A number of urban and regional plans have been developed with the advancement of urbanization and regional integration, among which the delineation of sphere of urban influence and improvement of integration between t...A number of urban and regional plans have been developed with the advancement of urbanization and regional integration, among which the delineation of sphere of urban influence and improvement of integration between the city and its hinterland have be- come vital important for guiding practices. In terms of delineating sphere of urban influence, existing studies have been focused on static study by using single year data or single method, resulting in a lack of time-series longitudinal analysis or comprehensive analysis based on multiple methods This study emphasizes on comparing two methods from both the theoretical and empirical perspective. Both gravity model and improwd field model are applied to the selected study area for measurements and comparison, to explore their strengths and weaknesses. A research framework for comprehensive analysis on delineating sphere of urban influence is proposed. In the end, the differences of deli：aeating methods are illustrated and the feasibility of comprehensive analysis is discussed. Recommendations are provided for selecting appropriate methods for delineating sphere of urban influence or developing regional hierarchy system plans and urban spatial structure schemes.展开更多
Urban expansion brought by the rapid progress of urbanization has caused many problems in China. It is a significant issue to evaluate the extent of urban expansion and to make appropriate controls over the sprawl of ...Urban expansion brought by the rapid progress of urbanization has caused many problems in China. It is a significant issue to evaluate the extent of urban expansion and to make appropriate controls over the sprawl of urban areas. With a comparative study of international experiences, this article analyzed the mechanism and consequences of urban expansion, reviewed the typical planning and financial policies adopted by other countries for controlling urban sprawl, and discussed the suitable densities of urban areas. The analysis results suggested that Chinese cities have no better choice but compact urban forms. To achieve the goal of compact development, intensive use of public transportation and high proportion of collective houses should be encouraged, and 60–100 m2 per capita is recommended as the reasonable range of urban density in large cities.展开更多
In China, the heating energy consumption patterns of rural housing are changing due to economic development. This study investigated domestic heating in rural areas of Dalian, a city in northeast China. In rural areas...In China, the heating energy consumption patterns of rural housing are changing due to economic development. This study investigated domestic heating in rural areas of Dalian, a city in northeast China. In rural areas of the country, heating devices such as coal boiler, radiator, and/ or air-conditioner are typically used. The Kang, as the main heating system, has been used together with other heating methods for a long time in detached houses, one-story buildings, and quadrangles. Use of the Kang in collective housing is no longer observed. In addition to coal, agricultural wastes have been used to fuel the Kang; the associated CO2 emissions with agricultural fuels are lower than from other heating equipment. Even when a combination of the Kang and other equipment is used, with agricultural waste as fuel, CO2 emissions remain relatively low.展开更多
The relationship between a university and its city is considered strategical to achieve university targeted ambitions and visions.The university-city relationship is also encouraged for the benefit of the city,as univ...The relationship between a university and its city is considered strategical to achieve university targeted ambitions and visions.The university-city relationship is also encouraged for the benefit of the city,as universities unleash their respective cities’potentials to act as driving forces not only for their local communities,but also for the whole nation.Therefore,maintaining a mutual relationship between the university and the city is considered essential to accomplish strategic goals for both.However,the nature of this relationship is quite complex,overlapped,interconnected,and diverse.Therefore,this paper conducted a systematic review of the literature on university-city and campus-city relationships to evaluate recent research trends to uncover the aspects that connect universities with their respective cities.The search included articles published in 4 different databases from January 1990 to January 2021.A total number of 50 articles were selected in this review.The findings uncovered different aspects that could help or hinder university-city relationship based on the physical and functional linkage between the campus and the city.Moreover,findings have shown that it is necessary to understand universities according to their contextual differences,as universities have shown different impacts on their respective cities in terms of their sizes and locations.Results have also shown that the impact of the physical connection between the university and the city goes far beyond campus’s accessibility as it deeply affects students’social life as well.Therefore,decision makers,stakeholders,and university administrators need to co-design campus development process especially in the early stages to maximize the mutual benefits of campus-city relationship.The main conclusions of this paper address several perspectives and lessons for a more sustainable campus-city relationship.展开更多
