There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench ad- vancing, and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate ...There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench ad- vancing, and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate subducts at low angle beneath the Eurasia plate, tomographic results indicate that the subducted Pacific slab does not penetrate the 670 km discontinuity, instead, it is lying flat above the interface. The flattening occurred about 28 Ma ago. Geo- dynamic computation suggests: when the frontier of the subducted slab reaches the phase boundary of lower and upper mantle, it may be hindered and turn flat lying above the boundary, facilitates the retreat of trench and back-arc extension. Volcanism in northeastern China is likely a product of such retreat of subduction, far field back-arc extension, and melting due to reduce of pressure while mantle upwelling.展开更多
The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast contin...The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.展开更多
The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and...The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and dynamic processes.Nevertheless,classical plate cooling models exhibit disparities when predicting observed heat flow and seafloor depth for extremely young and old lithospheres.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis of global heat flow predictions and regional ocean heat flow or bathymetry data with physical models has been lacking.In this study,we employed power-law models derived from the singularity theory of fractal density to meticulously fit the latest ocean heat flow and bathymetry.Notably,power-law models offer distinct advantages over traditional plate cooling models,showcasing robust self-similarity,scale invariance,or scaling properties,and providing a better fit to observed data.The outcomes of our singularity analysis concerning heat flow and bathymetry across diverse oceanic regions exhibit a degree of consistency with the global ocean spreading rate model.In addition,we applied the similarity method to predict a higher resolution(0.1°×0.1°)global heat flow map based on the most recent heat flow data and geological/geophysical observables refined through linear correlation analysis.Regions displaying significant disparities between predicted and observed heat flow are closely linked to hydrothermal vent fields and active structures.Finally,combining the actual bathymetry and predicted heat flow with the power-law models allows for the quantitative and comprehensive detection of anomalous regions of ocean subsidence and heat flow,which deviate from traditional plate cooling models.The anomalous regions of subsidence and heat flow show different degrees of anisotropy,providing new ideas and clues for further analysis of ocean topography or hydrothermal circulation of mid-ocean ridges.展开更多
The application of machine learning for pyrite discrimination establishes a robust foundation for constructing the ore-forming history of multi-stage deposits;however,published models face challenges related to limite...The application of machine learning for pyrite discrimination establishes a robust foundation for constructing the ore-forming history of multi-stage deposits;however,published models face challenges related to limited,imbalanced datasets and oversampling.In this study,the dataset was expanded to approximately 500 samples for each type,including 508 sedimentary,573 orogenic gold,548 sedimentary exhalative(SEDEX)deposits,and 364 volcanogenic massive sulfides(VMS)pyrites,utilizing random forest(RF)and support vector machine(SVM)methodologies to enhance the reliability of the classifier models.The RF classifier achieved an overall accuracy of 99.8%,and the SVM classifier attained an overall accuracy of 100%.The model was evaluated by a five-fold cross-validation approach with 93.8%accuracy for the RF and 94.9%for the SVM classifier.These results demonstrate the strong feasibility of pyrite classification,supported by a relatively large,balanced dataset and high accuracy rates.The classifier was employed to reveal the genesis of the controversial Keketale Pb-Zn deposit in NW China,which has been inconclusive among SEDEX,VMS,or a SEDEX-VMS transition.Petrographic investigations indicated that the deposit comprises early fine-grained layered pyrite(Py1)and late recrystallized pyrite(Py2).The majority voting classified Py1 as the VMS type,with an accuracy of RF and SVM being 72.2%and 75%,respectively,and confirmed Py2 as an orogenic type with 74.3% and 77.1%accuracy,respectively.The new findings indicated that the Keketale deposit originated from a submarine VMS mineralization system,followed by late orogenic-type overprinting of metamorphism and deformation,which is consistent with the geological and geochemical observations.This study further emphasizes the advantages of Machine learning(ML)methods in accurately and directly discriminating the deposit types and reconstructing the formation history of multi-stage deposits.展开更多
