The world is undergoing seismic upheavals unseen in a century.Globalization faces complex challenges and attacks from the political forces advocating reverse globalization and deglobalization.Pessimistic arguments suc...The world is undergoing seismic upheavals unseen in a century.Globalization faces complex challenges and attacks from the political forces advocating reverse globalization and deglobalization.Pessimistic arguments such as“the end of globalization”1 and“global trade fragmentation”2 keep rising.The open world economy is at a crossroads.展开更多
Culture has been exerting an even greater influence on China’s image construction and nation branding in today’s globalizing world.As“culture”is the core of Chinese soft power strategy,the concept of“soft power”...Culture has been exerting an even greater influence on China’s image construction and nation branding in today’s globalizing world.As“culture”is the core of Chinese soft power strategy,the concept of“soft power”has been redefined as“cultural soft power”in the Chinese context.Cultural instruments,including the Chinese language as well as traditional and popular cultures,are widely implemented as the“charm”tools to wield and project China’s soft power.Cultural diplomacy is also viewed as an effective way to promote an understanding of China’s ideals,support Chinese economic goals and enhance Chinese national security in subtle,wide-ranging,and sustainable ways.Although Chinese soft power is still in its“embryonic phase”,partly due to its close link to the country’s economic performance and huge market attraction as well as the disadvantages generated by the political and ideological issues,it has contributed greatly to expand China’s international influence and create a circle of like-minded allies on its periphery,in which process its increasing importance shall not be neglected.展开更多
The words that Xi Jinping said at the 47th World Economic Forum(WEF)have really surprised just the most inattentive people.During his visit to Davos,where leaders,entrepreneurs
The world economy prospers when it is open,but declines when it is closed.Since the end of the cold war,economic globalization has developed rapidly,forming a new global development pattern that features intertwined i...The world economy prospers when it is open,but declines when it is closed.Since the end of the cold war,economic globalization has developed rapidly,forming a new global development pattern that features intertwined interests of countries all over the world.The report to the 20th National Congress of CPC pointed out that at present,changes in the world,times and history are unfolding in a way unseen in the past.展开更多
It is widely predicted that by the time the coronavirus pandemic is over,the world will be very different.This seems definitely true.In fact,before the coronavirus outbreak,some obvious changes were already happening ...It is widely predicted that by the time the coronavirus pandemic is over,the world will be very different.This seems definitely true.In fact,before the coronavirus outbreak,some obvious changes were already happening in the world,the factors behind which will arguably be amplified by the pandemic,making the future of globalization,already a concern in the world ever since the election of President Trump,a focal issue.What will be the fate of globalization?What changes will take place in China-US relations in the new international circumstances?Those are critical issues we must face.展开更多
The outbreak of the global financial crisis has called into question U.S.-style "financial capitalism." Protectionism,currency multilateralism,decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nati...The outbreak of the global financial crisis has called into question U.S.-style "financial capitalism." Protectionism,currency multilateralism,decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nationalism of resources are gaining ground.The emerging economies are on the rise.The world power order is becoming multi-polar.Relations between countries are growing more diverse.The global governance model is undergoing fundamental changes.Global governance mechanisms,which are more representative and reflective of the diverse interests(such as the G20 and the UN climate change conference),along with a reform of the international monetary system,will also help shape the future world order.展开更多
Since the 1970s,East Asian countries have registered rapid economic growth and created the Asian Miracle thanks to an increasing division of labor and expansion of regional supply chains in the age of economic globali...Since the 1970s,East Asian countries have registered rapid economic growth and created the Asian Miracle thanks to an increasing division of labor and expansion of regional supply chains in the age of economic globalization.However,the 2008 global financial crisis marked a turning point in the history of human development.In addition,“Black swans”and“gray rhinos”such as the COVID-19 pandemic.展开更多
In March 2021,the new Biden administration proposed the American Jobs Plan to rebuild US infrastructure and create more American jobs.Notably,the plan juxtaposed China and climate change as the“great challenges of ou...In March 2021,the new Biden administration proposed the American Jobs Plan to rebuild US infrastructure and create more American jobs.Notably,the plan juxtaposed China and climate change as the“great challenges of our time.”It claimed that given China’s“aggressive”investment in research&development(R&D),the US must adjust its strategic focus and build better infrastructures,including the digital infrastructure.展开更多
