The world is undergoing seismic upheavals unseen in a century.Globalization faces complex challenges and attacks from the political forces advocating reverse globalization and deglobalization.Pessimistic arguments suc...The world is undergoing seismic upheavals unseen in a century.Globalization faces complex challenges and attacks from the political forces advocating reverse globalization and deglobalization.Pessimistic arguments such as“the end of globalization”1 and“global trade fragmentation”2 keep rising.The open world economy is at a crossroads.展开更多
Culture has been exerting an even greater influence on China’s image construction and nation branding in today’s globalizing world.As“culture”is the core of Chinese soft power strategy,the concept of“soft power”...Culture has been exerting an even greater influence on China’s image construction and nation branding in today’s globalizing world.As“culture”is the core of Chinese soft power strategy,the concept of“soft power”has been redefined as“cultural soft power”in the Chinese context.Cultural instruments,including the Chinese language as well as traditional and popular cultures,are widely implemented as the“charm”tools to wield and project China’s soft power.Cultural diplomacy is also viewed as an effective way to promote an understanding of China’s ideals,support Chinese economic goals and enhance Chinese national security in subtle,wide-ranging,and sustainable ways.Although Chinese soft power is still in its“embryonic phase”,partly due to its close link to the country’s economic performance and huge market attraction as well as the disadvantages generated by the political and ideological issues,it has contributed greatly to expand China’s international influence and create a circle of like-minded allies on its periphery,in which process its increasing importance shall not be neglected.展开更多
The words that Xi Jinping said at the 47th World Economic Forum(WEF)have really surprised just the most inattentive people.During his visit to Davos,where leaders,entrepreneurs
The world economy prospers when it is open,but declines when it is closed.Since the end of the cold war,economic globalization has developed rapidly,forming a new global development pattern that features intertwined i...The world economy prospers when it is open,but declines when it is closed.Since the end of the cold war,economic globalization has developed rapidly,forming a new global development pattern that features intertwined interests of countries all over the world.The report to the 20th National Congress of CPC pointed out that at present,changes in the world,times and history are unfolding in a way unseen in the past.展开更多
It is widely predicted that by the time the coronavirus pandemic is over,the world will be very different.This seems definitely true.In fact,before the coronavirus outbreak,some obvious changes were already happening ...It is widely predicted that by the time the coronavirus pandemic is over,the world will be very different.This seems definitely true.In fact,before the coronavirus outbreak,some obvious changes were already happening in the world,the factors behind which will arguably be amplified by the pandemic,making the future of globalization,already a concern in the world ever since the election of President Trump,a focal issue.What will be the fate of globalization?What changes will take place in China-US relations in the new international circumstances?Those are critical issues we must face.展开更多
The outbreak of the global financial crisis has called into question U.S.-style "financial capitalism." Protectionism,currency multilateralism,decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nati...The outbreak of the global financial crisis has called into question U.S.-style "financial capitalism." Protectionism,currency multilateralism,decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nationalism of resources are gaining ground.The emerging economies are on the rise.The world power order is becoming multi-polar.Relations between countries are growing more diverse.The global governance model is undergoing fundamental changes.Global governance mechanisms,which are more representative and reflective of the diverse interests(such as the G20 and the UN climate change conference),along with a reform of the international monetary system,will also help shape the future world order.展开更多
Since the 1970s,East Asian countries have registered rapid economic growth and created the Asian Miracle thanks to an increasing division of labor and expansion of regional supply chains in the age of economic globali...Since the 1970s,East Asian countries have registered rapid economic growth and created the Asian Miracle thanks to an increasing division of labor and expansion of regional supply chains in the age of economic globalization.However,the 2008 global financial crisis marked a turning point in the history of human development.In addition,“Black swans”and“gray rhinos”such as the COVID-19 pandemic.展开更多