Coupled dissolution-precipitation is one of the critical processes influencing the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of pegmatites.This mechanism involves the simultaneous dissolution of primary mineral phases a...Coupled dissolution-precipitation is one of the critical processes influencing the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of pegmatites.This mechanism involves the simultaneous dissolution of primary mineral phases and the precipitation of secondary phases,driven by changes in the chemical environment,often mediated by hydrothermal fluids.The Bailongshan Li deposit,located in the West Kunlun region of northwest China,is a significant geological formation known for its rich lithium content and associated rare metals such as tantalum,niobium,and tin.This study investigates the coupled dissolution-precipitation processes that have played a crucial role in the mineralization of this deposit,focusing on key minerals,including cassiterite(Cst),columbite-group minerals(CGM),and elbaite(Elb).Using a combination of petrographic analysis,back-scattered electron(BSE)imaging,cathodoluminescence(CL)imaging,and micro X-ray fluorescence(XRF)mapping,we examined the textural and chemical characteristics of these minerals.Our findings reveal intricate patchy zoning patterns and element distributions(indicated by the Nb,Ta,W,Mn,Fe,Hf,Ti for CGM;Hf,Ti Rb,W,Nb,Ta for Cst;Ti,Zn,Fe,W,Hf,Mn,K for Elb)that indicate multiple stages of mineral alteration driven by fluid-mediated processes.The coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanisms observed in the Bailongshan deposit have resulted in significant redistribution and enrichment of economically valuable elements.The study highlights the importance of hydrothermal fluids in altering primary mineral phases and precipitating secondary phases with distinct compositions.These processes not only modified the mineralogical makeup of the pegmatite but also enhanced its economic potential by concentrating rare metals.Signatures of coupled dissolutionprecipitation processes can serve as an essential tool for mineral exploration,guiding the search for high-grade zones within similar pegmatitic formations.展开更多
The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic sedimentary system of the Luang Prabang Paleotethyan back-arc basin in northern Laos is important for investigating sedimentary provenance,paleogeographic patterns,and the tectonic ev...The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic sedimentary system of the Luang Prabang Paleotethyan back-arc basin in northern Laos is important for investigating sedimentary provenance,paleogeographic patterns,and the tectonic evolution of the eastern Paleotethyan Ocean.This study presents systematic stratigraphy,petrology,geochemistry,and detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses for the Late Carboniferous-Jurassic sedimentary strata on both sides of the Luang Prabang Basin.Based on distinct stratigraphic ages and provenance characteristics,the clastic rock samples can be divided into four groups.The Group 1 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the western part of the basin yield detrital zircon age-peaks of~348 and~1425 Ma,with correspondingεHf(t)values ranging from-2.0 to+15.5 and+1.5 to+14,respectively.The age spectrum of Group 2 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the eastern part of the basin shows major age-peaks of~287 and~1860 Ma,withεHf(t)values of-5.9--0.9 and-3.6-+4.2,respectively.Group 3 Late Permian-Triassic samples exhibit age-peaks of~242 and~1853 Ma,along withεHf(t)values of-0.7-+14.4 and-5.4--1.8,respectively.Group 4 Middle-Late Jurassic samples yield agepeaks of~237,~431,~813,~1833,and~2460 Ma,lacking Late Devonian(413-345 Ma)detrital zircons.All these data collectively suggest that the Group 1 sample primarily originated from the Sukhothai arc in western Indochina,Group 2 was from the Kontum and Truong Son in eastern Indochina,and Group 3 has a combined provenance of the Sukhothai,Kontum,and Truong Son.Regional comparisons suggest that the Jurassic provenance was mainly derived from South China,which was imported through the northern river system.Our data,combined with the regional angular unconformities between the Jurassic continental strata and pre-Jurassic marine strata,suggest that the Luang Prabang Basin transformed into a superimposed collisional retroforeland basin during the Jurassic,and the closure of the Luang Prabang BAB occurred before the Late Triassic.展开更多
The North Sulawesi arc(NSUA)constitutes the northern arm of Sulawesi Island and is characterized by complex Cenozoic records of magmatism and tectonics.Zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf-O isotopic data,whole-rock ma...The North Sulawesi arc(NSUA)constitutes the northern arm of Sulawesi Island and is characterized by complex Cenozoic records of magmatism and tectonics.Zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf-O isotopic data,whole-rock major oxides,trace elemental,and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data of the high-silica granites from the NSUA document their petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Zircon elemental analysis of the granitic samples shows a juvenile oceanic crust origin and the U-Pb geochronology indicates their Oligocene ages between 30.4 and 27.3 Ma.The samples have high SiO_(2)(75.05 wt.%-79.38 wt.%)and Na_(2)O(4.48 wt.%-5.67 wt.%),low K_(2)O(0.15 wt.%-1.34 wt.%)and MgO(0.07 wt.%-0.91 wt.%)contents,belonging to calc-alkaline I-type high-silica granites.They have enriched LREE and LILE,and depleted HREE and HFSE,showing significant Eu,Sr,Nb,and Ta negative anomalies.These high-silica granites have low(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratios(0.704412-0.704592),positiveε_(Nd)(t)values(from+5.1 to+6.6),positive zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(from+10.1 to+18.8),low zirconδ^(18)O values(4.20‰-5.02‰),and similar Pb isotope compositions to the Indian Ocean MORB.Such signatures suggest that these high-silica granites were derived by partial melting process of the juvenile arc crust in an intra-oceanic setting.The felsic magmatism in the NSUA was likely driven by mantle upwelling and decompression melting during the Oligocene,in response to slab roll-back linked with the convergence of the East Sulawesi ophiolitic crust or the microcontinental fragments.展开更多