The present study investigated the effects of touch button size on touchscreen operability and compared these effects between young adult and elderly participants. A total of 21 young adults （aged 22.3 ± 1.5 ye...The present study investigated the effects of touch button size on touchscreen operability and compared these effects between young adult and elderly participants. A total of 21 young adults （aged 22.3 ± 1.5 years） and 20 elderly adults （aged 68.1 ±4.9 years） were recruited and asked to press square number buttons （from 0 to 9） on an experimental touchscreen with their right index finger. The buttons＇ size changed during the experiment with six conditions （6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm）. It was found that a decrease of the button size to l0 mm or below tended to increase the operation time and error rate, whereas it decreased the subjective overall operability of the touchscreen. Such effects were greater in the elderly adults than in the young adults. In addition, the reaction positions on the buttons were found to be close to the right side of them, which led the fingertip to approach the right outline of the buttons. These findings suggest that the use of small touch buttons should be minimised on touchscreens, especially for elderly users.展开更多
In recent years,experiments on land trusts(xin tuo)have been made in the rural areas of China.To better understand such practice,this research identifies four case studies based on their operational structures and div...In recent years,experiments on land trusts(xin tuo)have been made in the rural areas of China.To better understand such practice,this research identifies four case studies based on their operational structures and divides them into government-led models and market-led models.The government-led models include the Yiyang Model in Hunan Province,and the Longgang Model in Hubei Province.The market-led models include the Suzhou Model in Anhui Province,and the Golden Field Series Model in Jiangsu Province.This paper compares their profit-sharing mechanisms with specific attention given to the incentives for the villagers.Findings suggest that the villagers’profits are limited in both models.The government-led models concern less about profits but more on reusing the desolated agricultural land.The market-led models are profit-driven therefore tend to exclude the villagers from the profit-sharing process.展开更多
In Latin America, default assumptions and borrowed templates and methodologies are often used in energy modeling, resulting in models that might not represent their cultural context and leading to policies awkwardly f...In Latin America, default assumptions and borrowed templates and methodologies are often used in energy modeling, resulting in models that might not represent their cultural context and leading to policies awkwardly fit to local practices. Policy-driving low-income housing studies in Mexico, for example, activated both heating and cooling in energy models even though less than 5% of the homes in the country have heating systems. This paper illustrates the importance of modeling local sociocultural habits and practices, and how this can affect design outcomes. Here, we modeled low-income housing representative of typical residences in two desert climates-Hermosillo, Mexico, and Copiapo, Chile-using EnergyPlus. Settings representing local practices in each region were tested against default values, including occupancy settings, regional construction systems, and importantly, HVAC settings related to partial conditioning. Their impacts were measured via variation in energy use, comfort conditions, and the payback period of design upgrades. Results demonstrated how certain assumptions can have a high “design significance”, a term we propose for inputs that completely change optimal design decisions, as well as the importance of considering thermal comfort in such decisions. Including partial conditioning, for example, resulted in at least double the payback period and discomfort degrees for design upgrades in 16 of 24 instances.展开更多
Understanding the historical evolution of spatial layout and architectural styles in a historic area is imperative for its preservation and rejuvenation.However,conventional methods such as document collation and feld...Understanding the historical evolution of spatial layout and architectural styles in a historic area is imperative for its preservation and rejuvenation.However,conventional methods such as document collation and feld surveys are time-and resource-intensive.This research focuses on the historic area of Dujiangyan city(Dujiangyan Old Town)and uses computer vision techniques to increase the efciency and accuracy of architectural information capture.Semantic segmentation techniques are employed to derive building footprints from remote sensing satellite images captured from three points in time over a period of nearly fve decades,facilitating the comparison of spatial patterns and the identifcation of diferent architectural styles in panoramic street views.The distribution of architectural styles is analysed from urban planning and architectural perspectives.The experimental fndings illustrate well-preserved spatial patterns and discernible development strategies across various periods.Image-processing methods have emerged as efective tools for analysing urban spatial dynamics and identifying architectural styles,thereby yielding quantifable data essential for obtaining a nuanced understanding of historic areas.These insights can contribute to planning,management,and preservation eforts aimed at historic areas.展开更多
