There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench ad- vancing, and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate ...There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench ad- vancing, and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate subducts at low angle beneath the Eurasia plate, tomographic results indicate that the subducted Pacific slab does not penetrate the 670 km discontinuity, instead, it is lying flat above the interface. The flattening occurred about 28 Ma ago. Geo- dynamic computation suggests: when the frontier of the subducted slab reaches the phase boundary of lower and upper mantle, it may be hindered and turn flat lying above the boundary, facilitates the retreat of trench and back-arc extension. Volcanism in northeastern China is likely a product of such retreat of subduction, far field back-arc extension, and melting due to reduce of pressure while mantle upwelling.展开更多
Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries,where deep mantle material upwells and exposes on the Earth surface.Large variation is present along mid-ocean ridges in terms of their structures and geodynamics,which ...Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries,where deep mantle material upwells and exposes on the Earth surface.Large variation is present along mid-ocean ridges in terms of their structures and geodynamics,which are essential for understanding mid-ocean ridge spreading.The increasing geological and geophysical observations reveal the fine structures of mid-ocean ridges,while geodynamical modeling investigates the various spreading processes.We summarize the recent studies on the structures and geodynamics of mid-ocean ridges,with the focus on reviewing the geodynamical numeric modeling of spreading processes and mechanisms,including asymmetric spreading mechanisms(e.g.,difference in composition and mantle temperature,pore buoyancy,ridge migration),oblique spreading processes(e.g.,formation of ridge segments and transform faults),ridge propagation and formation of V-shaped sea basins,mechanisms of ridge jump(e.g.,influence of plumes,slab retreat and plate re-organization),interactions between mid-ocean ridges and plumes/subductions(e.g.,influence of plume on ridge migration and magmatism,transformation from spreading to ridge-inversed subduction).The spreading processes of mid-ocean ridges are affected by lithospheric structures and thermal states,as well as the surrounding tectonic units(e.g.,plumes,subductions).Further studies on spreading modes and mechanisms of mid-ocean ridges are needed,especially focus on investigating the end-member styles of mid-ocean ridges(e.g.,ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridges)and conducting geodynamical numeric modeling based on high-resolution observations.展开更多
The Shenshan Group provides important geological information which is vital in unraveling the amalgamation and subsequent rifting processes of South China.While conventional studies have asserted its formation in a su...The Shenshan Group provides important geological information which is vital in unraveling the amalgamation and subsequent rifting processes of South China.While conventional studies have asserted its formation in a subduction setting,the distinct investigation reveals the necessity for reassessment.To address this,the authors employ integrated methods encompassing petrological,zircon U-Pb geochronological,Lu-Hf isotopic and geochemical methods for sedimentary rocks from the upper Shenshan subgroup and Banxi Group.The geochemical results indicate that they were formed through the recycling deposition of intermediate-acidic igneous source material and experienced moderate chemical weathering.Additionally,both sedimentary sequences exhibit characteristics consistent with those formed in an intracontinental extensional rift setting since ca.810 Ma.The provenance analysis indicates that the upper Shenshan subgroup primarily originates from the Yangtze Domain,while the Banxi Group from both the Yangtze and Cathaysia domains.Synthesizing with previous studies,the Shenshan Group should be subdivided into the lower and upper subgroups which represent distinct tectonic backgrounds.The lower subgroup is inferred to have formed in an Early Neoproterozoic fore-arc setting,akin to the Zhoutan group.The upper subgroup corresponds to the Banxi Group,representing the Middle Neoproterozoic postorogenic rift setting,responding to the breakup of Rodinia.展开更多
This study provides new evidence for a significant Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal event in the southern Dharwar Craton,based on U-Pb dating of rutile and monazite from metamorphic rocks of the Sargur Group.Trace eleme...This study provides new evidence for a significant Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal event in the southern Dharwar Craton,based on U-Pb dating of rutile and monazite from metamorphic rocks of the Sargur Group.Trace element analysis of rutile in garnet-bearing amphibolite,amphibolite,garnet-bearing staurolite-kyanite schist,and grunerite-garnet schist suggests that their protoliths were primarily basaltic rocks,sediments with mafic component,pelitic sediments,and mixed sediments with both mafic and felsic components,respectively.Rutile U-Pb ages of 625±22 Ma(garnet-bearing amphibolite),752±5.1 Ma(amphibolite),836±4 Ma to 663±26 Ma(garnet-bearing staurolite kyanite schist)and 860±13 Ma(grunerite-garnet schist),along with a monazite U-Pb age of 789±4.4 Ma(garnet-bearing staurolite kyanite schist),record a significant Neoproterozoic(860-625 Ma)tectono-thermal event along the southern margin of the western Dharwar Craton.This event is most likely associated with aborted rift-related alkaline magmatism along the northern margin of the Southern Granulite Terrane(SGT)and the southern margin of the Dharwar Craton.Given the lack of direct evidence for the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent in the Dharwar Craton and SGT,this Neoproterozoic event is unlikely to be related to the breakup of Rodinia.展开更多