Geothermal heat flow(GHF)is crucial for characterizing the Earth's thermal state.Compared to other regions worldwide,GHF measurements of South America are relatively sparse for mapping GHF over the continent based...Geothermal heat flow(GHF)is crucial for characterizing the Earth's thermal state.Compared to other regions worldwide,GHF measurements of South America are relatively sparse for mapping GHF over the continent based on traditional models.Here we apply the machine learning(ML)techniques to predict the GHF in South America.By comparing the global model,ML finds that South American subduction zones are hotter than the global model due to large-scale magmatism,which leads to the higher shallow arc temperatures than canonical thermomechanical and global models.Combining ML model with the local singularity analysis of heat flows,active volcanoes,and igneous rock samples,it is suggested that geothermal anomalies along the Andean Mountain Range are spatially correlated with magmatic activity in the subduction zone.It is concluded that the ML methods may provide reliable GHF prediction in regions like South America,where GHF measurements are limited and uneven.展开更多
To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets ...To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.展开更多
The structures of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)are of great significance for studying interactions of the subducted slab and deep mantle and related slab dynamics beneath subduction zones.Here by dense near-source S...The structures of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)are of great significance for studying interactions of the subducted slab and deep mantle and related slab dynamics beneath subduction zones.Here by dense near-source SdP sampling from a large global dataset,we image topographies of transition zone discontinuities such as the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities(410 and 660)beneath the Kamchatka and conduct cross-section comparisons with the seismicity.Compared with the IASP91 model,the 410 exhibits apparent uplifts of 45-65 km with an average of 55 km in a horizontal width of~130 km,corresponding to lowtemperature anomalies of 750-1083 K with an average of 916 K.In contrast,the 660 shows depressions of 15-37 km with an average of 25 km together with downward deflections in a width of~260 km,implying low-temperature anomalies of 161-397 K with an average of 268 K.Thus,we confirm a thickened MTZ with a thickness of 325-345 km around the cold descending Pacific slab.We suggest that topographic patterns of transition zone discontinuities imply a Pacific slab that has been significantly heated in the MTZ with broadened thermal effects on the 660.When considered along with other studies,we infer that the slab is possibly heated by hot mantle flows around the torn slab window extended to at least the MTZ range,thus inducing variations in thermal and rheological properties of the slab.Our seismic results can provide more insight into slab dynamics in the northwestern Pacific.展开更多
In the western segment of the East Kunlun Orogen(WEKO),muscovite granite and garnet granite from the Hureguole intrusion exhibit zircon U-Pb ages of 435-442 Ma.Geochemically,these rocks contain high concentrations of ...In the western segment of the East Kunlun Orogen(WEKO),muscovite granite and garnet granite from the Hureguole intrusion exhibit zircon U-Pb ages of 435-442 Ma.Geochemically,these rocks contain high concentrations of SiO_(2),K_(2)O and Al_(2)O_(3),with low concentrations of TiO_(2)and MgO,indicating a peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline affinity.They are enriched in Rb,Th,U and LREE,depleted in Eu,Ba,Sr and Ti,being classified as S-type granites.Negative whole-rockε_(Nd)(t)values(-9.8 to-9.1)and zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(-11.6 to-8.2)for those granites indicate that they were derived from partial melting of pelitic rocks in the Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Formation of the Jinshuikou Group.Based on the collected zircon ages,Cambrian-Devonian magmatic activity in the WEKO was divided into three stages:early(446-520 Ma),middle(427-441 Ma)and late(372-424 Ma)stages.Statistically,whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data(ε_(Nd)(t)/T_(DM)^(Nd),ε_(Hf)(t)/T_(DMC)^(Hf))from Paleozoic igneous rocks in the WEKO reveal a magma source that was initially dominated by depleted mantle components in the northward subduction stage of the Proto-Tethy an Ocean plate(446-520 Ma),shifting to predominantly crustal sources during the closure period of the North Qimantagh back-arc basin(427-441 Ma),then to crust-mantle mixed sources in the post-collision stage(372-424 Ma).展开更多
Magmatism at continental margins is of great significance in understanding the continental rifting.We present a twodimensional P-wave velocity model derived from an ocean bottom seismometer experiment,conducted across...Magmatism at continental margins is of great significance in understanding the continental rifting.We present a twodimensional P-wave velocity model derived from an ocean bottom seismometer experiment,conducted across the middle northern continental margin of the South China Sea(SCS).The detailed velocity structures reveal significant heterogeneities extending from the continental shelf to the continent-ocean transition zone.The crust exhibits its greatest thickness below the continental shelf,measuring~23 km and gradually thins to~13 km at the distal margin.Furthermore,a narrow and distinct continent-ocean transition with only 40-km width is revealed.We also observe a high-velocity layer within the transition zone,reaching thickness of up to 4 km,characterized by P-wave velocities ranging from 7.0 km/s to 7.6 km/s in the lower crust.Based on the syn-rift melt generation using decompression melting model,we ascertain that syn-rift magmatism cannot fully account for the observed thick high-velocity layer.By integrating findings from previous geophysical and geochemical studies presenting extensive volcanic edifice on the seafloor at the northern margin,as well as ocean-island-basalt-type magmaticsamples in the SCS area,we propose that post-rifting magmatism associated with the Hainan Plume may have influenced theformation of the high-velocity lower crust within the transition zone and the northern margin of the SCS can thus be recognizedas magma-poor type margin.展开更多