In recent years, the conservation of industrial heritage in China has gained increasing attention within the broader context of urban conservation practices. For both policy-makers and scholars, accommodating this ind...In recent years, the conservation of industrial heritage in China has gained increasing attention within the broader context of urban conservation practices. For both policy-makers and scholars, accommodating this industrial heritage will emerge as a pertinent issue for consideration as a growing number of industrial architectural legacies dating from the Republican and Maoist eras come under (re)development pressures. This paper thus traces the development of industrial heritage conservation practices in China and discusses several dilemmas intrinsic to this type of conservation, including issues of authenticity, representativeness, and distinction. Based on comparative case studies from China and other international precedents, this paper also seeks to illustrate the different approaches that could be pursued while still attaining a balance between competing interests and claims.展开更多
This study is an ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration, which discusses possible emerging forms of sustainable urbanismin the 21st century. The idea of sustainable urbanism is examined in this paper in more than env...This study is an ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration, which discusses possible emerging forms of sustainable urbanismin the 21st century. The idea of sustainable urbanism is examined in this paper in more than environmental andecological aspects, to highlight the emergent forms of urbanism based on new paradigms that inform on the shape ofcities to come. The two case studies discussed embody complex topics of design, dwelling, community in space, buildingtechnologies, environmental strategies, as well as models of affordability. At the same time, new trajectories in thedevelopment of sustainable urban housing are explored. It is based on the following case studies:Case Study 1: The new city district of Vauban Freiburg, in Germany, describes the guiding principles and theirimplementation in the planning and design of this new major development: Vauban comprises 2,000 homes to house5,000 people, as well as business units to provide about 500 to 600 jobs.Case Study 2: solarCity Linz, in Austria, currently comprises about 1,300 homes and 3,000 inhabitants. It wasdesigned as a fl agship development for renewable energies in urban design and includes projects by architects likeFoster and Partners, Richard Rogers, and Thomas Herzog. Construction time of the nucleus of solarCity took placefrom 1995 to 2005.展开更多
As urban development shifts from the incremental era to the stock era,urban design is becoming increasingly focused on high-quality living and human needs.However,the opening of traditional communities has been insuff...As urban development shifts from the incremental era to the stock era,urban design is becoming increasingly focused on high-quality living and human needs.However,the opening of traditional communities has been insufficiently examined.This study took Liuyun Community,a typical open community in Guangzhou(China)that has undergone a transformation from residential to commercial use,as its research object.First,more than 300 residents,tourists,and merchants were surveyed via questionnaires administered in field investigations and interviews.Next,the data from the completed questionnaires were used to construct a structural equation model consisting of five dimensions,namely commercial service value,cost value,risk value,perceptual value,and social value.The data were then analyzed to determine the correlations between perceived value and behavioral intention,satisfaction,and other psychological attributes.The following results were obtained:(1)As commercial activities in the community increased,the influence of social value,cost value,and commercial service value on behavioral intention decreased.(2)The open community inevitably had negative impacts on its citizens.However,these negative impacts were mitigated to some extent by high levels of social value.(3)Perceptions of commercial service value varied between groups.展开更多
In recent years, the conservation of industrial heritage in China has gained increasing attention within the broader context of urban conservation practices. For both policy-makers and scholars, accommodating this ind...In recent years, the conservation of industrial heritage in China has gained increasing attention within the broader context of urban conservation practices. For both policy-makers and scholars, accommodating this industrial heritage will emerge as a pertinent issue for consideration as a growing number of industrial architectural legacies dating from the Republican and Maoist eras come under (re)development pressures. This paper thus traces the development of industrial heritage conservation practices in China and discusses several dilemmas intrinsic to this type of conservation, including issues of authenticity, representativeness, and distinction. Based on comparative case studies from China and other international precedents, this paper also seeks to illustrate the different approaches that could be pursued while still attaining a balance between competing interests and claims.展开更多