In March 2021,the new Biden administration proposed the American Jobs Plan to rebuild US infrastructure and create more American jobs.Notably,the plan juxtaposed China and climate change as the“great challenges of ou...In March 2021,the new Biden administration proposed the American Jobs Plan to rebuild US infrastructure and create more American jobs.Notably,the plan juxtaposed China and climate change as the“great challenges of our time.”It claimed that given China’s“aggressive”investment in research&development(R&D),the US must adjust its strategic focus and build better infrastructures,including the digital infrastructure.展开更多
As a once-in-a-century catastrophe,Covid-19 pandemic has initiated worldwide comprehensive crisis,manifested in economic development,social stability,political governance and international order.The pandemic is accele...As a once-in-a-century catastrophe,Covid-19 pandemic has initiated worldwide comprehensive crisis,manifested in economic development,social stability,political governance and international order.The pandemic is accelerating the evolution of international order.The EU and the US have so little attention to spare from their domestic epidemic that can hardly contribute to the global combat against the disease,which has undermined their international leadership.Meanwhile,the West becomes anxious about the rise of China’s geographic political influence.Influenced by Covid-19,China-US relations are experiencing accelerated deterioration with bigger challenges ahead.展开更多
Within cultural globalization there exist two distinct approaches, each with its built-in logic： the logic of a globalized culture promoted by one country and that of a globalized culture defined by many countries on...Within cultural globalization there exist two distinct approaches, each with its built-in logic： the logic of a globalized culture promoted by one country and that of a globalized culture defined by many countries on the basis of consultations and exchanges on an equal footing. As a result of the present unequal world economic and political order, the former has become the keynote of the process of cultural globalization. Establishing a flee and equal globalized culture requires the guidance of socialist ideology to change the unjust global economic and political order. Globalized culture is neither homogeneous nor heterogeneous; it is a diversified unified whole or a unity within diversity.展开更多
Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model versi...Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.展开更多
Contemporary globalization is marked by rapidly and dramatically increasing interdependence,which operates both within and among countries.Increasing global interdependence has profound influence on education at all l...Contemporary globalization is marked by rapidly and dramatically increasing interdependence,which operates both within and among countries.Increasing global interdependence has profound influence on education at all levels,such as how to deal with a world with more permeable boundaries in which people are on the move more frequently(migration)than ever before in human history,and in which urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented rate.This paper proposes a transformational analysis of contemporary globalization and identifies the increasing challenge for education due to the globalization,including the struggle to match the pace of technology change in society,to provide graduates with skills relevant to contemporary society,and to lead education students to an accommodation with persistent and rapid social change.展开更多
In recent years, the overall strength of Western developed countries, led by the United States, has declined relatively, resulting in a trend of decentralization. This has posed severe challenges to the traditional gl...In recent years, the overall strength of Western developed countries, led by the United States, has declined relatively, resulting in a trend of decentralization. This has posed severe challenges to the traditional global governance system with regard to trade, security, and multilateral cooperation. However, this trend also provides a historical opportunity to transform the global governance system into one that is more inclusive and equitable. This can be seen in the reconstruction of value priorities, the adjustment of governance focus, the reform of governance mechanisms, and the promotion of new mechanisms. Only by adhering to openness and inclusiveness and balancing rights and responsibilities can we build a future governance order that conforms to the common interests of all humanity.展开更多
A strategic narrative is not merely a discursive account through which a state explains its behavior;it also serves as an instrument of discursive power and a key mechanism of interaction and rivalry among states.Upon...A strategic narrative is not merely a discursive account through which a state explains its behavior;it also serves as an instrument of discursive power and a key mechanism of interaction and rivalry among states.Upon his return to the White House,Donald Trump declared that“the golden age of America begins right now,”signaling a new round of adjustments to the U.S.strategic narrative.While the“golden age”narrative functions to promote the new administration’s policies externally and provide interpretive framing,it also incorporates deterrence into its broader narrative structure and employs deterrent rhetoric to project highly intense and wide-ranging aggressive discourse.展开更多
Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described...Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described plant species are at risk of extinction(Bachman et al.,2024).The number of plant extinctions has increased by 60%in the last 100 years(Di Marco et al.,2017).Over the past 250 years,571 plant species have gone extinct—more than twice the combined total of extinct birds,mammals,and amphibians(217 species)(Briggs,2019).展开更多
As profound changes unseen in a century unfold at a faster pace,the world economy enters into a new phase of turbulence and transformation.Under the continuous impact of multiple shocks,the world economy is recovering...As profound changes unseen in a century unfold at a faster pace,the world economy enters into a new phase of turbulence and transformation.Under the continuous impact of multiple shocks,the world economy is recovering amidst twists and turns,with insufficient growth momentum and diverging development trends.Meanwhile,profound structural changes are reshaping the global economic landscape.A new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation,most notably the explosive development of disruptive technologies such as Artificial Intelligence(AI),is generating new industries,business models,and drivers of growth,while exerting far-reaching influence on the global division of labor,employment structures,and even international norms.展开更多
In this review,the synthesis,functions,and applications of the polymers containing germanium and tin,which are heavy group 14 elements,in their polymer frameworks are summarized.Germanium and tin can form similar skel...In this review,the synthesis,functions,and applications of the polymers containing germanium and tin,which are heavy group 14 elements,in their polymer frameworks are summarized.Germanium and tin can form similar skeletal structures with their homologues carbon and silicon,whereas the polymers containing germanium and tin show unique properties derived from their large atomic radii and weak binding energies.For example,polygermane and polystannane exhibited light absorption in the UV–visible region and conductivity because of theσ-conjugation through the polymer main-chain constructed byσ-bonds between heavy elements.Theσ-conjugation was affected by the conformational change of the polymer main-chain,and thermochromic properties can be induced.Furthermore,the weak bonds were able to be cleaved homolytically upon photoirradiation,and radicals were subsequently generated.By incorporating hypervalent heavy elements into theπ-conjugated system,it was possible to modulate the electronic structures of theπ-conjugated system throughσ*–π*conjugation with highly coordinated elements.Finally,applications for organic solar cells,organic lightemitting materials,and chemical sensors have been achieved.Herein,representative synthetic methods and unique properties for creating smart materials with germanium and tin will be explained.展开更多
Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Usi...Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Using global datasets from Tallo(a tree allometry and crown architecture database encompassing thousands of species)and TRY(a plant traits database),we fit B ayesian hierarchical models with three alternative functional forms(powerlaw,generalized Michaelis-Menten(gMM),and Weibull)to characterize how diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height(H),and crown radius(CR)scale with and without wood density as a species-level predictor.Our analysis revealed that the saturating Weibull function best captured the relationship between tree height and DBH in both functional groups,whereas the CR-DBH relationship was best predicted by a power-law function in angiosperms and by the gMM function in gymnosperms.Although including wood density did not significantly improve predictive performance,it revealed important ecological trade-offs:lighter-wood angiosperms achieve taller mature heights more rapidly,and denser wood promotes wider crown expansion across clades.We also found that accurately estimating DBH required considering both height and crown size,highlighting how these variables together distinguish trees of similar height but differing trunk diameters.Our results emphasize the importance of applying saturating functions for large trees to improve forest biomass estimates and show that wood density,though not always predictive at broad scales,helps illuminate the biomechanical and ecological constraints underlying diverse tree architectures.These findings offer practical pathways for integrating height-and crown-based metrics into existing carbon monitoring programs worldwide.展开更多