The quantitative relationship between modern pollen and vegetation provides a critical foundation for reconstructing past vegetation,with relative pollen productivity(RPP)serving as a key calibration parameter.However...The quantitative relationship between modern pollen and vegetation provides a critical foundation for reconstructing past vegetation,with relative pollen productivity(RPP)serving as a key calibration parameter.However,in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests(SEBFs)in China,RPP studies remain scarce,and the impact of human disturbances on RPP estimates has yet to be adequately assessed,limiting the accuracy of quantitative palaeovegetation reconstructions.This study was conducted in Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve and its surrounding areas in Zhaoqing,Guangdong Province,and included 31 sampling sites.We performed pollen analysis alongside detailed vegetation surveys and utilized ERV submodel 2 and Prentice’s model to estimate the RPP of 9 common plant taxa in the southern SEBFs.There was a particular focus on evaluating the interference effects of bamboo plantations on the estimation of RPP.The results indicate that bamboo within the family Poaceae contributes minimally to surface soil Poaceae pollen because of its unique flowering characteristics,such as long flowering cycles and monocarpic reproduction.The incorporation of bamboo into the Poaceae vegetation coverage in the analysis led to excessively high RPP values for the other taxa.When bamboo coverage was removed from the Poaceae family,the recalculated RPP values aligned closely with those reported in previous studies.The RPP values,ranked from highest to lowest,were as follows:Castanopsis(12.33±0.03)>Araliaceae(1.60±0.03)>Mallotus(1.53±0.26)>Pinus(1.47±0.03)>Rosaceae(1.07±0.02)>Poaceae(1±0)>Euphorbiaceae(0.44±0.03)>Anacardiaceae(0.26±0.03)>Theaceae(0.15±0).Notably,the RPP values for Mallotus,Araliaceae,Theaceae,and Euphorbiaceae represent the first estimates for China’s subtropical region.Differences between certain RPP estimates and those of previous studies may be attributed to factors such as species composition,vegetation structure,and model selection.The findings of this study highlight that due to the widespread distribution of artificial bamboo forests in China’s subtropical regions,future RPP studies should carefully consider the influence of Poaceae.This consideration is essential for improving the accuracy of the application of fossil pollen for quantitative paleo-vegetation reconstruction in these regions.展开更多
The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast contin...The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.展开更多
The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and...The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and dynamic processes.Nevertheless,classical plate cooling models exhibit disparities when predicting observed heat flow and seafloor depth for extremely young and old lithospheres.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis of global heat flow predictions and regional ocean heat flow or bathymetry data with physical models has been lacking.In this study,we employed power-law models derived from the singularity theory of fractal density to meticulously fit the latest ocean heat flow and bathymetry.Notably,power-law models offer distinct advantages over traditional plate cooling models,showcasing robust self-similarity,scale invariance,or scaling properties,and providing a better fit to observed data.The outcomes of our singularity analysis concerning heat flow and bathymetry across diverse oceanic regions exhibit a degree of consistency with the global ocean spreading rate model.In addition,we applied the similarity method to predict a higher resolution(0.1°×0.1°)global heat flow map based on the most recent heat flow data and geological/geophysical observables refined through linear correlation analysis.Regions displaying significant disparities between predicted and observed heat flow are closely linked to hydrothermal vent fields and active structures.Finally,combining the actual bathymetry and predicted heat flow with the power-law models allows for the quantitative and comprehensive detection of anomalous regions of ocean subsidence and heat flow,which deviate from traditional plate cooling models.The anomalous regions of subsidence and heat flow show different degrees of anisotropy,providing new ideas and clues for further analysis of ocean topography or hydrothermal circulation of mid-ocean ridges.展开更多
The application of machine learning for pyrite discrimination establishes a robust foundation for constructing the ore-forming history of multi-stage deposits;however,published models face challenges related to limite...The application of machine learning for pyrite discrimination establishes a robust foundation for constructing the ore-forming history of multi-stage deposits;however,published models face challenges related to limited,imbalanced datasets and oversampling.In this study,the dataset was expanded to approximately 500 samples for each type,including 508 sedimentary,573 orogenic gold,548 sedimentary exhalative(SEDEX)deposits,and 364 volcanogenic massive sulfides(VMS)pyrites,utilizing random forest(RF)and support vector machine(SVM)methodologies to enhance the reliability of the classifier models.The RF classifier achieved an overall accuracy of 99.8%,and the SVM classifier attained an overall accuracy of 100%.The model was evaluated by a five-fold cross-validation approach with 93.8%accuracy for the RF and 94.9%for the SVM classifier.These results demonstrate the strong feasibility of pyrite classification,supported by a relatively large,balanced dataset and high accuracy rates.The classifier was employed to reveal the genesis of the controversial Keketale Pb-Zn deposit in NW China,which has been inconclusive among SEDEX,VMS,or a SEDEX-VMS transition.Petrographic investigations indicated that the deposit comprises early fine-grained layered pyrite(Py1)and late recrystallized pyrite(Py2).The majority voting classified Py1 as the VMS type,with an accuracy of RF and SVM being 72.2%and 75%,respectively,and confirmed Py2 as an orogenic type with 74.3% and 77.1%accuracy,respectively.The new findings indicated that the Keketale deposit originated from a submarine VMS mineralization system,followed by late orogenic-type overprinting of metamorphism and deformation,which is consistent with the geological and geochemical observations.This study further emphasizes the advantages of Machine learning(ML)methods in accurately and directly discriminating the deposit types and reconstructing the formation history of multi-stage deposits.展开更多