Sustainability principles have become an integral part of the design and construc-tion process for many new construction projects. The selection of the project delivery method (PDM) is extremely important in the effec...Sustainability principles have become an integral part of the design and construc-tion process for many new construction projects. The selection of the project delivery method (PDM) is extremely important in the effective execution of the project, and plays a critical role in establishing communication and coordination between the key entities: owner, architect, and contractor. The goal of this paper is to hopefully serve as a starting point for further discussion to improve on the AEC industry’s current integration of sustainability principles in PDMs. The first step consists of an assessment of current project delivery systems from a sustainable design perspective. This is followed by a determination of the current limitations, and examination of the various disrup-tions in the industry. Various literature sources are analyzed to form a framework to discuss improvements and optimization strategies beyond the current system. Thereafter, proposed solutions are introduced at both stakeholders, as well as PDM scales. In this paper, the focus for the conducted analysis and proposed method-ologies is predicated on new construction projects instead of retrofits due to the resources available. However, the principles can similarly be applied to retro-fit scenarios as well, depending on the specific requirements of the individual project at play.展开更多
Social forestry has emerged as a popular approach to achieving landscape justice by empowering local communities.However,the development and implementation of such programs often face challenges.This paper explores th...Social forestry has emerged as a popular approach to achieving landscape justice by empowering local communities.However,the development and implementation of such programs often face challenges.This paper explores the concept of landscape justice within the context of Indonesian social forestry in two ways.First,it juxtaposes the social forestry program with palm oil plantations to highlight the relationship between environmental initiatives and capital expansion,and the formation of green capitalism.By examining the historical development of social forestry,the paper argues that current political and legal frameworks have facilitated the depoliticization of previously radical,anti-capitalist,and anti-palm oil civil movements,despite notionally“empowering”local communities.Second,the paper interrogates the inclusivity of the social forestry program within local communities,noting that NGOs sometimes label local people as“cooperative”or“stubborn,”thus overlooking the pre-existing social tensions.The paper posits that more attention should be given to the social foundations underlying environmental projects and the new eco-social structure arising from environmental governance.展开更多
Data-driven models have become increasingly prominent in the building,architecture,and construction industries.One area ideally suited to exploit this powerful new technology is building performance simulation.Physics...Data-driven models have become increasingly prominent in the building,architecture,and construction industries.One area ideally suited to exploit this powerful new technology is building performance simulation.Physics-based models have traditionally been used to estimate the energy flow,air movement,and heat balance of buildings.However,physics-based models require many assumptions,significant computational power,and a considerable amount of time to output predictions.Artificial neural networks(ANNs)with prefabricated or simulated data are likely to be a more feasible option for environmental analysis conducted by designers during the early design phase.Because ANNs require fewer inputs and shorter computation times and offer superior performance and potential for data augmentation,they have received increased attention for predicting the surface solar radiation on buildings.Furthermore,ANNs can provide innovative and quick design solutions,enabling designers to receive instantaneous feedback on the effects of a proposed change to a building's design.This research introduces deep learning methods as a means of simulating the annual radiation intensities and exposure level of buildings without the need for physics-based engines.We propose the CoolVox model to demonstrate the feasibility of using 3D convolutional neural networks to predict the surface radiation on building facades.The CoolVox model accurately predicted the radiation intensities of building facades under different boundary conditions and performed better than ARINet(with average mean square errors of 0.01 and 0.036,respectively)in predicting the radiation intensity both with(validation error=0.0165)and without(validation error=0.0066)the presence of boundary buildings.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.40901088)
文摘A number of urban and regional plans have been developed with the advancement of urbanization and regional integration, among which the delineation of sphere of urban influence and improvement of integration between the city and its hinterland have be- come vital important for guiding practices. In terms of delineating sphere of urban influence, existing studies have been focused on static study by using single year data or single method, resulting in a lack of time-series longitudinal analysis or comprehensive analysis based on multiple methods This study emphasizes on comparing two methods from both the theoretical and empirical perspective. Both gravity model and improwd field model are applied to the selected study area for measurements and comparison, to explore their strengths and weaknesses. A research framework for comprehensive analysis on delineating sphere of urban influence is proposed. In the end, the differences of deli：aeating methods are illustrated and the feasibility of comprehensive analysis is discussed. Recommendations are provided for selecting appropriate methods for delineating sphere of urban influence or developing regional hierarchy system plans and urban spatial structure schemes.