Within the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization,increasing urban resilience(UR)is especially important in the arid region of Northwest China(ANC),where fragile ecosystems and an uneven water distrib...Within the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization,increasing urban resilience(UR)is especially important in the arid region of Northwest China(ANC),where fragile ecosystems and an uneven water distribution create significant sustainability challenges.In this study,a coupled UR-water ecosystem services(WESs)framework was developed on the basis of 1-km resolution remote sensing data for the 2000–2020 period obtained from the Landsat series,Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP)/Operational Linescan System(OLS),and Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM),among other sources.Within the framework,the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model was incorporated to provide a WES indicator system.Moreover,entropy weighting was employed to quantify both UR and WES indicators;the coupling coordination degree(CCD)model was used to measure the coupled relationship between UR and WESs;an extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)-SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)interpretation approach was adopted to identify key drivers and underlying mechanisms;and Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR)was applied to capture spatial distribution characteristics of major driving factors.The results indicated that UR steadily increased from 4.60×10^(-3) to 10.24×10^(-3),whereas WESs followed an inverted V-shaped trend,with a peak value observed in 2010(11.84×10^(-3)).The CCD remained consistently low(mean:0.0166–0.0246)and exhibited considerable spatial heterogeneity.Notably,the degree of coordination was greater in the oasis and mountain core areas but significantly lower at desert areas.XGBoost-SHAP model analysis revealed six key drivers influencing various states of the CCD between UR and WESs systems.The contributions of these factors could be ranked as follows:water yield(WY;24.30%)>farmland area per capita(FP;21.10%)>gross domestic product(GDP)per capita(GDPC;19.00%)>soil retention(SR;14.90%)>population density(PD;5.42%)>water purification(WP;4.40%).In contrast,in UR system,WP(53.66%)and SR(31.62%)served as the dominant drivers.Moreover,the dominant drivers shifted from a combination of natural and socioeconomic factors in StateⅠ(sustainable high resilience)to primarily socioeconomic factors in StateⅢ(unsustainable low resilience).SR and WP exerted positive moderating effects,whereas socioeconomic factors such as GDPC and PD exerted inhibitory effects on the coordination relationship.This research highlights that UR in the ANC region is limited mainly by water scarcity,weak feedback loops,and spatial variability,emphasizing the need for tailored intervention strategies.展开更多
文摘The world is undergoing seismic upheavals unseen in a century.Globalization faces complex challenges and attacks from the political forces advocating reverse globalization and deglobalization.Pessimistic arguments such as“the end of globalization”1 and“global trade fragmentation”2 keep rising.The open world economy is at a crossroads.
文摘Culture has been exerting an even greater influence on China’s image construction and nation branding in today’s globalizing world.As“culture”is the core of Chinese soft power strategy,the concept of“soft power”has been redefined as“cultural soft power”in the Chinese context.Cultural instruments,including the Chinese language as well as traditional and popular cultures,are widely implemented as the“charm”tools to wield and project China’s soft power.Cultural diplomacy is also viewed as an effective way to promote an understanding of China’s ideals,support Chinese economic goals and enhance Chinese national security in subtle,wide-ranging,and sustainable ways.Although Chinese soft power is still in its“embryonic phase”,partly due to its close link to the country’s economic performance and huge market attraction as well as the disadvantages generated by the political and ideological issues,it has contributed greatly to expand China’s international influence and create a circle of like-minded allies on its periphery,in which process its increasing importance shall not be neglected.
文摘The words that Xi Jinping said at the 47th World Economic Forum(WEF)have really surprised just the most inattentive people.During his visit to Davos,where leaders,entrepreneurs
文摘The world economy prospers when it is open,but declines when it is closed.Since the end of the cold war,economic globalization has developed rapidly,forming a new global development pattern that features intertwined interests of countries all over the world.The report to the 20th National Congress of CPC pointed out that at present,changes in the world,times and history are unfolding in a way unseen in the past.
文摘It is widely predicted that by the time the coronavirus pandemic is over,the world will be very different.This seems definitely true.In fact,before the coronavirus outbreak,some obvious changes were already happening in the world,the factors behind which will arguably be amplified by the pandemic,making the future of globalization,already a concern in the world ever since the election of President Trump,a focal issue.What will be the fate of globalization?What changes will take place in China-US relations in the new international circumstances?Those are critical issues we must face.