As a once-in-a-century catastrophe,Covid-19 pandemic has initiated worldwide comprehensive crisis,manifested in economic development,social stability,political governance and international order.The pandemic is accele...As a once-in-a-century catastrophe,Covid-19 pandemic has initiated worldwide comprehensive crisis,manifested in economic development,social stability,political governance and international order.The pandemic is accelerating the evolution of international order.The EU and the US have so little attention to spare from their domestic epidemic that can hardly contribute to the global combat against the disease,which has undermined their international leadership.Meanwhile,the West becomes anxious about the rise of China’s geographic political influence.Influenced by Covid-19,China-US relations are experiencing accelerated deterioration with bigger challenges ahead.展开更多
Within cultural globalization there exist two distinct approaches, each with its built-in logic： the logic of a globalized culture promoted by one country and that of a globalized culture defined by many countries on...Within cultural globalization there exist two distinct approaches, each with its built-in logic： the logic of a globalized culture promoted by one country and that of a globalized culture defined by many countries on the basis of consultations and exchanges on an equal footing. As a result of the present unequal world economic and political order, the former has become the keynote of the process of cultural globalization. Establishing a flee and equal globalized culture requires the guidance of socialist ideology to change the unjust global economic and political order. Globalized culture is neither homogeneous nor heterogeneous; it is a diversified unified whole or a unity within diversity.展开更多
Contemporary globalization is marked by rapidly and dramatically increasing interdependence,which operates both within and among countries.Increasing global interdependence has profound influence on education at all l...Contemporary globalization is marked by rapidly and dramatically increasing interdependence,which operates both within and among countries.Increasing global interdependence has profound influence on education at all levels,such as how to deal with a world with more permeable boundaries in which people are on the move more frequently(migration)than ever before in human history,and in which urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented rate.This paper proposes a transformational analysis of contemporary globalization and identifies the increasing challenge for education due to the globalization,including the struggle to match the pace of technology change in society,to provide graduates with skills relevant to contemporary society,and to lead education students to an accommodation with persistent and rapid social change.展开更多
In recent years, the overall strength of Western developed countries, led by the United States, has declined relatively, resulting in a trend of decentralization. This has posed severe challenges to the traditional gl...In recent years, the overall strength of Western developed countries, led by the United States, has declined relatively, resulting in a trend of decentralization. This has posed severe challenges to the traditional global governance system with regard to trade, security, and multilateral cooperation. However, this trend also provides a historical opportunity to transform the global governance system into one that is more inclusive and equitable. This can be seen in the reconstruction of value priorities, the adjustment of governance focus, the reform of governance mechanisms, and the promotion of new mechanisms. Only by adhering to openness and inclusiveness and balancing rights and responsibilities can we build a future governance order that conforms to the common interests of all humanity.展开更多
The paradigm of cancer treatment has been reshaped by chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)αβT cell therapy,yet its full potential remains constrained by fundamental limitations.While conventional CARαβT cells have achie...The paradigm of cancer treatment has been reshaped by chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)αβT cell therapy,yet its full potential remains constrained by fundamental limitations.While conventional CARαβT cells have achieved notable success in hematological malignancies,their broader application is hindered by the high cost and delays of autologous manufacturing,as well as the critical risk of graft-vs-host disease(GvHD).In addition,their efficacy against solid tumors is often compromised by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment(TME).As a promising solution,γδT cells are being developed as an alternative CAR platform.Their intrinsic ability to recognize transformed cells in a major histocompatibility complex(MHC)-independent manner minimizes the risk of GvHD and supports the creation of safe,effective allogeneic therapies.Building on this unique biology,the therapeutic efficacy of CARγδT cells is being enhanced through advanced engineering strategies.Key innovations include“armoring”technologies,such as cytokine secretion,checkpoint blockade,and metabolic rewiring,to overcome local immunosuppression and improve persistence,as well as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)to generate standardized products from a renewable and consistent source.This expanding technological toolbox is also enabling novel applications beyond oncology.For example,chimeric autoantibody receptor(CAAR)constructs built onγδT cells integrate both classical and emerging insights into CARγδT cell therapy,highlighting innovations that are driving the field toward safer,more versatile,and longer-lasting treatments for cancer and autoimmunity.In light of these advancements,this review provides an overview of the current understanding ofγδT cell biology and highlights emerging engineering strategies that enhance the efficacy and durability of CARγδT cells across oncologic and autoimmune contexts.展开更多
Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described...Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described plant species are at risk of extinction(Bachman et al.,2024).The number of plant extinctions has increased by 60%in the last 100 years(Di Marco et al.,2017).Over the past 250 years,571 plant species have gone extinct—more than twice the combined total of extinct birds,mammals,and amphibians(217 species)(Briggs,2019).展开更多
Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Usi...Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Using global datasets from Tallo(a tree allometry and crown architecture database encompassing thousands of species)and TRY(a plant traits database),we fit B ayesian hierarchical models with three alternative functional forms(powerlaw,generalized Michaelis-Menten(gMM),and Weibull)to characterize how diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height(H),and crown radius(CR)scale with and without wood density as a species-level predictor.Our analysis revealed that the saturating Weibull function best captured the relationship between tree height and DBH in both functional groups,whereas the CR-DBH relationship was best predicted by a power-law function in angiosperms and by the gMM function in gymnosperms.Although including wood density did not significantly improve predictive performance,it revealed important ecological trade-offs:lighter-wood angiosperms achieve taller mature heights more rapidly,and denser wood promotes wider crown expansion across clades.We also found that accurately estimating DBH required considering both height and crown size,highlighting how these variables together distinguish trees of similar height but differing trunk diameters.Our results emphasize the importance of applying saturating functions for large trees to improve forest biomass estimates and show that wood density,though not always predictive at broad scales,helps illuminate the biomechanical and ecological constraints underlying diverse tree architectures.These findings offer practical pathways for integrating height-and crown-based metrics into existing carbon monitoring programs worldwide.展开更多
The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerge...The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.展开更多
A general forecast is that the whole world will become a quite different one after the novel coronavirus pandemic comes to a basic end.This seems certain.In fact,before the pandemic outbreak,the world had been undergo...A general forecast is that the whole world will become a quite different one after the novel coronavirus pandemic comes to a basic end.This seems certain.In fact,before the pandemic outbreak,the world had been undergoing some significant changes,and there are signs that those factors that cause the changes will be further amplified.So an issue-where globalization will go-that has been concerned in the international community since President Trump took office becomes a prominent point of focus.What will be the fate of globalization in future?What kind of international development environment will China have that has been greatly benefited from globalization?What will happen to the Sino-U.S.relations under such an environment?These will be important issues that we have to face up.展开更多
Neotropical forests encompass a diverse array of forest types,each with distinct structures and species compositions shaped by varying soil and climate conditions.Despite their global importance in carbon(C)cycling,th...Neotropical forests encompass a diverse array of forest types,each with distinct structures and species compositions shaped by varying soil and climate conditions.Despite their global importance in carbon(C)cycling,their diversity is underrepresented in Earth system models due to our limited understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing above-ground carbon(AGC)and soil organic carbon(SOC)stocks.We conducted a forest inventory across five neotropical forest types-cloud forest(CF),transition forest(TF),riparian forest(RF),pineoak forest(POF),and tropical dry forest(TDF)-in Nicaragua's Miraflor-Moropotente Protected Landscape(MMPL)to explore these relationships.Across 40 plots,we identified 4,495 trees belonging to 239 species and 62 families,with Fabaceae being the most species-rich.RF exhibited the highest alpha diversity,followed by CF,TF,and TDF,while POF had the lowest.C stocks varied significantly among forest types,averaging 147.8 Mg C⋅ha^(-1)for AGC and 46.3 Mg C⋅ha^(-1)for SOC.RF and CF stored the most AGC,while TF had the highest SOC.AGC correlated strongly with basal area,species richness,and climatic factors such as precipitation and temperature,while SOC was primarily influenced by soil chemical properties(e.g.,total nitrogen,pH)and precipitation.Notably,no significant relationship was found between SOC and AGC.Our C mapping estimated~3,700 Gg of C in the MMPL,with TDF covering the largest area and contributing most to AGC.However,RF and CF,despite occupying smaller areas,harbored the highest species richness and disproportionately contributed to AGC.These findings highlight the need to treat the different neotropical forest types as distinct ecosystems and prioritize the conservation and expansion of endangered cloud and RF across the Neotropics.展开更多
文摘The world is undergoing seismic upheavals unseen in a century.Globalization faces complex challenges and attacks from the political forces advocating reverse globalization and deglobalization.Pessimistic arguments such as“the end of globalization”1 and“global trade fragmentation”2 keep rising.The open world economy is at a crossroads.