基金supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 40671063)
文摘Urban expansion brought by the rapid progress of urbanization has caused many problems in China. It is a significant issue to evaluate the extent of urban expansion and to make appropriate controls over the sprawl of urban areas. With a comparative study of international experiences, this article analyzed the mechanism and consequences of urban expansion, reviewed the typical planning and financial policies adopted by other countries for controlling urban sprawl, and discussed the suitable densities of urban areas. The analysis results suggested that Chinese cities have no better choice but compact urban forms. To achieve the goal of compact development, intensive use of public transportation and high proportion of collective houses should be encouraged, and 60–100 m2 per capita is recommended as the reasonable range of urban density in large cities.
基金Supported by the Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(JSPS KAKENHI(B),22300247)
文摘In China, the heating energy consumption patterns of rural housing are changing due to economic development. This study investigated domestic heating in rural areas of Dalian, a city in northeast China. In rural areas of the country, heating devices such as coal boiler, radiator, and/ or air-conditioner are typically used. The Kang, as the main heating system, has been used together with other heating methods for a long time in detached houses, one-story buildings, and quadrangles. Use of the Kang in collective housing is no longer observed. In addition to coal, agricultural wastes have been used to fuel the Kang; the associated CO2 emissions with agricultural fuels are lower than from other heating equipment. Even when a combination of the Kang and other equipment is used, with agricultural waste as fuel, CO2 emissions remain relatively low.
基金funded by the Japanese Ministry of Education,Culture,Sports,Science,and Technology(MEXT)
文摘The relationship between a university and its city is considered strategical to achieve university targeted ambitions and visions.The university-city relationship is also encouraged for the benefit of the city,as universities unleash their respective cities’potentials to act as driving forces not only for their local communities,but also for the whole nation.Therefore,maintaining a mutual relationship between the university and the city is considered essential to accomplish strategic goals for both.However,the nature of this relationship is quite complex,overlapped,interconnected,and diverse.Therefore,this paper conducted a systematic review of the literature on university-city and campus-city relationships to evaluate recent research trends to uncover the aspects that connect universities with their respective cities.The search included articles published in 4 different databases from January 1990 to January 2021.A total number of 50 articles were selected in this review.The findings uncovered different aspects that could help or hinder university-city relationship based on the physical and functional linkage between the campus and the city.Moreover,findings have shown that it is necessary to understand universities according to their contextual differences,as universities have shown different impacts on their respective cities in terms of their sizes and locations.Results have also shown that the impact of the physical connection between the university and the city goes far beyond campus’s accessibility as it deeply affects students’social life as well.Therefore,decision makers,stakeholders,and university administrators need to co-design campus development process especially in the early stages to maximize the mutual benefits of campus-city relationship.The main conclusions of this paper address several perspectives and lessons for a more sustainable campus-city relationship.
文摘The present study investigated the effects of touch button size on touchscreen operability and compared these effects between young adult and elderly participants. A total of 21 young adults （aged 22.3 ± 1.5 years） and 20 elderly adults （aged 68.1 ±4.9 years） were recruited and asked to press square number buttons （from 0 to 9） on an experimental touchscreen with their right index finger. The buttons＇ size changed during the experiment with six conditions （6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 mm）. It was found that a decrease of the button size to l0 mm or below tended to increase the operation time and error rate, whereas it decreased the subjective overall operability of the touchscreen. Such effects were greater in the elderly adults than in the young adults. In addition, the reaction positions on the buttons were found to be close to the right side of them, which led the fingertip to approach the right outline of the buttons. These findings suggest that the use of small touch buttons should be minimised on touchscreens, especially for elderly users.
文摘In recent years,experiments on land trusts(xin tuo)have been made in the rural areas of China.To better understand such practice,this research identifies four case studies based on their operational structures and divides them into government-led models and market-led models.The government-led models include the Yiyang Model in Hunan Province,and the Longgang Model in Hubei Province.The market-led models include the Suzhou Model in Anhui Province,and the Golden Field Series Model in Jiangsu Province.This paper compares their profit-sharing mechanisms with specific attention given to the incentives for the villagers.Findings suggest that the villagers’profits are limited in both models.The government-led models concern less about profits but more on reusing the desolated agricultural land.The market-led models are profit-driven therefore tend to exclude the villagers from the profit-sharing process.