Back-arc basins are key sites for oceanic lithosphere formation and consumption at convergent plate boundaries,and their formation and subduction processes can be highly variable.The tectonic setting and evolution of ...Back-arc basins are key sites for oceanic lithosphere formation and consumption at convergent plate boundaries,and their formation and subduction processes can be highly variable.The tectonic setting and evolution of the Meso-Tethys Shiquanhe-Jiali ophiolite sub-belt(SJO sub-belt)within BangongNujiang Suture Zone(BNSZ),central xizang,are disputed for the complex rock composition and ages.In this paper,we present geochronology,geochemistry and field observations on the Shiquanhe ophiolite,providing a representative ophiolite example in the western end of SJO.Based on investigation of the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of different rock types,combined with the U-Pb dating,we propose a twostage subduction model for explaining the tectonic evolution of SJO as well as the wither away of a backarc basin.Geochemical and geochronological data indicate that the ca.183 Ma LAN(north of Lameila)gabbros formed in the forearc setting and represent the early-stage subduction of the Bangong MesoTethys.This subduction induced the back-arc spreading recorded in the ca.170 Ma gabbros and lower pillow basalts of PL-SDN(Pagelizanong-Shiquanhe Dam Nan)ophiolitic fragments in the Shiquanhe ophiolite.The basaltic lavas overlying the lower basalts,represented by the ca.168–164 Ma diabasic and boninite dikes have forearc characteristics,and they represent the back-arc basin subduction initiation at a late stage.This work thus recovered the multiple tectonic evolution of SJO sub-belt and emphasise the importance of the back-arc basin subduction in the evolution of ancient oceans.展开更多
The Earth’s surface kinematics and deformation are fundamental to understanding crustal evolution.An effective research approach is to estimate regional motion field and deformation fields based on modern geodetic ne...The Earth’s surface kinematics and deformation are fundamental to understanding crustal evolution.An effective research approach is to estimate regional motion field and deformation fields based on modern geodetic networks.If the discrete observed velocity field is obtained,the velocity related fields,such as dilatation rate and maximum shear strain rate,can be estimated by applying varied mathematical approaches.This study applied Akaike's Bayesian Information Criterion(ABIC)method to calculate strain rate fields constrained by GPS observations in the southeast Tibetan Plateau.Comparison with results derived from other three methods revealed that our ABIC-derived strain rate fields were more precise.The maximum shear strain rate highlighted the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault system as the main boundary for the outward migration of material in southeastern Xizang,indicating rotation of eastern Xizang material around the eastern Himalaya rather than whole extrusion along a fixed channel.Additionally,distinct dilatation rate patterns in the northeast and southwest regions of the fault system were observed.The northeast region,represented by the Longmenshan area,exhibited negative dilatational anomalies;while the southwest region,represented by the Jinsha River area north of 29°N,displayed positive dilatational anomalies.This indicates compression in the former and extension in the latter.Combined with deep geophysical observations,we believe that the upper and lower crusts of the Jinsha River area north of 29°N are in an entire expanding state,probably caused by the escape-drag effect of material.The presence of a large,low-viscosity region south of 29°N may not enable the entire escape of the crust,but instead result in a differential escape of the lower crust faster than the upper crust.展开更多
The thermal flux curve of phase-transition fluid(PF)was tested using differential scanning calorimetry,based on which a reaction kinetics model was established to reflect the relationship between phase transition conv...The thermal flux curve of phase-transition fluid(PF)was tested using differential scanning calorimetry,based on which a reaction kinetics model was established to reflect the relationship between phase transition conversion rate,temperature and time.A temperature field model for fractures and rock matrix considering phase transition heat was then constructed,and its reliability was verified using previously established temperature field models.Additionally,the new model was used to study the effects of different injection parameters and phase-transition fracturing performance parameters on the temperature variations in fractures and matrix.The study indicates that,at different positions and times,the cooling effect of the injected cold fluid and the exothermic effect during the phase transition alternately dominate the temperature within the fracture.At the initial stage of fracturing fluid injection,the temperature within the fracture is high,and the phase transition rate is rapid,resulting in a significant impact of exothermic phase transition on the reservoir rock temperature.In the later stage of injection,the fracture temperature decreases,the phase transition exothermic rate slows,and the cooling effect of the fracturing fluid on the reservoir rock intensifies.Phase transition heat significantly affects the temperature of the fracture.Compared to cases where phase transition heat is not considered,when it is taken into account,the temperature within the fracture increases to varying degrees at the end of fluid injection.As the phase transition heat increases from 20 J/g to 60 J/g,the maximum temperature rise in the fracture increases from 2.1℃ to 6.2℃.The phase transition heat and PF volume fraction are positively correlated with fracture temperature changes,while specific heat capacity is negatively correlated with temperature changes.With increasing injection time,the temperature and phase transition rate at the fracture opening gradually decrease,and the location of the maximum phase transition rate and temperature difference gradually shifts from the fracture opening to about 10 m from the opening.展开更多