文摘The outbreak of the global financial crisis has called into question U.S.-style "financial capitalism." Protectionism,currency multilateralism,decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nationalism of resources are gaining ground.The emerging economies are on the rise.The world power order is becoming multi-polar.Relations between countries are growing more diverse.The global governance model is undergoing fundamental changes.Global governance mechanisms,which are more representative and reflective of the diverse interests(such as the G20 and the UN climate change conference),along with a reform of the international monetary system,will also help shape the future world order.
文摘Since the 1970s,East Asian countries have registered rapid economic growth and created the Asian Miracle thanks to an increasing division of labor and expansion of regional supply chains in the age of economic globalization.However,the 2008 global financial crisis marked a turning point in the history of human development.In addition,“Black swans”and“gray rhinos”such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
文摘In March 2021,the new Biden administration proposed the American Jobs Plan to rebuild US infrastructure and create more American jobs.Notably,the plan juxtaposed China and climate change as the“great challenges of our time.”It claimed that given China’s“aggressive”investment in research&development(R&D),the US must adjust its strategic focus and build better infrastructures,including the digital infrastructure.
文摘As a once-in-a-century catastrophe,Covid-19 pandemic has initiated worldwide comprehensive crisis,manifested in economic development,social stability,political governance and international order.The pandemic is accelerating the evolution of international order.The EU and the US have so little attention to spare from their domestic epidemic that can hardly contribute to the global combat against the disease,which has undermined their international leadership.Meanwhile,the West becomes anxious about the rise of China’s geographic political influence.Influenced by Covid-19,China-US relations are experiencing accelerated deterioration with bigger challenges ahead.
文摘Within cultural globalization there exist two distinct approaches, each with its built-in logic： the logic of a globalized culture promoted by one country and that of a globalized culture defined by many countries on the basis of consultations and exchanges on an equal footing. As a result of the present unequal world economic and political order, the former has become the keynote of the process of cultural globalization. Establishing a flee and equal globalized culture requires the guidance of socialist ideology to change the unjust global economic and political order. Globalized culture is neither homogeneous nor heterogeneous; it is a diversified unified whole or a unity within diversity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42505149,41925023,U2342223,42105069,and 91744208)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2025M770303)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (14380230)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,and Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change。
文摘Countries around the world have been making efforts to reduce pollutant emissions. However, the response of global black carbon(BC) aging to emission changes remains unclear. Using the Community Atmosphere Model version 6 with a machine-learning-integrated four-mode version of the Modal Aerosol Module, we quantify global BC aging responses to emission reductions for 2011–2018 and for 2050 and 2100 under carbon neutrality. During 2011–18, global trends in BC aging degree(mass ratio of coatings to BC, R_(BC)) exhibited marked regional disparities, with a significant increase in China(5.4% yr^(-1)), which contrasts with minimal changes in the USA, Europe, and India. The divergence is attributed to opposing trends in secondary organic aerosol(SOA) and sulfate coatings, driven by regional changes in the emission ratios of corresponding coating precursors to BC(volatile organic compounds-VOCs/BC and SO_(2)/BC). Projections under carbon neutrality reveal that R_(BC) will increase globally by 47%(118%) in 2050(2100), with strong convergent increases expected across major source regions. The R_(BC) increase, primarily driven by enhanced SOA coatings due to sharper BC reductions relative to VOCs, will enhance the global BC mass absorption cross-section(MAC) by 11%(17%) in 2050(2100).Consequently, although the global BC burden will decline sharply by 60%(76%), the enhanced MAC partially offsets the magnitude of the decline in the BC direct radiative effect, resulting in the moderation of global BC DRE decreases to 88%(92%) of the BC burden reductions in 2050(2100). This study highlights the globally enhanced BC aging and light absorption capacity under carbon neutrality, thereby partly offsetting the impact of BC direct emission reductions on future changes in BC radiative effects globally.