In the western segment of the East Kunlun Orogen(WEKO),muscovite granite and garnet granite from the Hureguole intrusion exhibit zircon U-Pb ages of 435-442 Ma.Geochemically,these rocks contain high concentrations of ...In the western segment of the East Kunlun Orogen(WEKO),muscovite granite and garnet granite from the Hureguole intrusion exhibit zircon U-Pb ages of 435-442 Ma.Geochemically,these rocks contain high concentrations of SiO_(2),K_(2)O and Al_(2)O_(3),with low concentrations of TiO_(2)and MgO,indicating a peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline affinity.They are enriched in Rb,Th,U and LREE,depleted in Eu,Ba,Sr and Ti,being classified as S-type granites.Negative whole-rockε_(Nd)(t)values(-9.8 to-9.1)and zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(-11.6 to-8.2)for those granites indicate that they were derived from partial melting of pelitic rocks in the Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Formation of the Jinshuikou Group.Based on the collected zircon ages,Cambrian-Devonian magmatic activity in the WEKO was divided into three stages:early(446-520 Ma),middle(427-441 Ma)and late(372-424 Ma)stages.Statistically,whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data(ε_(Nd)(t)/T_(DM)^(Nd),ε_(Hf)(t)/T_(DMC)^(Hf))from Paleozoic igneous rocks in the WEKO reveal a magma source that was initially dominated by depleted mantle components in the northward subduction stage of the Proto-Tethy an Ocean plate(446-520 Ma),shifting to predominantly crustal sources during the closure period of the North Qimantagh back-arc basin(427-441 Ma),then to crust-mantle mixed sources in the post-collision stage(372-424 Ma).展开更多
Coupled dissolution-precipitation is one of the critical processes influencing the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of pegmatites.This mechanism involves the simultaneous dissolution of primary mineral phases a...Coupled dissolution-precipitation is one of the critical processes influencing the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of pegmatites.This mechanism involves the simultaneous dissolution of primary mineral phases and the precipitation of secondary phases,driven by changes in the chemical environment,often mediated by hydrothermal fluids.The Bailongshan Li deposit,located in the West Kunlun region of northwest China,is a significant geological formation known for its rich lithium content and associated rare metals such as tantalum,niobium,and tin.This study investigates the coupled dissolution-precipitation processes that have played a crucial role in the mineralization of this deposit,focusing on key minerals,including cassiterite(Cst),columbite-group minerals(CGM),and elbaite(Elb).Using a combination of petrographic analysis,back-scattered electron(BSE)imaging,cathodoluminescence(CL)imaging,and micro X-ray fluorescence(XRF)mapping,we examined the textural and chemical characteristics of these minerals.Our findings reveal intricate patchy zoning patterns and element distributions(indicated by the Nb,Ta,W,Mn,Fe,Hf,Ti for CGM;Hf,Ti Rb,W,Nb,Ta for Cst;Ti,Zn,Fe,W,Hf,Mn,K for Elb)that indicate multiple stages of mineral alteration driven by fluid-mediated processes.The coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanisms observed in the Bailongshan deposit have resulted in significant redistribution and enrichment of economically valuable elements.The study highlights the importance of hydrothermal fluids in altering primary mineral phases and precipitating secondary phases with distinct compositions.These processes not only modified the mineralogical makeup of the pegmatite but also enhanced its economic potential by concentrating rare metals.Signatures of coupled dissolutionprecipitation processes can serve as an essential tool for mineral exploration,guiding the search for high-grade zones within similar pegmatitic formations.展开更多
The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic sedimentary system of the Luang Prabang Paleotethyan back-arc basin in northern Laos is important for investigating sedimentary provenance,paleogeographic patterns,and the tectonic ev...The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic sedimentary system of the Luang Prabang Paleotethyan back-arc basin in northern Laos is important for investigating sedimentary provenance,paleogeographic patterns,and the tectonic evolution of the eastern Paleotethyan Ocean.This study presents systematic stratigraphy,petrology,geochemistry,and detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses for the Late Carboniferous-Jurassic sedimentary strata on both sides of the Luang Prabang Basin.Based on distinct stratigraphic ages and provenance characteristics,the clastic rock samples can be divided into four groups.The Group 1 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the western part of the basin yield detrital zircon age-peaks of~348 and~1425 Ma,with correspondingεHf(t)values ranging from-2.0 to+15.5 and+1.5 to+14,respectively.The age spectrum of Group 2 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the eastern part of the basin shows major age-peaks of~287 and~1860 Ma,withεHf(t)values of-5.9--0.9 and-3.6-+4.2,respectively.Group 3 Late Permian-Triassic samples exhibit age-peaks of~242 and~1853 Ma,along withεHf(t)values of-0.7-+14.4 and-5.4--1.8,respectively.Group 4 Middle-Late Jurassic samples yield agepeaks of~237,~431,~813,~1833,and~2460 Ma,lacking Late Devonian(413-345 Ma)detrital zircons.All these data collectively suggest that the Group 1 sample primarily originated from the Sukhothai arc in western Indochina,Group 2 was from the Kontum and Truong Son in eastern Indochina,and Group 3 has a combined provenance of the Sukhothai,Kontum,and Truong Son.Regional comparisons suggest that the Jurassic provenance was mainly derived from South China,which was imported through the northern river system.Our data,combined with the regional angular unconformities between the Jurassic continental strata and pre-Jurassic marine strata,suggest that the Luang Prabang Basin transformed into a superimposed collisional retroforeland basin during the Jurassic,and the closure of the Luang Prabang BAB occurred before the Late Triassic.展开更多