It is well established that Cretaceous magmatism in the South China Block(SCB)is related to the Paleo-Pacific subduction.However,the starting time and the associated deep crust-mantle processes are still debatable.Maf...It is well established that Cretaceous magmatism in the South China Block(SCB)is related to the Paleo-Pacific subduction.However,the starting time and the associated deep crust-mantle processes are still debatable.Mafic dike swarms carry important information on the deep earth(including mantle)geodynamics and geochemical evolution.In the Jiangnan Orogen(South China).there is no information on whether the Mesozoic magmatic activities in this region are also directly related to the Pacific subduction or not.In this study,we present detailed zircon U-Pb geochronological,wholerock element and Sr-Nd isotope data for Early Cretaceous Tuanshanbei dolerite dikes,and provide new constraints on the condition of the lithospheric mantle and mantle dynamics of the SCB during that time.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating suggests that this dolerite erupted in the Early Cretaceous(~145 Ma).All samples have alkaline geochemical affinities with K_(2)O+Na_(2)O=3.11-4.04 wt%,K_(2)O/Na_(2)O=0.50-0.72,and Mg^(#)=62.24-65.13.They are enriched in LILE but depleted in HFSE with higher initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratio(0.706896-0.714743)and lower ε_(Nd)(t)(-2.61 to-1.67).They have high Nb/U,Nb/La,La/Sm and Rb/Sr,and low La/Nb,La/Ta,Ce/Pb,Ba/Rb,Tb/Yb and Gd/Yb ratios.Such geochemical signatures suggest that the fractional crystallization is obvious but crustal contamination play a negligible role during magmatic evolution.Tuanshanbei dolerite were most likely derived from low-degree(2%-5%)partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing mantle material consisted of~85% spinel peridotite and~15% garnet peridotite previously metasomatized by asthenospherederived fluids/melts with minor subduction-derived fluids/melts.Slab-rollback generally lead to the upwelling of the hot asthenosphere.The upwelling of asthenosphere consuming the lithospheric mantle by thermo-mechanical-chemical erosion.The lithospheric mantle may have partially melted due to the heating by the upwelling asthenosphere and lithospheric extension.It is inferred that the Tuanshanbei dolerite might be associated with the initial slab rollback and corresponding lithospheric extension occurred potentially at ca.145 Ma.展开更多
The Huoshaoyun deposit in the Karakorum area of NW China is the world’s largest zinc-lead carbonate ore deposit.Here we investigate the genesis of the mineralization based on multiproxy investigations.The deposit con...The Huoshaoyun deposit in the Karakorum area of NW China is the world’s largest zinc-lead carbonate ore deposit.Here we investigate the genesis of the mineralization based on multiproxy investigations.The deposit contains zinc-lead carbonate and sulfide minerals,with smithsonite(Smt),cerussite(Cer),and sulfides accounting for 85%,10%,and 5%of the total lead and zinc resources,respectively.Three ore-forming stages,involving Smt,Cer,and sulfides ores were summarized.The Smt mineralization is characterized by veined,massive,and stratified Smt forming horizontal sedimentary layered ore and vertical feeder veins similar to the SEDEX-type deposits.The sulfide and Cer veins display typical hydrothermal characteristics and are superimposed on the massive Smt ores.The Smt ores show high Li,Be,Cr,Y,Ba,Nd,Yb,and Zr contents,whereas the Cer veins have extremely high Sr contents(up to 3814–9174 ppm)and low Zr contents(less than 0.01 ppm).Galena and sphalerite show higher Cd concentrations compared to Smt and Cer ores.The Smt ores differ with different spatial locations,with Smt ores formed at the vent haveδ^(66)Zn values of+0.15‰to+0.21‰,the massive Smt formed close to the vent show a value of+0.13‰,and those formed away from the vent show a value of 0.05‰,all values being close to 0.The sulfides haveδ^(66)Zn values of−0.09‰to+0.04‰.The C-O isotopes of Smt ores are similar to both altered and unaltered host limestone,suggesting that the limestone was a potential source for carbon and oxygen.Quartz with veined Smt shows magmatic signatures withδ^(18)OVSMOW of+1.14‰to+2.23‰,high Pb(115–401 ppm)and Zn concentrations(390–997 ppm),whereas quartz associated with sulfide has meteoric fluid signature with the lowestδ^(18)OVSMOW(−14‰to−10.7‰),low Pb(11.6–49.0 ppm)and Zn(18.1–72.8 ppm)concentrations.The temperature of equilibration computed based on oxygen isotope fractionation between Smt and coeval quartz indicate a dual source with that of quartz derived from an aqueous fluid,whereas the source for Smt might involve CO_(2)or HCO_(3)^(−).We trace multiple metallogenic stages for this deposit including exhalation,hydrothermal deposition,and fault-controlled sulfide vein formation.The largest orebody(III-1)preserves a 16 Mt reserve of Zn and was formed by crust-mantle interaction at ca.195 Ma in the early development of the Linjitang post-arc rift system.Fluid convection,zinc enrichment driven by granitic magma,volcanic activity,and karst alteration induced by acid rain in a lagoonal environment promoted ore enrichment.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China (40234042 and 40174027).
