, which included minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination and synergistic effect (checkerboard) assays. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were quantified, and the botanical origin was determined based on pollen analysis. The tested honey samples significantly affected bacterial membrane permeability when combined with rifampicin and clarithromycin. Although many honey-derived bioactive compounds, when isolated, did not exhibit significant activity against these bacteria, the additive or synergistic effect of multiple compounds acting on different targets appears to potentiate the antibacterial action. Descriptive statistical analysis, including means and 95% confidence intervals, confirmed the relevance of the findings. This study has provided an important discovery: Honey has an effect on bacterial membrane permeability, although the specific mechanisms involved in this process require further investigation.
文摘Hierarchical porous carbon(HPC)materials exhibit superior performance profiles in various applications due to their well-developed multiscale interconnected pore structures.The synthesis of HPC from natural biomass precursors instead of fossil fuel-based precursors has gained considerable attention in recent decades.Rice husk,a globally abundant agricultural waste,offers a sustainable and cost-effective precursor for HPC production.The structural components and inherent silica content of rice husk act as a natural self-template for forming hierarchical pore structures with superior characteristics.In this review,recent studies on preparing rice husk-based HPC are summarized,and synthesis techniques are evaluated.In addition,recent advancements in activation methods and the effect of silica templates are reviewed while comparing these with traditional activated carbon production methods.Potential future directions for research and development activities are also discussed.Rice husk is a highly promising candidate for producing high-performance HPC materials.
文摘Proper knowledge of the nature of geomagnetic storms and their relationships with the conditions of the space environment at the outer part of the Earth's magnetosphere(bow shock nose) is essential to increase our resilience to space weather disturbances. In this article, we present an analysis of the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF) and solar wind parameters relevant to 100 geomagnetic storms in Solar Cycle 24. We revisit the relationship between the minimum disturbance storm time index(Dst_(min)), the minimum southward IMF(B_(S, min)), the maximum solar wind density(N_(SW, max)) and speed(V_(max)), and the lag time between the extrema(dT(B_(z), N),dT(B_(z), V)). We end with a regression formula that fits the data, with a coefficient of determination of 0.58, a root mean square error of 21.30 nT, and a mean absolute error of 15.87 nT. Even though more complex machine learning models can outperform this model, it serves as a theoretically sensible alternative for understanding and forecasting geomagnetic storms.
基金supported by researchers Supporting Project Number(RSPD2025R548)King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Accurately modeling heavy-tailed data is critical across applied sciences,particularly in finance,medicine,and actuarial analysis.This work presents the heavy-tailed power XLindley distribution(HTPXLD),a unique heavy-tailed distribution.Adding one more parameter to the power XLindley distribution improves this new distribution,especially when modeling leptokurtic lifetime data.The suggested density provides greater flexibility with asymmetric forms and different degrees of peakedness.Its statistical features,like the quantile function,moments,extropy measures,incomplete moments,stochastic ordering,and stress-strength parameters,are explored.We further investigate its use in actuarial science through the computation of pertinent metrics,such as value-at-risk,tail value-at-risk,tail variance,and tail variance premium.To obtain the point and interval parameter estimates,we use the maximum likelihood estimation approach.We do many simulation tests to evaluate the performance of our proposed estimator.Metrics like bias,relative bias,mean squared error,root mean squared error,average interval length,and coverage probability will be used in these tests to assess the estimator’s performance.To illustrate the practical value of our proposed model,we apply it to analyze three real-world datasets.We then compare its performance to established competing models,highlighting its advantages.
基金funding support from Arabian Gulf University to cover any necessary publication fees.
文摘Integrating the photovoltaic/thermal(PV/T)system in green hydrogen production is an improvement in sustainable energy technologies.In PV/T systems,solar energy is converted into electricity and thermal energy simultaneously using hot water or air together with electricity.This dual use saves a significant amount of energy and officially fights greenhouse gases.Different cooling techniques have been proposed in the literature for improving the overall performance of the PV/T systems;employing different types of agents including nanofluids and phase change materials.Hydrogen is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe and has later turned into a flexible energy carrier for transportation and other industrial applications.Issues,including the processes of Hydrogen manufacturing,preservation as well as some risks act as barriers.This paper provides an analysis of several recent publications on the efficiency of using PV/T technology in the process of green hydrogen production and indicates the potential for its increased efficiency as compared to conventional systems that rely on fossil fuels.Due to the effective integration of solar energy,the PV/T system can play an important role in the reduction of the levelized cost of hydrogen(LCOH)and hence play an important part in reducing the economic calculations of the decarbonized energy system.
基金supported by projects VEGA 1/0307/23 and APVV-23-0204 of Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education,Research,Development and Youth of the Slovak Republic.