The North Sulawesi arc(NSUA)constitutes the northern arm of Sulawesi Island and is characterized by complex Cenozoic records of magmatism and tectonics.Zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf-O isotopic data,whole-rock ma...The North Sulawesi arc(NSUA)constitutes the northern arm of Sulawesi Island and is characterized by complex Cenozoic records of magmatism and tectonics.Zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf-O isotopic data,whole-rock major oxides,trace elemental,and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data of the high-silica granites from the NSUA document their petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Zircon elemental analysis of the granitic samples shows a juvenile oceanic crust origin and the U-Pb geochronology indicates their Oligocene ages between 30.4 and 27.3 Ma.The samples have high SiO_(2)(75.05 wt.%-79.38 wt.%)and Na_(2)O(4.48 wt.%-5.67 wt.%),low K_(2)O(0.15 wt.%-1.34 wt.%)and MgO(0.07 wt.%-0.91 wt.%)contents,belonging to calc-alkaline I-type high-silica granites.They have enriched LREE and LILE,and depleted HREE and HFSE,showing significant Eu,Sr,Nb,and Ta negative anomalies.These high-silica granites have low(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratios(0.704412-0.704592),positiveε_(Nd)(t)values(from+5.1 to+6.6),positive zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(from+10.1 to+18.8),low zirconδ^(18)O values(4.20‰-5.02‰),and similar Pb isotope compositions to the Indian Ocean MORB.Such signatures suggest that these high-silica granites were derived by partial melting process of the juvenile arc crust in an intra-oceanic setting.The felsic magmatism in the NSUA was likely driven by mantle upwelling and decompression melting during the Oligocene,in response to slab roll-back linked with the convergence of the East Sulawesi ophiolitic crust or the microcontinental fragments.展开更多
Geothermal heat flow(GHF)is crucial for characterizing the Earth's thermal state.Compared to other regions worldwide,GHF measurements of South America are relatively sparse for mapping GHF over the continent based...Geothermal heat flow(GHF)is crucial for characterizing the Earth's thermal state.Compared to other regions worldwide,GHF measurements of South America are relatively sparse for mapping GHF over the continent based on traditional models.Here we apply the machine learning(ML)techniques to predict the GHF in South America.By comparing the global model,ML finds that South American subduction zones are hotter than the global model due to large-scale magmatism,which leads to the higher shallow arc temperatures than canonical thermomechanical and global models.Combining ML model with the local singularity analysis of heat flows,active volcanoes,and igneous rock samples,it is suggested that geothermal anomalies along the Andean Mountain Range are spatially correlated with magmatic activity in the subduction zone.It is concluded that the ML methods may provide reliable GHF prediction in regions like South America,where GHF measurements are limited and uneven.展开更多
To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets ...To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.展开更多
The structures of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)are of great significance for studying interactions of the subducted slab and deep mantle and related slab dynamics beneath subduction zones.Here by dense near-source S...The structures of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)are of great significance for studying interactions of the subducted slab and deep mantle and related slab dynamics beneath subduction zones.Here by dense near-source SdP sampling from a large global dataset,we image topographies of transition zone discontinuities such as the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities(410 and 660)beneath the Kamchatka and conduct cross-section comparisons with the seismicity.Compared with the IASP91 model,the 410 exhibits apparent uplifts of 45-65 km with an average of 55 km in a horizontal width of~130 km,corresponding to lowtemperature anomalies of 750-1083 K with an average of 916 K.In contrast,the 660 shows depressions of 15-37 km with an average of 25 km together with downward deflections in a width of~260 km,implying low-temperature anomalies of 161-397 K with an average of 268 K.Thus,we confirm a thickened MTZ with a thickness of 325-345 km around the cold descending Pacific slab.We suggest that topographic patterns of transition zone discontinuities imply a Pacific slab that has been significantly heated in the MTZ with broadened thermal effects on the 660.When considered along with other studies,we infer that the slab is possibly heated by hot mantle flows around the torn slab window extended to at least the MTZ range,thus inducing variations in thermal and rheological properties of the slab.Our seismic results can provide more insight into slab dynamics in the northwestern Pacific.展开更多
High resolution imaging of the fault zone structure is crucial to understanding the characteristics of strong earthquake activity and the deep seismogenic environment.In seismological studies,the fault zone is general...High resolution imaging of the fault zone structure is crucial to understanding the characteristics of strong earthquake activity and the deep seismogenic environment.In seismological studies,the fault zone is generally considered to be a low velocity zone with host rock on both sides.In order to determine the main parameters of fault zone,such as physical properties and interface characteristics,many efforts have been made.However,many key fault parameters still lack constraints,such as the depth extent,width and dip angle of the low velocity zone.With the advancement of the large-N array techniques in recent years,seismologists have collected high-quality data with larger apertures and denser arrays for better analysis of fault zone structures.These array data have also facilitated the development of new seismic imaging techniques.In this paper,a new waveform inversion method for fault zone parameters based on generalized teleseismic waveforms is proposed.Generalized teleseismic event is defined as the local seismic signal whose epicentral distance is greater than 7-10 times the aperture of the array.In order to efficiently simulate high frequency wavefield propagation from long distance local earthquakes,a hybrid modeling approach is proposed,which greatly reduces the computational cost for teleseismic waveform inversion.We apply the proposed new inversion method to a dense array data across an inactive fault in the Qilian Mountains,Gansu Province.As an activesource analogue of generalized teleseismic,the recorded waveforms of a 270-meter-long linear array are clearly excited by an airgun source 1.8 km away.Setting cross-correlation travel time of direct P wave as the misfit function,we perform waveform inversion for the main structural parameters of the fault zone through grid search strategy.The new method is particularly suitable for imaging fault zones with limited local seismicity.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40234042 and 40174027).