文摘There are three cases of variation of trench location possible to occur during subduction: trench fixed, trench ad- vancing, and trench retreating. Retreat of trench may lead to back-arc extension. The Pacific plate subducts at low angle beneath the Eurasia plate, tomographic results indicate that the subducted Pacific slab does not penetrate the 670 km discontinuity, instead, it is lying flat above the interface. The flattening occurred about 28 Ma ago. Geo- dynamic computation suggests: when the frontier of the subducted slab reaches the phase boundary of lower and upper mantle, it may be hindered and turn flat lying above the boundary, facilitates the retreat of trench and back-arc extension. Volcanism in northeastern China is likely a product of such retreat of subduction, far field back-arc extension, and melting due to reduce of pressure while mantle upwelling.
基金supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2021SP318)the National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(No.BX20190391)+1 种基金the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Geological Processes and Natural Disasters around the South China Sea founded by the Science and Technology Department of Guangdong Province(No.2016ZT06N331)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(Nos.2019A1515110305,2021A1515011130,2021A1515110288)。
文摘The release of accumulated stress through earthquakes is known to devote to the mud volcanism occurrence,which may in turn affect subsequent regional seismicity.Mud volcanoes have been observed on the northeast continental margin of the South China Sea as well.Based on the mud volcanoes and earthquakes catalogue,we measured the spatial and temporal distribution of z and b values,to explore the geodynamic process of the repeated eruptions of mud volcanoes influence on the regional seismicity.The results suggest a close correlation between the b-z values and mud volcanism occurrence in the SW Taiwan.Generally,the z-value anomalies in where the mud volcanoes eruptions show unchanged negative values and indicate seismic quiescence before a big earthquake,whereas the b-values often show periodicity fluctuations around the value of 0.5.This may indicate a mutual triggering relationship between the mud volcanoes and earthquakes.We infer that mud volcano eruptions help to partition and release part of the regional stress accumulation from the seismogenic structures,thus balancing the local stress and mitigating large-magnitude seismicity occurring probability.
基金supported by the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Big Data-Mathematical Earth Sciences and Extreme Geological Events Team(grant number 2021ZT09H399)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number 42430111,42050103).
文摘The investigations of physical attributes of oceans,including parameters such as heat flow and bathymetry,have garnered substantial attention and are particularly valuable for examining Earth’s thermal structures and dynamic processes.Nevertheless,classical plate cooling models exhibit disparities when predicting observed heat flow and seafloor depth for extremely young and old lithospheres.Furthermore,a comprehensive analysis of global heat flow predictions and regional ocean heat flow or bathymetry data with physical models has been lacking.In this study,we employed power-law models derived from the singularity theory of fractal density to meticulously fit the latest ocean heat flow and bathymetry.Notably,power-law models offer distinct advantages over traditional plate cooling models,showcasing robust self-similarity,scale invariance,or scaling properties,and providing a better fit to observed data.The outcomes of our singularity analysis concerning heat flow and bathymetry across diverse oceanic regions exhibit a degree of consistency with the global ocean spreading rate model.In addition,we applied the similarity method to predict a higher resolution(0.1°×0.1°)global heat flow map based on the most recent heat flow data and geological/geophysical observables refined through linear correlation analysis.Regions displaying significant disparities between predicted and observed heat flow are closely linked to hydrothermal vent fields and active structures.Finally,combining the actual bathymetry and predicted heat flow with the power-law models allows for the quantitative and comprehensive detection of anomalous regions of ocean subsidence and heat flow,which deviate from traditional plate cooling models.The anomalous regions of subsidence and heat flow show different degrees of anisotropy,providing new ideas and clues for further analysis of ocean topography or hydrothermal circulation of mid-ocean ridges.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2900300)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(2024A1515030216)+2 种基金MOST Special Fund from State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences(GPMR202437)the Guangdong Province Introduced of Innovative R&D Team(2021ZT09H399)the Third Xinjiang Scientific Expedition Program(2022xjkk1301).