文摘The undercurrent research survey explores the roles of nonlocality and strain gradient size dependencies in nonlinear asymmetric buckling of shallow nanoscale arches having dissimilar end conditions through a numerical analysis.The arches,made from a functionally graded graphene nanofiller reinforced composite(FG-GNRC),are subjected to discretional radial concentrated loads along with converting of temperature.To account for the size dependencies,the exploration is carried out stemming from the nonlocal strain gradient theory(NSGT)in the sense of a quasi-2D parabolic shear flexible concept of curved beam.The material properties of the contemplated FG-GNRC sandwich are determined using the modified Halpin-Tsai micromechanics model.Subsequently,an extended isogeometric analysis(XIGA)is manipulated comprising insertion plus multiplication of knots to achieve the demanded lower continuity allocated to the integration between flexural and tangential reflexes.It is perceived that the both softening and stiffening concomitants assigned to the salient concentrated radial loads obtained by the developed NSGT-based XIGA diminish from the first upper limit to the second one,and then likewise from the first lower limit to the second one.Although,by becoming the upsurge in temperature higher,these softening and stiffening concomitants get more remarkable.
基金funded by Researchers Supporting Programnumber(RSPD2024R809),King Saud University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Multi-objective optimization is critical for problem-solving in engineering,economics,and AI.This study introduces the Multi-Objective Chef-Based Optimization Algorithm(MOCBOA),an upgraded version of the Chef-Based Optimization Algorithm(CBOA)that addresses distinct objectives.Our approach is unique in systematically examining four dominance relations—Pareto,Epsilon,Cone-epsilon,and Strengthened dominance—to evaluate their influence on sustaining solution variety and driving convergence toward the Pareto front.Our comparison investigation,which was conducted on fifty test problems from the CEC 2021 benchmark and applied to areas such as chemical engineering,mechanical design,and power systems,reveals that the dominance approach used has a considerable impact on the key optimization measures such as the hypervolume metric.This paper provides a solid foundation for determining themost effective dominance approach and significant insights for both theoretical research and practical applications in multi-objective optimization.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No 20325516, and the Fund of National Grade Key laboratory of Tunable Laser Technology under Grant No 51472040JW1101.
文摘CaS phosphor activated with Dy ions is prepared by the solid-state diffusion method. The phosphor is characterized by x-ray powder diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and photoiuminescence. Defect centres formed in CaS：Dy are studied using the technique of electron spin resonance. The thermoluminescence glow curve shows peaks at around 117℃ and 345℃. Irradiated CaS：Dy exhibits ESR lines due to defect centres. The thermal annealing behaviour of one of the defect centres appears to correlate with the TL peaks at 117℃ and 345℃. This centre is characterized by an isotropic g-value of 2.0035 and is assigned to an F^＋ centre.
文摘Background:Routinely collected health data are increasingly used in clinical research.No study has systematically reviewed the temporal trends in the number of publications and analyzed different aspects of local research practices and their variations in Hong Kong,China,with a specific focus on research ethics governance and approval.Methods:PubMed was systematically searched from its inception to March 28,2023,for studies using routinely col-lected healthcare data from Hong Kong.Results:A total of 454 studies were included.Between 2000 and 2009,32 studies were identified.The number of pub-lications increased from 5 to 120 between 2010 and 2022.Of the investigator-led studies using the Hospital Authority(HA)’s cross-cluster data(n=393),327(83.2%)reported receiving ethics approval from a single cluster/university-based REC,whereas 50 studies(12.7%)did not report approval from a REC.For use of the HA Data Collaboration Lab,approval by a single hospital-based or University-based REC is accepted.Repeated submission of identical ethics applications to different RECs is estimated to cost HK$4.2 million yearly.Conclusions:Most studies reported gaining approval from a single cluster REC before retrieval of cross-cluster HA data.Substantial cost savings would result if repeated review of identical ethics applications were not required.
文摘Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is a significant global soft fruit crop, prized for its nutrient content and pleasant flavor. However, diseases, particularly grey mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. Fr. poses major constraints to strawberry production and productivity. Grey mold severely impacts fruit quality and quantity, diminishing market value. This study evaluated five B. cinerea isolates from various locations in the Ri-Bhoi district of Meghalaya. All isolates were pathogenic, with isolate SGM 2 identified as highly virulent. Host range studies showed the pathogen-producing symptoms in the fava bean pods, marigold, gerbera, and chrysanthemum flowers and in the fava bean, gerbera, and lettuce leaves. In vitro tests revealed that neem extract (15% w/v) achieved the highest mycelial growth inhibition at 76.66%, while black turmeric extract (5% w/v) had the lowest inhibition at 9.62%. Dual culture methods with bio-control agents indicated that Bacillus subtilis recorded the highest mean inhibition at 77.03%, while Pseudomonas fluorescens had the lowest at 20.36% against the two virulent isolates. Pot evaluations demonstrated that B. subtilis resulted in the lowest percent disease index at 20.59%, followed by neem extract at 23.31%, with the highest disease index in the control group at 42.51%. Additionally, B. subtilis significantly improved plant growth, yielding an average of 0.32 kg compared to 0.14 kg in the control. The promising results of B. subtilis and neem leaf extract from this study suggest their potential for eco-friendly managing grey mold in strawberries under field conditions.