文摘There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench ad- vancing, and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate subducts at low angle beneath the Eurasia plate, tomographic results indicate that the subducted Pacific slab does not penetrate the 670 km discontinuity, instead, it is lying flat above the interface. The flattening occurred about 28 Ma ago. Geo- dynamic computation suggests: when the frontier of the subducted slab reaches the phase boundary of lower and upper mantle, it may be hindered and turn flat lying above the boundary, facilitates the retreat of trench and back-arc extension. Volcanism in northeastern China is likely a product of such retreat of subduction, far field back-arc extension, and melting due to reduce of pressure while mantle upwelling.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation Excellent Young Scientists Fund(Grant No.42222406)。
文摘Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries,where deep mantle material upwells and exposes on the Earth surface.Large variation is present along mid-ocean ridges in terms of their structures and geodynamics,which are essential for understanding mid-ocean ridge spreading.The increasing geological and geophysical observations reveal the fine structures of mid-ocean ridges,while geodynamical modeling investigates the various spreading processes.We summarize the recent studies on the structures and geodynamics of mid-ocean ridges,with the focus on reviewing the geodynamical numeric modeling of spreading processes and mechanisms,including asymmetric spreading mechanisms(e.g.,difference in composition and mantle temperature,pore buoyancy,ridge migration),oblique spreading processes(e.g.,formation of ridge segments and transform faults),ridge propagation and formation of V-shaped sea basins,mechanisms of ridge jump(e.g.,influence of plumes,slab retreat and plate re-organization),interactions between mid-ocean ridges and plumes/subductions(e.g.,influence of plume on ridge migration and magmatism,transformation from spreading to ridge-inversed subduction).The spreading processes of mid-ocean ridges are affected by lithospheric structures and thermal states,as well as the surrounding tectonic units(e.g.,plumes,subductions).Further studies on spreading modes and mechanisms of mid-ocean ridges are needed,especially focus on investigating the end-member styles of mid-ocean ridges(e.g.,ultra-slow spreading mid-ocean ridges)and conducting geodynamical numeric modeling based on high-resolution observations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42372250,42102262 and 41972235)National Key Research and Development Program Project(2023YFF0803701)+1 种基金Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(SML2023SP206)the program of China Scholarship Council。
文摘The Shenshan Group provides important geological information which is vital in unraveling the amalgamation and subsequent rifting processes of South China.While conventional studies have asserted its formation in a subduction setting,the distinct investigation reveals the necessity for reassessment.To address this,the authors employ integrated methods encompassing petrological,zircon U-Pb geochronological,Lu-Hf isotopic and geochemical methods for sedimentary rocks from the upper Shenshan subgroup and Banxi Group.The geochemical results indicate that they were formed through the recycling deposition of intermediate-acidic igneous source material and experienced moderate chemical weathering.Additionally,both sedimentary sequences exhibit characteristics consistent with those formed in an intracontinental extensional rift setting since ca.810 Ma.The provenance analysis indicates that the upper Shenshan subgroup primarily originates from the Yangtze Domain,while the Banxi Group from both the Yangtze and Cathaysia domains.Synthesizing with previous studies,the Shenshan Group should be subdivided into the lower and upper subgroups which represent distinct tectonic backgrounds.The lower subgroup is inferred to have formed in an Early Neoproterozoic fore-arc setting,akin to the Zhoutan group.The upper subgroup corresponds to the Banxi Group,representing the Middle Neoproterozoic postorogenic rift setting,responding to the breakup of Rodinia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundations of China(Grant Nos:41890831 and 42172214)the MOST Special Fund from the State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics,Northwest University.
文摘This study provides new evidence for a significant Neoproterozoic tectono-thermal event in the southern Dharwar Craton,based on U-Pb dating of rutile and monazite from metamorphic rocks of the Sargur Group.Trace element analysis of rutile in garnet-bearing amphibolite,amphibolite,garnet-bearing staurolite-kyanite schist,and grunerite-garnet schist suggests that their protoliths were primarily basaltic rocks,sediments with mafic component,pelitic sediments,and mixed sediments with both mafic and felsic components,respectively.Rutile U-Pb ages of 625±22 Ma(garnet-bearing amphibolite),752±5.1 Ma(amphibolite),836±4 Ma to 663±26 Ma(garnet-bearing staurolite kyanite schist)and 860±13 Ma(grunerite-garnet schist),along with a monazite U-Pb age of 789±4.4 Ma(garnet-bearing staurolite kyanite schist),record a significant Neoproterozoic(860-625 Ma)tectono-thermal event along the southern margin of the western Dharwar Craton.This event is most likely associated with aborted rift-related alkaline magmatism along the northern margin of the Southern Granulite Terrane(SGT)and the southern margin of the Dharwar Craton.Given the lack of direct evidence for the assembly of the Rodinia supercontinent in the Dharwar Craton and SGT,this Neoproterozoic event is unlikely to be related to the breakup of Rodinia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42407595&41630753)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFF0801501).