文摘The application of machine learning for pyrite discrimination establishes a robust foundation for constructing the ore-forming history of multi-stage deposits;however,published models face challenges related to limited,imbalanced datasets and oversampling.In this study,the dataset was expanded to approximately 500 samples for each type,including 508 sedimentary,573 orogenic gold,548 sedimentary exhalative(SEDEX)deposits,and 364 volcanogenic massive sulfides(VMS)pyrites,utilizing random forest(RF)and support vector machine(SVM)methodologies to enhance the reliability of the classifier models.The RF classifier achieved an overall accuracy of 99.8%,and the SVM classifier attained an overall accuracy of 100%.The model was evaluated by a five-fold cross-validation approach with 93.8%accuracy for the RF and 94.9%for the SVM classifier.These results demonstrate the strong feasibility of pyrite classification,supported by a relatively large,balanced dataset and high accuracy rates.The classifier was employed to reveal the genesis of the controversial Keketale Pb-Zn deposit in NW China,which has been inconclusive among SEDEX,VMS,or a SEDEX-VMS transition.Petrographic investigations indicated that the deposit comprises early fine-grained layered pyrite(Py1)and late recrystallized pyrite(Py2).The majority voting classified Py1 as the VMS type,with an accuracy of RF and SVM being 72.2%and 75%,respectively,and confirmed Py2 as an orogenic type with 74.3% and 77.1%accuracy,respectively.The new findings indicated that the Keketale deposit originated from a submarine VMS mineralization system,followed by late orogenic-type overprinting of metamorphism and deformation,which is consistent with the geological and geochemical observations.This study further emphasizes the advantages of Machine learning(ML)methods in accurately and directly discriminating the deposit types and reconstructing the formation history of multi-stage deposits.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42250202,92162323,42272075)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(No.24lgqb001)+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation Project of Guangdong Province(No.2022A1515010003)the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Big Data—Mathematical Earth Sciences and Extreme Geological Events Team(No.2021ZT09H399)。
文摘Coupled dissolution-precipitation is one of the critical processes influencing the mineralogical and geochemical evolution of pegmatites.This mechanism involves the simultaneous dissolution of primary mineral phases and the precipitation of secondary phases,driven by changes in the chemical environment,often mediated by hydrothermal fluids.The Bailongshan Li deposit,located in the West Kunlun region of northwest China,is a significant geological formation known for its rich lithium content and associated rare metals such as tantalum,niobium,and tin.This study investigates the coupled dissolution-precipitation processes that have played a crucial role in the mineralization of this deposit,focusing on key minerals,including cassiterite(Cst),columbite-group minerals(CGM),and elbaite(Elb).Using a combination of petrographic analysis,back-scattered electron(BSE)imaging,cathodoluminescence(CL)imaging,and micro X-ray fluorescence(XRF)mapping,we examined the textural and chemical characteristics of these minerals.Our findings reveal intricate patchy zoning patterns and element distributions(indicated by the Nb,Ta,W,Mn,Fe,Hf,Ti for CGM;Hf,Ti Rb,W,Nb,Ta for Cst;Ti,Zn,Fe,W,Hf,Mn,K for Elb)that indicate multiple stages of mineral alteration driven by fluid-mediated processes.The coupled dissolution-precipitation mechanisms observed in the Bailongshan deposit have resulted in significant redistribution and enrichment of economically valuable elements.The study highlights the importance of hydrothermal fluids in altering primary mineral phases and precipitating secondary phases with distinct compositions.These processes not only modified the mineralogical makeup of the pegmatite but also enhanced its economic potential by concentrating rare metals.Signatures of coupled dissolutionprecipitation processes can serve as an essential tool for mineral exploration,guiding the search for high-grade zones within similar pegmatitic formations.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0803701)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42330302 and 42472265)the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP239)。
文摘The Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic sedimentary system of the Luang Prabang Paleotethyan back-arc basin in northern Laos is important for investigating sedimentary provenance,paleogeographic patterns,and the tectonic evolution of the eastern Paleotethyan Ocean.This study presents systematic stratigraphy,petrology,geochemistry,and detrital zircon U-Pb-Hf isotopic analyses for the Late Carboniferous-Jurassic sedimentary strata on both sides of the Luang Prabang Basin.Based on distinct stratigraphic ages and provenance characteristics,the clastic rock samples can be divided into four groups.The Group 1 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the western part of the basin yield detrital zircon age-peaks of~348 and~1425 Ma,with correspondingεHf(t)values ranging from-2.0 to+15.5 and+1.5 to+14,respectively.The age spectrum of Group 2 Late Carboniferous-Early Permian samples from the eastern part of the basin shows major age-peaks of~287 and~1860 Ma,withεHf(t)values of-5.9--0.9 and-3.6-+4.2,respectively.Group 3 Late Permian-Triassic samples exhibit age-peaks of~242 and~1853 Ma,along withεHf(t)values of-0.7-+14.4 and-5.4--1.8,respectively.Group 4 Middle-Late Jurassic samples yield agepeaks of~237,~431,~813,~1833,and~2460 Ma,lacking Late Devonian(413-345 Ma)detrital zircons.All these data collectively suggest that the Group 1 sample primarily originated from the Sukhothai arc in western Indochina,Group 2 was from the Kontum and Truong Son in eastern Indochina,and Group 3 has a combined provenance of the Sukhothai,Kontum,and Truong Son.Regional comparisons suggest that the Jurassic provenance was mainly derived from South China,which was imported through the northern river system.Our data,combined with the regional angular unconformities between the Jurassic continental strata and pre-Jurassic marine strata,suggest that the Luang Prabang Basin transformed into a superimposed collisional retroforeland basin during the Jurassic,and the closure of the Luang Prabang BAB occurred before the Late Triassic.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42330302)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0803701)+1 种基金the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(No.SML2023SP206)the Australian Research Council(No.FL160100168)。
文摘The North Sulawesi arc(NSUA)constitutes the northern arm of Sulawesi Island and is characterized by complex Cenozoic records of magmatism and tectonics.Zircon U-Pb geochronological and Hf-O isotopic data,whole-rock major oxides,trace elemental,and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data of the high-silica granites from the NSUA document their petrogenesis and tectonic setting.Zircon elemental analysis of the granitic samples shows a juvenile oceanic crust origin and the U-Pb geochronology indicates their Oligocene ages between 30.4 and 27.3 Ma.The samples have high SiO_(2)(75.05 wt.%-79.38 wt.%)and Na_(2)O(4.48 wt.%-5.67 wt.%),low K_(2)O(0.15 wt.%-1.34 wt.%)and MgO(0.07 wt.%-0.91 wt.%)contents,belonging to calc-alkaline I-type high-silica granites.They have enriched LREE and LILE,and depleted HREE and HFSE,showing significant Eu,Sr,Nb,and Ta negative anomalies.These high-silica granites have low(^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr)_i ratios(0.704412-0.704592),positiveε_(Nd)(t)values(from+5.1 to+6.6),positive zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(from+10.1 to+18.8),low zirconδ^(18)O values(4.20‰-5.02‰),and similar Pb isotope compositions to the Indian Ocean MORB.Such signatures suggest that these high-silica granites were derived by partial melting process of the juvenile arc crust in an intra-oceanic setting.The felsic magmatism in the NSUA was likely driven by mantle upwelling and decompression melting during the Oligocene,in response to slab roll-back linked with the convergence of the East Sulawesi ophiolitic crust or the microcontinental fragments.