文摘Culture has been exerting an even greater influence on China’s image construction and nation branding in today’s globalizing world.As“culture”is the core of Chinese soft power strategy,the concept of“soft power”has been redefined as“cultural soft power”in the Chinese context.Cultural instruments,including the Chinese language as well as traditional and popular cultures,are widely implemented as the“charm”tools to wield and project China’s soft power.Cultural diplomacy is also viewed as an effective way to promote an understanding of China’s ideals,support Chinese economic goals and enhance Chinese national security in subtle,wide-ranging,and sustainable ways.Although Chinese soft power is still in its“embryonic phase”,partly due to its close link to the country’s economic performance and huge market attraction as well as the disadvantages generated by the political and ideological issues,it has contributed greatly to expand China’s international influence and create a circle of like-minded allies on its periphery,in which process its increasing importance shall not be neglected.
文摘The words that Xi Jinping said at the 47th World Economic Forum(WEF)have really surprised just the most inattentive people.During his visit to Davos,where leaders,entrepreneurs
文摘The world economy prospers when it is open,but declines when it is closed.Since the end of the cold war,economic globalization has developed rapidly,forming a new global development pattern that features intertwined interests of countries all over the world.The report to the 20th National Congress of CPC pointed out that at present,changes in the world,times and history are unfolding in a way unseen in the past.
文摘It is widely predicted that by the time the coronavirus pandemic is over,the world will be very different.This seems definitely true.In fact,before the coronavirus outbreak,some obvious changes were already happening in the world,the factors behind which will arguably be amplified by the pandemic,making the future of globalization,already a concern in the world ever since the election of President Trump,a focal issue.What will be the fate of globalization?What changes will take place in China-US relations in the new international circumstances?Those are critical issues we must face.
文摘The outbreak of the global financial crisis has called into question U.S.-style "financial capitalism." Protectionism,currency multilateralism,decentralization of financial decision-making power and the nationalism of resources are gaining ground.The emerging economies are on the rise.The world power order is becoming multi-polar.Relations between countries are growing more diverse.The global governance model is undergoing fundamental changes.Global governance mechanisms,which are more representative and reflective of the diverse interests(such as the G20 and the UN climate change conference),along with a reform of the international monetary system,will also help shape the future world order.
文摘Since the 1970s,East Asian countries have registered rapid economic growth and created the Asian Miracle thanks to an increasing division of labor and expansion of regional supply chains in the age of economic globalization.However,the 2008 global financial crisis marked a turning point in the history of human development.In addition,“Black swans”and“gray rhinos”such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
文摘In March 2021,the new Biden administration proposed the American Jobs Plan to rebuild US infrastructure and create more American jobs.Notably,the plan juxtaposed China and climate change as the“great challenges of our time.”It claimed that given China’s“aggressive”investment in research&development(R&D),the US must adjust its strategic focus and build better infrastructures,including the digital infrastructure.
文摘As a once-in-a-century catastrophe,Covid-19 pandemic has initiated worldwide comprehensive crisis,manifested in economic development,social stability,political governance and international order.The pandemic is accelerating the evolution of international order.The EU and the US have so little attention to spare from their domestic epidemic that can hardly contribute to the global combat against the disease,which has undermined their international leadership.Meanwhile,the West becomes anxious about the rise of China’s geographic political influence.Influenced by Covid-19,China-US relations are experiencing accelerated deterioration with bigger challenges ahead.
文摘Within cultural globalization there exist two distinct approaches, each with its built-in logic： the logic of a globalized culture promoted by one country and that of a globalized culture defined by many countries on the basis of consultations and exchanges on an equal footing. As a result of the present unequal world economic and political order, the former has become the keynote of the process of cultural globalization. Establishing a flee and equal globalized culture requires the guidance of socialist ideology to change the unjust global economic and political order. Globalized culture is neither homogeneous nor heterogeneous; it is a diversified unified whole or a unity within diversity.