文摘In Latin America, default assumptions and borrowed templates and methodologies are often used in energy modeling, resulting in models that might not represent their cultural context and leading to policies awkwardly fit to local practices. Policy-driving low-income housing studies in Mexico, for example, activated both heating and cooling in energy models even though less than 5% of the homes in the country have heating systems. This paper illustrates the importance of modeling local sociocultural habits and practices, and how this can affect design outcomes. Here, we modeled low-income housing representative of typical residences in two desert climates-Hermosillo, Mexico, and Copiapo, Chile-using EnergyPlus. Settings representing local practices in each region were tested against default values, including occupancy settings, regional construction systems, and importantly, HVAC settings related to partial conditioning. Their impacts were measured via variation in energy use, comfort conditions, and the payback period of design upgrades. Results demonstrated how certain assumptions can have a high “design significance”, a term we propose for inputs that completely change optimal design decisions, as well as the importance of considering thermal comfort in such decisions. Including partial conditioning, for example, resulted in at least double the payback period and discomfort degrees for design upgrades in 16 of 24 instances.
基金supported by JST SPRING,Grant Number JPMJSP2136.
文摘Understanding the historical evolution of spatial layout and architectural styles in a historic area is imperative for its preservation and rejuvenation.However,conventional methods such as document collation and feld surveys are time-and resource-intensive.This research focuses on the historic area of Dujiangyan city(Dujiangyan Old Town)and uses computer vision techniques to increase the efciency and accuracy of architectural information capture.Semantic segmentation techniques are employed to derive building footprints from remote sensing satellite images captured from three points in time over a period of nearly fve decades,facilitating the comparison of spatial patterns and the identifcation of diferent architectural styles in panoramic street views.The distribution of architectural styles is analysed from urban planning and architectural perspectives.The experimental fndings illustrate well-preserved spatial patterns and discernible development strategies across various periods.Image-processing methods have emerged as efective tools for analysing urban spatial dynamics and identifying architectural styles,thereby yielding quantifable data essential for obtaining a nuanced understanding of historic areas.These insights can contribute to planning,management,and preservation eforts aimed at historic areas.
文摘In recent years, the conservation of industrial heritage in China has gained increasing attention within the broader context of urban conservation practices. For both policy-makers and scholars, accommodating this industrial heritage will emerge as a pertinent issue for consideration as a growing number of industrial architectural legacies dating from the Republican and Maoist eras come under (re)development pressures. This paper thus traces the development of industrial heritage conservation practices in China and discusses several dilemmas intrinsic to this type of conservation, including issues of authenticity, representativeness, and distinction. Based on comparative case studies from China and other international precedents, this paper also seeks to illustrate the different approaches that could be pursued while still attaining a balance between competing interests and claims.
文摘This study is an ongoing interdisciplinary collaboration, which discusses possible emerging forms of sustainable urbanismin the 21st century. The idea of sustainable urbanism is examined in this paper in more than environmental andecological aspects, to highlight the emergent forms of urbanism based on new paradigms that inform on the shape ofcities to come. The two case studies discussed embody complex topics of design, dwelling, community in space, buildingtechnologies, environmental strategies, as well as models of affordability. At the same time, new trajectories in thedevelopment of sustainable urban housing are explored. It is based on the following case studies:Case Study 1: The new city district of Vauban Freiburg, in Germany, describes the guiding principles and theirimplementation in the planning and design of this new major development: Vauban comprises 2,000 homes to house5,000 people, as well as business units to provide about 500 to 600 jobs.Case Study 2: solarCity Linz, in Austria, currently comprises about 1,300 homes and 3,000 inhabitants. It wasdesigned as a fl agship development for renewable energies in urban design and includes projects by architects likeFoster and Partners, Richard Rogers, and Thomas Herzog. Construction time of the nucleus of solarCity took placefrom 1995 to 2005.
基金sponsored by the General items of Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning in 2024(Grant No.GD24CYS38)the State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Building and Urban Science(Grant No.2022ZC01)。
文摘As urban development shifts from the incremental era to the stock era,urban design is becoming increasingly focused on high-quality living and human needs.However,the opening of traditional communities has been insufficiently examined.This study took Liuyun Community,a typical open community in Guangzhou(China)that has undergone a transformation from residential to commercial use,as its research object.First,more than 300 residents,tourists,and merchants were surveyed via questionnaires administered in field investigations and interviews.Next,the data from the completed questionnaires were used to construct a structural equation model consisting of five dimensions,namely commercial service value,cost value,risk value,perceptual value,and social value.The data were then analyzed to determine the correlations between perceived value and behavioral intention,satisfaction,and other psychological attributes.The following results were obtained:(1)As commercial activities in the community increased,the influence of social value,cost value,and commercial service value on behavioral intention decreased.(2)The open community inevitably had negative impacts on its citizens.However,these negative impacts were mitigated to some extent by high levels of social value.(3)Perceptions of commercial service value varied between groups.