文摘Contemporary globalization is marked by rapidly and dramatically increasing interdependence,which operates both within and among countries.Increasing global interdependence has profound influence on education at all levels,such as how to deal with a world with more permeable boundaries in which people are on the move more frequently(migration)than ever before in human history,and in which urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented rate.This paper proposes a transformational analysis of contemporary globalization and identifies the increasing challenge for education due to the globalization,including the struggle to match the pace of technology change in society,to provide graduates with skills relevant to contemporary society,and to lead education students to an accommodation with persistent and rapid social change.
文摘In recent years, the overall strength of Western developed countries, led by the United States, has declined relatively, resulting in a trend of decentralization. This has posed severe challenges to the traditional global governance system with regard to trade, security, and multilateral cooperation. However, this trend also provides a historical opportunity to transform the global governance system into one that is more inclusive and equitable. This can be seen in the reconstruction of value priorities, the adjustment of governance focus, the reform of governance mechanisms, and the promotion of new mechanisms. Only by adhering to openness and inclusiveness and balancing rights and responsibilities can we build a future governance order that conforms to the common interests of all humanity.
文摘A strategic narrative is not merely a discursive account through which a state explains its behavior;it also serves as an instrument of discursive power and a key mechanism of interaction and rivalry among states.Upon his return to the White House,Donald Trump declared that“the golden age of America begins right now,”signaling a new round of adjustments to the U.S.strategic narrative.While the“golden age”narrative functions to promote the new administration’s policies externally and provide interpretive framing,it also incorporates deterrence into its broader narrative structure and employs deterrent rhetoric to project highly intense and wide-ranging aggressive discourse.
基金support of the ORG.one project of Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT),the Rufford Grants(45249-1)the Idea Wild Grants(Project ID-KJOSINDI0125-00)the Mohamed Bin Zyed Species Conservation(MBZ)(GEF Grant no-240535253)Funds in our efforts to conserve threatened trees in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot Forest regions.
文摘Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described plant species are at risk of extinction(Bachman et al.,2024).The number of plant extinctions has increased by 60%in the last 100 years(Di Marco et al.,2017).Over the past 250 years,571 plant species have gone extinct—more than twice the combined total of extinct birds,mammals,and amphibians(217 species)(Briggs,2019).
文摘As profound changes unseen in a century unfold at a faster pace,the world economy enters into a new phase of turbulence and transformation.Under the continuous impact of multiple shocks,the world economy is recovering amidst twists and turns,with insufficient growth momentum and diverging development trends.Meanwhile,profound structural changes are reshaping the global economic landscape.A new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation,most notably the explosive development of disruptive technologies such as Artificial Intelligence(AI),is generating new industries,business models,and drivers of growth,while exerting far-reaching influence on the global division of labor,employment structures,and even international norms.
基金supported by Japan Society for the Promotion of Science(JSPS),a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(B)(JP23K23398)(for M.G.)and(JP24K01570)(for K.T.).
文摘In this review,the synthesis,functions,and applications of the polymers containing germanium and tin,which are heavy group 14 elements,in their polymer frameworks are summarized.Germanium and tin can form similar skeletal structures with their homologues carbon and silicon,whereas the polymers containing germanium and tin show unique properties derived from their large atomic radii and weak binding energies.For example,polygermane and polystannane exhibited light absorption in the UV–visible region and conductivity because of theσ-conjugation through the polymer main-chain constructed byσ-bonds between heavy elements.Theσ-conjugation was affected by the conformational change of the polymer main-chain,and thermochromic properties can be induced.Furthermore,the weak bonds were able to be cleaved homolytically upon photoirradiation,and radicals were subsequently generated.By incorporating hypervalent heavy elements into theπ-conjugated system,it was possible to modulate the electronic structures of theπ-conjugated system throughσ*–π*conjugation with highly coordinated elements.Finally,applications for organic solar cells,organic lightemitting materials,and chemical sensors have been achieved.Herein,representative synthetic methods and unique properties for creating smart materials with germanium and tin will be explained.