文摘Contemporary globalization is marked by rapidly and dramatically increasing interdependence,which operates both within and among countries.Increasing global interdependence has profound influence on education at all levels,such as how to deal with a world with more permeable boundaries in which people are on the move more frequently(migration)than ever before in human history,and in which urbanization is increasing at an unprecedented rate.This paper proposes a transformational analysis of contemporary globalization and identifies the increasing challenge for education due to the globalization,including the struggle to match the pace of technology change in society,to provide graduates with skills relevant to contemporary society,and to lead education students to an accommodation with persistent and rapid social change.
文摘In recent years, the overall strength of Western developed countries, led by the United States, has declined relatively, resulting in a trend of decentralization. This has posed severe challenges to the traditional global governance system with regard to trade, security, and multilateral cooperation. However, this trend also provides a historical opportunity to transform the global governance system into one that is more inclusive and equitable. This can be seen in the reconstruction of value priorities, the adjustment of governance focus, the reform of governance mechanisms, and the promotion of new mechanisms. Only by adhering to openness and inclusiveness and balancing rights and responsibilities can we build a future governance order that conforms to the common interests of all humanity.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)through the Ministry of Education(2021R1I1A3059820)(to Jea-Hyun Baek).
文摘The paradigm of cancer treatment has been reshaped by chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)αβT cell therapy,yet its full potential remains constrained by fundamental limitations.While conventional CARαβT cells have achieved notable success in hematological malignancies,their broader application is hindered by the high cost and delays of autologous manufacturing,as well as the critical risk of graft-vs-host disease(GvHD).In addition,their efficacy against solid tumors is often compromised by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment(TME).As a promising solution,γδT cells are being developed as an alternative CAR platform.Their intrinsic ability to recognize transformed cells in a major histocompatibility complex(MHC)-independent manner minimizes the risk of GvHD and supports the creation of safe,effective allogeneic therapies.Building on this unique biology,the therapeutic efficacy of CARγδT cells is being enhanced through advanced engineering strategies.Key innovations include“armoring”technologies,such as cytokine secretion,checkpoint blockade,and metabolic rewiring,to overcome local immunosuppression and improve persistence,as well as the use of induced pluripotent stem cells(iPSCs)to generate standardized products from a renewable and consistent source.This expanding technological toolbox is also enabling novel applications beyond oncology.For example,chimeric autoantibody receptor(CAAR)constructs built onγδT cells integrate both classical and emerging insights into CARγδT cell therapy,highlighting innovations that are driving the field toward safer,more versatile,and longer-lasting treatments for cancer and autoimmunity.In light of these advancements,this review provides an overview of the current understanding ofγδT cell biology and highlights emerging engineering strategies that enhance the efficacy and durability of CARγδT cells across oncologic and autoimmune contexts.
基金support of the ORG.one project of Oxford Nanopore Technologies(ONT),the Rufford Grants(45249-1)the Idea Wild Grants(Project ID-KJOSINDI0125-00)the Mohamed Bin Zyed Species Conservation(MBZ)(GEF Grant no-240535253)Funds in our efforts to conserve threatened trees in the Western Ghats Biodiversity Hotspot Forest regions.
文摘Plants constitute nearly 80%of the planet’s total biomass(Bar-On et al.,2018);however,this vital group is experiencing severe threats,and recent evaluations indicate that approximately 45%of the world's described plant species are at risk of extinction(Bachman et al.,2024).The number of plant extinctions has increased by 60%in the last 100 years(Di Marco et al.,2017).Over the past 250 years,571 plant species have gone extinct—more than twice the combined total of extinct birds,mammals,and amphibians(217 species)(Briggs,2019).
