Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection affects approximately 254 million individuals globally,contributing to significant morbidity and mortality due to HBV-related liver failure and cirrhosis,which result in million...Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection affects approximately 254 million individuals globally,contributing to significant morbidity and mortality due to HBV-related liver failure and cirrhosis,which result in millions of fatalities each year.Although approved antiviral nucleos(t)ide analogues can effectively suppress HBV replication,their ability to reduce hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)levels in plasma remains limited.The clinical application of the immunomodulator interferon-alpha is restricted by concerns regarding its safety and the severity of associated adverse reactions,rendering long-term administration challenging.Therefore,current drug development efforts for chronic hepatitis B aim to achieve a functional cure,which is defined as HBsAg serological clearance and sustained suppression of HBV DNA.This review discusses recent advancements in novel direct-acting therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B by focusing on the progresses in HBV entry inhibitors,monoclonal antibodies,RNA interferences,and other agents that directly target the virus.Furthermore,we discuss the development of immunomodulatory therapies,including TLR-7/8 agonists,immune checkpoint inhibitors,and therapeutic vaccines.In the end,we conclude by highlighting the importance of the rational combination-strategy design to improve the functional cure rate of HBV.展开更多
Morphine belongs to opioid analgesics,which acts on the central nervous system.It can improve emotional responses such as anxiety,tension,and fear caused by pain and relieve it.Morphine had been widely used in the tre...Morphine belongs to opioid analgesics,which acts on the central nervous system.It can improve emotional responses such as anxiety,tension,and fear caused by pain and relieve it.Morphine had been widely used in the treatment of cancer-related pain.However,a series of opioid-associated adverse effects including opioid-induced respiratory depression were reported in clinical practice.Here,we reported a unique patient diagnosed with lung cancer,who underwent respiratory depression resulting from oral administration of ten milligram of morphine and was successfully resuscitated by naloxone.A literature review is then performed to analyze this rare condition.展开更多
文摘Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection affects approximately 254 million individuals globally,contributing to significant morbidity and mortality due to HBV-related liver failure and cirrhosis,which result in millions of fatalities each year.Although approved antiviral nucleos(t)ide analogues can effectively suppress HBV replication,their ability to reduce hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg)levels in plasma remains limited.The clinical application of the immunomodulator interferon-alpha is restricted by concerns regarding its safety and the severity of associated adverse reactions,rendering long-term administration challenging.Therefore,current drug development efforts for chronic hepatitis B aim to achieve a functional cure,which is defined as HBsAg serological clearance and sustained suppression of HBV DNA.This review discusses recent advancements in novel direct-acting therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B by focusing on the progresses in HBV entry inhibitors,monoclonal antibodies,RNA interferences,and other agents that directly target the virus.Furthermore,we discuss the development of immunomodulatory therapies,including TLR-7/8 agonists,immune checkpoint inhibitors,and therapeutic vaccines.In the end,we conclude by highlighting the importance of the rational combination-strategy design to improve the functional cure rate of HBV.
文摘Morphine belongs to opioid analgesics,which acts on the central nervous system.It can improve emotional responses such as anxiety,tension,and fear caused by pain and relieve it.Morphine had been widely used in the treatment of cancer-related pain.However,a series of opioid-associated adverse effects including opioid-induced respiratory depression were reported in clinical practice.Here,we reported a unique patient diagnosed with lung cancer,who underwent respiratory depression resulting from oral administration of ten milligram of morphine and was successfully resuscitated by naloxone.A literature review is then performed to analyze this rare condition.