文摘The quantitative relationship between modern pollen and vegetation provides a critical foundation for reconstructing past vegetation,with relative pollen productivity(RPP)serving as a key calibration parameter.However,in subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests(SEBFs)in China,RPP studies remain scarce,and the impact of human disturbances on RPP estimates has yet to be adequately assessed,limiting the accuracy of quantitative palaeovegetation reconstructions.This study was conducted in Dinghu Mountain Nature Reserve and its surrounding areas in Zhaoqing,Guangdong Province,and included 31 sampling sites.We performed pollen analysis alongside detailed vegetation surveys and utilized ERV submodel 2 and Prentice’s model to estimate the RPP of 9 common plant taxa in the southern SEBFs.There was a particular focus on evaluating the interference effects of bamboo plantations on the estimation of RPP.The results indicate that bamboo within the family Poaceae contributes minimally to surface soil Poaceae pollen because of its unique flowering characteristics,such as long flowering cycles and monocarpic reproduction.The incorporation of bamboo into the Poaceae vegetation coverage in the analysis led to excessively high RPP values for the other taxa.When bamboo coverage was removed from the Poaceae family,the recalculated RPP values aligned closely with those reported in previous studies.The RPP values,ranked from highest to lowest,were as follows:Castanopsis(12.33±0.03)>Araliaceae(1.60±0.03)>Mallotus(1.53±0.26)>Pinus(1.47±0.03)>Rosaceae(1.07±0.02)>Poaceae(1±0)>Euphorbiaceae(0.44±0.03)>Anacardiaceae(0.26±0.03)>Theaceae(0.15±0).Notably,the RPP values for Mallotus,Araliaceae,Theaceae,and Euphorbiaceae represent the first estimates for China’s subtropical region.Differences between certain RPP estimates and those of previous studies may be attributed to factors such as species composition,vegetation structure,and model selection.The findings of this study highlight that due to the widespread distribution of artificial bamboo forests in China’s subtropical regions,future RPP studies should carefully consider the influence of Poaceae.This consideration is essential for improving the accuracy of the application of fossil pollen for quantitative paleo-vegetation reconstruction in these regions.
基金supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2021SP318)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20190391)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Geological Processes and Natural Disasters around the South China Sea founded by the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province(No.2016ZT06N331)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2019A1515110305,2021A1515011130,2021A1515110288)。
文摘The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.
基金supported by the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Big Data-Mathematical Earth Sciences and Extreme Geological Events Team(grant number 2021ZT09H399)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 42430111,42050103).
文摘The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and dynamic processes.Nevertheless,classical plate cooling models exhibit disparities when predicting observed heat flow and seafloor depth for extremely young and old lithospheres.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis of global heat flow predictions and regional ocean heat flow or bathymetry data with physical models has been lacking.In this study,we employed power-law models derived from the singularity theory of fractal density to meticulously fit the latest ocean heat flow and bathymetry.Notably,power-law models offer distinct advantages over traditional plate cooling models,showcasing robust self-similarity,scale invariance,or scaling properties,and providing a better fit to observed data.The outcomes of our singularity analysis concerning heat flow and bathymetry across diverse oceanic regions exhibit a degree of consistency with the global ocean spreading rate model.In addition,we applied the similarity method to predict a higher resolution(0.1°×0.1°)global heat flow map based on the most recent heat flow data and geological/geophysical observables refined through linear correlation analysis.Regions displaying significant disparities between predicted and observed heat flow are closely linked to hydrothermal vent fields and active structures.Finally,combining the actual bathymetry and predicted heat flow with the power-law models allows for the quantitative and comprehensive detection of anomalous regions of ocean subsidence and heat flow,which deviate from traditional plate cooling models.The anomalous regions of subsidence and heat flow show different degrees of anisotropy,providing new ideas and clues for further analysis of ocean topography or hydrothermal circulation of mid-ocean ridges.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2900300)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515030216)+2 种基金MOST Special Fund from State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences(GPMR202437)the Guangdong Province Introduced of Innovative R&D Team(2021ZT09H399)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2022xjkk1301).
文摘The application of machine learning for pyrite discrimination establishes a robust foundation for constructing the ore-forming history of multi-stage deposits;however,published models face challenges related to limited,imbalanced datasets and oversampling.In this study,the dataset was expanded to approximately 500 samples for each type,including 508 sedimentary,573 orogenic gold,548 sedimentary exhalative(SEDEX)deposits,and 364 volcanogenic massive sulfides(VMS)pyrites,utilizing random forest(RF)and support vector machine(SVM)methodologies to enhance the reliability of the classifier models.The RF classifier achieved an overall accuracy of 99.8%,and the SVM classifier attained an overall accuracy of 100%.The model was evaluated by a five-fold cross-validation approach with 93.8%accuracy for the RF and 94.9%for the SVM classifier.These results demonstrate the strong feasibility of pyrite classification,supported by a relatively large,balanced dataset and high accuracy rates.The classifier was employed to reveal the genesis of the controversial Keketale Pb-Zn deposit in NW China,which has been inconclusive among SEDEX,VMS,or a SEDEX-VMS transition.Petrographic investigations indicated that the deposit comprises early fine-grained layered pyrite(Py1)and late recrystallized pyrite(Py2).The majority voting classified Py1 as the VMS type,with an accuracy of RF and SVM being 72.2%and 75%,respectively,and confirmed Py2 as an orogenic type with 74.3% and 77.1%accuracy,respectively.The new findings indicated that the Keketale deposit originated from a submarine VMS mineralization system,followed by late orogenic-type overprinting of metamorphism and deformation,which is consistent with the geological and geochemical observations.This study further emphasizes the advantages of Machine learning(ML)methods in accurately and directly discriminating the deposit types and reconstructing the formation history of multi-stage deposits.