基金supported by the Xingdian Talent Support Program of Yunnan Province(E5YNR03B01)the Xishuangbanna State Rainforest Talent Support Program(E4BN041B01)the CAS President’s International Fellowship Initiative(2020FYB0003)。
文摘Allometric equations are fundamental tools in ecological research and forestry management,widely used for estimating above-ground biomass and production,serving as the core foundations of dynamic vegetation models.Using global datasets from Tallo(a tree allometry and crown architecture database encompassing thousands of species)and TRY(a plant traits database),we fit B ayesian hierarchical models with three alternative functional forms(powerlaw,generalized Michaelis-Menten(gMM),and Weibull)to characterize how diameter at breast height(DBH),tree height(H),and crown radius(CR)scale with and without wood density as a species-level predictor.Our analysis revealed that the saturating Weibull function best captured the relationship between tree height and DBH in both functional groups,whereas the CR-DBH relationship was best predicted by a power-law function in angiosperms and by the gMM function in gymnosperms.Although including wood density did not significantly improve predictive performance,it revealed important ecological trade-offs:lighter-wood angiosperms achieve taller mature heights more rapidly,and denser wood promotes wider crown expansion across clades.We also found that accurately estimating DBH required considering both height and crown size,highlighting how these variables together distinguish trees of similar height but differing trunk diameters.Our results emphasize the importance of applying saturating functions for large trees to improve forest biomass estimates and show that wood density,though not always predictive at broad scales,helps illuminate the biomechanical and ecological constraints underlying diverse tree architectures.These findings offer practical pathways for integrating height-and crown-based metrics into existing carbon monitoring programs worldwide.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52100076)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No.2023MS064)。
文摘The escalating global issues of water scarcity and pollution emphasize the critical need for the rapid development of efficient and eco-friendly water treatment technologies.Photoelectrocatalytic technology has emerged as a promising solution for effectively degrading refractory organic pollutants in water under light conditions.This review delves into the advancements made in the field,focusing on strategies to enhance the generation of active species by modulating the micro-interface of the photoanode.Strategies,such as morphological control,element doping,introduction of surface oxygen vacancies,and construction of heterostructures,significantly improve the separation efficiency of photogenerated charges and the generation of active species,thereby boosting the efficiency of photoelectrocatalytic performance.Furthermore,the review explores the potential applications of photoelectrocatalytic technology in organic pollutant degradation in solutions.It also outlines the current challenges and future development directions.Despite its remarkable laboratory success,practical implementation of photoelectrocatalytic technology encounters obstacles related to stability,cost-effectiveness,and operational efficiency.Future investigations need to focus on optimizing the performance of photoelectrocatalytic materials and exploring strategies for upscaling their application in real water treatment scenarios.
文摘A general forecast is that the whole world will become a quite different one after the novel coronavirus pandemic comes to a basic end.This seems certain.In fact,before the pandemic outbreak,the world had been undergoing some significant changes,and there are signs that those factors that cause the changes will be further amplified.So an issue-where globalization will go-that has been concerned in the international community since President Trump took office becomes a prominent point of focus.What will be the fate of globalization in future?What kind of international development environment will China have that has been greatly benefited from globalization?What will happen to the Sino-U.S.relations under such an environment?These will be important issues that we have to face up.
基金supported by the UNAN-Managua through the research project No.43201804by The Rufford Foundation through the Small Grants Program(ID-32146-1)by the project 2022-20 granted by The Franklinia Foundation。
文摘Neotropical forests encompass a diverse array of forest types,each with distinct structures and species compositions shaped by varying soil and climate conditions.Despite their global importance in carbon(C)cycling,their diversity is underrepresented in Earth system models due to our limited understanding of the abiotic and biotic factors influencing above-ground carbon(AGC)and soil organic carbon(SOC)stocks.We conducted a forest inventory across five neotropical forest types-cloud forest(CF),transition forest(TF),riparian forest(RF),pineoak forest(POF),and tropical dry forest(TDF)-in Nicaragua's Miraflor-Moropotente Protected Landscape(MMPL)to explore these relationships.Across 40 plots,we identified 4,495 trees belonging to 239 species and 62 families,with Fabaceae being the most species-rich.RF exhibited the highest alpha diversity,followed by CF,TF,and TDF,while POF had the lowest.C stocks varied significantly among forest types,averaging 147.8 Mg C⋅ha^(-1)for AGC and 46.3 Mg C⋅ha^(-1)for SOC.RF and CF stored the most AGC,while TF had the highest SOC.AGC correlated strongly with basal area,species richness,and climatic factors such as precipitation and temperature,while SOC was primarily influenced by soil chemical properties(e.g.,total nitrogen,pH)and precipitation.Notably,no significant relationship was found between SOC and AGC.Our C mapping estimated~3,700 Gg of C in the MMPL,with TDF covering the largest area and contributing most to AGC.However,RF and CF,despite occupying smaller areas,harbored the highest species richness and disproportionately contributed to AGC.These findings highlight the need to treat the different neotropical forest types as distinct ecosystems and prioritize the conservation and expansion of endangered cloud and RF across the Neotropics.