文摘In recent years, the conservation of industrial heritage in China has gained increasing attention within the broader context of urban conservation practices. For both policy-makers and scholars, accommodating this industrial heritage will emerge as a pertinent issue for consideration as a growing number of industrial architectural legacies dating from the Republican and Maoist eras come under (re)development pressures. This paper thus traces the development of industrial heritage conservation practices in China and discusses several dilemmas intrinsic to this type of conservation, including issues of authenticity, representativeness, and distinction. Based on comparative case studies from China and other international precedents, this paper also seeks to illustrate the different approaches that could be pursued while still attaining a balance between competing interests and claims.
文摘Sustainability principles have become an integral part of the design and construc-tion process for many new construction projects. The selection of the project delivery method (PDM) is extremely important in the effective execution of the project, and plays a critical role in establishing communication and coordination between the key entities: owner, architect, and contractor. The goal of this paper is to hopefully serve as a starting point for further discussion to improve on the AEC industry’s current integration of sustainability principles in PDMs. The first step consists of an assessment of current project delivery systems from a sustainable design perspective. This is followed by a determination of the current limitations, and examination of the various disrup-tions in the industry. Various literature sources are analyzed to form a framework to discuss improvements and optimization strategies beyond the current system. Thereafter, proposed solutions are introduced at both stakeholders, as well as PDM scales. In this paper, the focus for the conducted analysis and proposed method-ologies is predicated on new construction projects instead of retrofits due to the resources available. However, the principles can similarly be applied to retro-fit scenarios as well, depending on the specific requirements of the individual project at play.
文摘Social forestry has emerged as a popular approach to achieving landscape justice by empowering local communities.However,the development and implementation of such programs often face challenges.This paper explores the concept of landscape justice within the context of Indonesian social forestry in two ways.First,it juxtaposes the social forestry program with palm oil plantations to highlight the relationship between environmental initiatives and capital expansion,and the formation of green capitalism.By examining the historical development of social forestry,the paper argues that current political and legal frameworks have facilitated the depoliticization of previously radical,anti-capitalist,and anti-palm oil civil movements,despite notionally“empowering”local communities.Second,the paper interrogates the inclusivity of the social forestry program within local communities,noting that NGOs sometimes label local people as“cooperative”or“stubborn,”thus overlooking the pre-existing social tensions.The paper posits that more attention should be given to the social foundations underlying environmental projects and the new eco-social structure arising from environmental governance.
文摘Data-driven models have become increasingly prominent in the building,architecture,and construction industries.One area ideally suited to exploit this powerful new technology is building performance simulation.Physics-based models have traditionally been used to estimate the energy flow,air movement,and heat balance of buildings.However,physics-based models require many assumptions,significant computational power,and a considerable amount of time to output predictions.Artificial neural networks(ANNs)with prefabricated or simulated data are likely to be a more feasible option for environmental analysis conducted by designers during the early design phase.Because ANNs require fewer inputs and shorter computation times and offer superior performance and potential for data augmentation,they have received increased attention for predicting the surface solar radiation on buildings.Furthermore,ANNs can provide innovative and quick design solutions,enabling designers to receive instantaneous feedback on the effects of a proposed change to a building's design.This research introduces deep learning methods as a means of simulating the annual radiation intensities and exposure level of buildings without the need for physics-based engines.We propose the CoolVox model to demonstrate the feasibility of using 3D convolutional neural networks to predict the surface radiation on building facades.The CoolVox model accurately predicted the radiation intensities of building facades under different boundary conditions and performed better than ARINet(with average mean square errors of 0.01 and 0.036,respectively)in predicting the radiation intensity both with(validation error=0.0165)and without(validation error=0.0066)the presence of boundary buildings.