基金supported by the Xingdian Talent Support Program of Yunnan Province(E5YNR03B01)the Xishuangbanna State Rainforest Talent Support Program(E4BN041B01)the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2020FYB0003)。
文摘Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Using global datasets from Tallo(a tree allometry and crown architecture database encompassing thousands of species)and TRY(a plant traits database),we fit B ayesian hierarchical models with three alternative functional forms(powerlaw,generalized Michaelis-Menten(gMM),and Weibull)to characterize how diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height(H),and crown radius(CR)scale with and without wood density as a species-level predictor.Our analysis revealed that the saturating Weibull function best captured the relationship between tree height and DBH in both functional groups,whereas the CR-DBH relationship was best predicted by a power-law function in angiosperms and by the gMM function in gymnosperms.Although including wood density did not significantly improve predictive performance,it revealed important ecological trade-offs:lighter-wood angiosperms achieve taller mature heights more rapidly,and denser wood promotes wider crown expansion across clades.We also found that accurately estimating DBH required considering both height and crown size,highlighting how these variables together distinguish trees of similar height but differing trunk diameters.Our results emphasize the importance of applying saturating functions for large trees to improve forest biomass estimates and show that wood density,though not always predictive at broad scales,helps illuminate the biomechanical and ecological constraints underlying diverse tree architectures.These findings offer practical pathways for integrating height-and crown-based metrics into existing carbon monitoring programs worldwide.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2022D01B109)the Tianchi Doctoral Program of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(BS2021007).
文摘Within the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization,increasing urban resilience(UR)is especially important in the arid region of Northwest China(ANC),where fragile ecosystems and an uneven water distribution create significant sustainability challenges.In this study,a coupled UR-water ecosystem services(WESs)framework was developed on the basis of 1-km resolution remote sensing data for the 2000–2020 period obtained from the Landsat series,Defense Meteorological Satellite Program(DMSP)/Operational Linescan System(OLS),and Global Precipitation Measurement(GPM),among other sources.Within the framework,the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST)model was incorporated to provide a WES indicator system.Moreover,entropy weighting was employed to quantify both UR and WES indicators;the coupling coordination degree(CCD)model was used to measure the coupled relationship between UR and WESs;an extreme gradient boosting(XGBoost)-SHapley Additive exPlanations(SHAP)interpretation approach was adopted to identify key drivers and underlying mechanisms;and Geographically Weighted Regression(GWR)was applied to capture spatial distribution characteristics of major driving factors.The results indicated that UR steadily increased from 4.60×10^(-3) to 10.24×10^(-3),whereas WESs followed an inverted V-shaped trend,with a peak value observed in 2010(11.84×10^(-3)).The CCD remained consistently low(mean:0.0166–0.0246)and exhibited considerable spatial heterogeneity.Notably,the degree of coordination was greater in the oasis and mountain core areas but significantly lower at desert areas.XGBoost-SHAP model analysis revealed six key drivers influencing various states of the CCD between UR and WESs systems.The contributions of these factors could be ranked as follows:water yield(WY;24.30%)>farmland area per capita(FP;21.10%)>gross domestic product(GDP)per capita(GDPC;19.00%)>soil retention(SR;14.90%)>population density(PD;5.42%)>water purification(WP;4.40%).In contrast,in UR system,WP(53.66%)and SR(31.62%)served as the dominant drivers.Moreover,the dominant drivers shifted from a combination of natural and socioeconomic factors in StateⅠ(sustainable high resilience)to primarily socioeconomic factors in StateⅢ(unsustainable low resilience).SR and WP exerted positive moderating effects,whereas socioeconomic factors such as GDPC and PD exerted inhibitory effects on the coordination relationship.This research highlights that UR in the ANC region is limited mainly by water scarcity,weak feedback loops,and spatial variability,emphasizing the need for tailored intervention strategies.