基金funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M663959XB)the Geological Survey and Development Bureau of Qinghai Province 2019 Geological Survey Project(2019[45])the Key Laboratory of Deep Dynamics of the Ministry of Natural Resources,Open Research Project 2019。
文摘In the western segment of the East Kunlun Orogen(WEKO),muscovite granite and garnet granite from the Hureguole intrusion exhibit zircon U-Pb ages of 435-442 Ma.Geochemically,these rocks contain high concentrations of SiO_(2),K_(2)O and Al_(2)O_(3),with low concentrations of TiO_(2)and MgO,indicating a peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline affinity.They are enriched in Rb,Th,U and LREE,depleted in Eu,Ba,Sr and Ti,being classified as S-type granites.Negative whole-rockε_(Nd)(t)values(-9.8 to-9.1)and zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(-11.6 to-8.2)for those granites indicate that they were derived from partial melting of pelitic rocks in the Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Formation of the Jinshuikou Group.Based on the collected zircon ages,Cambrian-Devonian magmatic activity in the WEKO was divided into three stages:early(446-520 Ma),middle(427-441 Ma)and late(372-424 Ma)stages.Statistically,whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data(ε_(Nd)(t)/T_(DM)^(Nd),ε_(Hf)(t)/T_(DMC)^(Hf))from Paleozoic igneous rocks in the WEKO reveal a magma source that was initially dominated by depleted mantle components in the northward subduction stage of the Proto-Tethy an Ocean plate(446-520 Ma),shifting to predominantly crustal sources during the closure period of the North Qimantagh back-arc basin(427-441 Ma),then to crust-mantle mixed sources in the post-collision stage(372-424 Ma).
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42250202,92162323,42272075)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(No.24lgqb001)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation Project of Guangdong Province(No.2022A1515010003)the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Big Data—Mathematical Earth Sciences and Extreme Geological Events Team(No.2021ZT09H399)。
文摘Coupled dissolution-precipitation is one of the critical processes influencing the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of pegmatites.This mechanism involves the simultaneous dissolution of primary mineral phases and the precipitation of secondary phases,driven by changes in the chemical environment,often mediated by hydrothermal fluids.The Bailongshan Li deposit,located in the West Kunlun region of northwest China,is a significant geological formation known for its rich lithium content and associated rare metals such as tantalum,niobium,and tin.This study investigates the coupled dissolution-precipitation processes that have played a crucial role in the mineralization of this deposit,focusing on key minerals,including cassiterite(Cst),columbite-group minerals(CGM),and elbaite(Elb).Using a combination of petrographic analysis,back-scattered electron(BSE)imaging,cathodoluminescence(CL)imaging,and micro X-ray fluorescence(XRF)mapping,we examined the textural and chemical characteristics of these minerals.Our findings reveal intricate patchy zoning patterns and element distributions(indicated by the Nb,Ta,W,Mn,Fe,Hf,Ti for CGM;Hf,Ti Rb,W,Nb,Ta for Cst;Ti,Zn,Fe,W,Hf,Mn,K for Elb)that indicate multiple stages of mineral alteration driven by fluid-mediated processes.The coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanisms observed in the Bailongshan deposit have resulted in significant redistribution and enrichment of economically valuable elements.The study highlights the importance of hydrothermal fluids in altering primary mineral phases and precipitating secondary phases with distinct compositions.These processes not only modified the mineralogical makeup of the pegmatite but also enhanced its economic potential by concentrating rare metals.Signatures of coupled dissolutionprecipitation processes can serve as an essential tool for mineral exploration,guiding the search for high-grade zones within similar pegmatitic formations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0803701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42330302 and 42472265)the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP239)。
文摘The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic sedimentary system of the Luang Prabang Paleotethyan back-arc basin in northern Laos is important for investigating sedimentary provenance,paleogeographic patterns,and the tectonic evolution of the eastern Paleotethyan Ocean.This study presents systematic stratigraphy,petrology,geochemistry,and detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses for the Late Carboniferous-Jurassic sedimentary strata on both sides of the Luang Prabang Basin.Based on distinct stratigraphic ages and provenance characteristics,the clastic rock samples can be divided into four groups.The Group 1 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the western part of the basin yield detrital zircon age-peaks of~348 and~1425 Ma,with correspondingεHf(t)values ranging from-2.0 to+15.5 and+1.5 to+14,respectively.The age spectrum of Group 2 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the eastern part of the basin shows major age-peaks of~287 and~1860 Ma,withεHf(t)values of-5.9--0.9 and-3.6-+4.2,respectively.Group 3 Late Permian-Triassic samples exhibit age-peaks of~242 and~1853 Ma,along withεHf(t)values of-0.7-+14.4 and-5.4--1.8,respectively.Group 4 Middle-Late Jurassic samples yield agepeaks of~237,~431,~813,~1833,and~2460 Ma,lacking Late Devonian(413-345 Ma)detrital zircons.All these data collectively suggest that the Group 1 sample primarily originated from the Sukhothai arc in western Indochina,Group 2 was from the Kontum and Truong Son in eastern Indochina,and Group 3 has a combined provenance of the Sukhothai,Kontum,and Truong Son.Regional comparisons suggest that the Jurassic provenance was mainly derived from South China,which was imported through the northern river system.Our data,combined with the regional angular unconformities between the Jurassic continental strata and pre-Jurassic marine strata,suggest that the Luang Prabang Basin transformed into a superimposed collisional retroforeland basin during the Jurassic,and the closure of the Luang Prabang BAB occurred before the Late Triassic.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42330302)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0803701)+1 种基金the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP206)the Australian Research Council(No.FL160100168)。
文摘The North Sulawesi arc(NSUA)constitutes the northern arm of Sulawesi Island and is characterized by complex Cenozoic records of magmatism and tectonics.Zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf-O isotopic data,whole-rock major oxides,trace elemental,and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data of the high-silica granites from the NSUA document their petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Zircon elemental analysis of the granitic samples shows a juvenile oceanic crust origin and the U-Pb geochronology indicates their Oligocene ages between 30.4 and 27.3 Ma.The samples have high SiO_(2)(75.05 wt.%-79.38 wt.%)and Na_(2)O(4.48 wt.%-5.67 wt.%),low K_(2)O(0.15 wt.%-1.34 wt.%)and MgO(0.07 wt.%-0.91 wt.%)contents,belonging to calc-alkaline I-type high-silica granites.They have enriched LREE and LILE,and depleted HREE and HFSE,showing significant Eu,Sr,Nb,and Ta negative anomalies.These high-silica granites have low(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratios(0.704412-0.704592),positiveε_(Nd)(t)values(from+5.1 to+6.6),positive zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(from+10.1 to+18.8),low zirconδ^(18)O values(4.20‰-5.02‰),and similar Pb isotope compositions to the Indian Ocean MORB.Such signatures suggest that these high-silica granites were derived by partial melting process of the juvenile arc crust in an intra-oceanic setting.The felsic magmatism in the NSUA was likely driven by mantle upwelling and decompression melting during the Oligocene,in response to slab roll-back linked with the convergence of the East Sulawesi ophiolitic crust or the microcontinental fragments.
基金partially supported by the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Big Data—Mathematical Earth Sciences and Extreme Geological Events Team(No.2021ZT09H399)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42430111)。
文摘Geothermal heat flow(GHF)is crucial for characterizing the Earth's thermal state.Compared to other regions worldwide,GHF measurements of South America are relatively sparse for mapping GHF over the continent based on traditional models.Here we apply the machine learning(ML)techniques to predict the GHF in South America.By comparing the global model,ML finds that South American subduction zones are hotter than the global model due to large-scale magmatism,which leads to the higher shallow arc temperatures than canonical thermomechanical and global models.Combining ML model with the local singularity analysis of heat flows,active volcanoes,and igneous rock samples,it is suggested that geothermal anomalies along the Andean Mountain Range are spatially correlated with magmatic activity in the subduction zone.It is concluded that the ML methods may provide reliable GHF prediction in regions like South America,where GHF measurements are limited and uneven.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2022YFF0801201,2021YFC2900300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41872245,U1911202)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010666)。
文摘To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.
基金supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.CEAIEF 20220201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42374113 and 42074101)the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.CEAIEF20230204).
文摘The structures of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)are of great significance for studying interactions of the subducted slab and deep mantle and related slab dynamics beneath subduction zones.Here by dense near-source SdP sampling from a large global dataset,we image topographies of transition zone discontinuities such as the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities(410 and 660)beneath the Kamchatka and conduct cross-section comparisons with the seismicity.Compared with the IASP91 model,the 410 exhibits apparent uplifts of 45-65 km with an average of 55 km in a horizontal width of~130 km,corresponding to lowtemperature anomalies of 750-1083 K with an average of 916 K.In contrast,the 660 shows depressions of 15-37 km with an average of 25 km together with downward deflections in a width of~260 km,implying low-temperature anomalies of 161-397 K with an average of 268 K.Thus,we confirm a thickened MTZ with a thickness of 325-345 km around the cold descending Pacific slab.We suggest that topographic patterns of transition zone discontinuities imply a Pacific slab that has been significantly heated in the MTZ with broadened thermal effects on the 660.When considered along with other studies,we infer that the slab is possibly heated by hot mantle flows around the torn slab window extended to at least the MTZ range,thus inducing variations in thermal and rheological properties of the slab.Our seismic results can provide more insight into slab dynamics in the northwestern Pacific.
基金supported by the Basic Research Fund of the Institute of Earthquake forecasting,China Earthquake Administration(CEAIEF20220203,CEAIEF2024030102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41804045 and 42230305)the Major Science and Technology Projects of the Gansu Province(No.21ZD4FA011)。
文摘High resolution imaging of the fault zone structure is crucial to understanding the characteristics of strong earthquake activity and the deep seismogenic environment.In seismological studies,the fault zone is generally considered to be a low velocity zone with host rock on both sides.In order to determine the main parameters of fault zone,such as physical properties and interface characteristics,many efforts have been made.However,many key fault parameters still lack constraints,such as the depth extent,width and dip angle of the low velocity zone.With the advancement of the large-N array techniques in recent years,seismologists have collected high-quality data with larger apertures and denser arrays for better analysis of fault zone structures.These array data have also facilitated the development of new seismic imaging techniques.In this paper,a new waveform inversion method for fault zone parameters based on generalized teleseismic waveforms is proposed.Generalized teleseismic event is defined as the local seismic signal whose epicentral distance is greater than 7-10 times the aperture of the array.In order to efficiently simulate high frequency wavefield propagation from long distance local earthquakes,a hybrid modeling approach is proposed,which greatly reduces the computational cost for teleseismic waveform inversion.We apply the proposed new inversion method to a dense array data across an inactive fault in the Qilian Mountains,Gansu Province.As an activesource analogue of generalized teleseismic,the recorded waveforms of a 270-meter-long linear array are clearly excited by an airgun source 1.8 km away.Setting cross-correlation travel time of direct P wave as the misfit function,we perform waveform inversion for the main structural parameters of the fault zone through grid search strategy.The new method is particularly suitable for imaging fault zones with limited local seismicity.