基金partially supported by the Guangdong Province Introduced Innovative R&D Team of Big Data—Mathematical Earth Sciences and Extreme Geological Events Team(No.2021ZT09H399)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42430111)。
文摘Geothermal heat flow(GHF)is crucial for characterizing the Earth's thermal state.Compared to other regions worldwide,GHF measurements of South America are relatively sparse for mapping GHF over the continent based on traditional models.Here we apply the machine learning(ML)techniques to predict the GHF in South America.By comparing the global model,ML finds that South American subduction zones are hotter than the global model due to large-scale magmatism,which leads to the higher shallow arc temperatures than canonical thermomechanical and global models.Combining ML model with the local singularity analysis of heat flows,active volcanoes,and igneous rock samples,it is suggested that geothermal anomalies along the Andean Mountain Range are spatially correlated with magmatic activity in the subduction zone.It is concluded that the ML methods may provide reliable GHF prediction in regions like South America,where GHF measurements are limited and uneven.
基金financially supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(Nos.2022YFF0801201,2021YFC2900300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41872245,U1911202)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(No.2020A1515010666)。
文摘To comprehensively utilize the valuable geological map,exploration profile,borehole,and geochemical logging data and the knowledge on the formation of the Jinshan Ag-Au deposit for forecasting the exploration targets of concealed ore bodies,three-dimensional Mineral Prospectivity Modeling(MPM)of the deposit has been conducted using the weights-of-evidence(WofE)method.Conditional independence between evidence layers was tested,and the outline results using the prediction-volume(P-V)and Student's t-statistic methods for delineating favorable mineralization areas from continuous posterior probability map were critically compared.Four exploration targets delineated ultimately by the Student's t-statistic method for the discovery of minable ore bodies in each of the target areas were discussed in detail.The main conclusions include:(1)three-dimensional modeling of a deposit using multi-source reconnaissance data is useful for MPM in interpreting their relationships with known ore bodies;(2)WofE modeling can be used as a straightforward tool for integrating deposit model and reconnaissance data in MPM;(3)the Student's t-statistic method is more applicable in binarizing the continuous prospectivity map for exploration targeting than the PV approach;and(4)two target areas within high potential to find undiscovered ore bodies were diagnosed to guide future near-mine exploration activities of the Jinshan deposit.
基金supported by the Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.CEAIEF 20220201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42374113 and 42074101)the Central Publicinterest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund(No.CEAIEF20230204).
文摘The structures of the mantle transition zone(MTZ)are of great significance for studying interactions of the subducted slab and deep mantle and related slab dynamics beneath subduction zones.Here by dense near-source SdP sampling from a large global dataset,we image topographies of transition zone discontinuities such as the 410-km and 660-km discontinuities(410 and 660)beneath the Kamchatka and conduct cross-section comparisons with the seismicity.Compared with the IASP91 model,the 410 exhibits apparent uplifts of 45-65 km with an average of 55 km in a horizontal width of~130 km,corresponding to lowtemperature anomalies of 750-1083 K with an average of 916 K.In contrast,the 660 shows depressions of 15-37 km with an average of 25 km together with downward deflections in a width of~260 km,implying low-temperature anomalies of 161-397 K with an average of 268 K.Thus,we confirm a thickened MTZ with a thickness of 325-345 km around the cold descending Pacific slab.We suggest that topographic patterns of transition zone discontinuities imply a Pacific slab that has been significantly heated in the MTZ with broadened thermal effects on the 660.When considered along with other studies,we infer that the slab is possibly heated by hot mantle flows around the torn slab window extended to at least the MTZ range,thus inducing variations in thermal and rheological properties of the slab.Our seismic results can provide more insight into slab dynamics in the northwestern Pacific.
基金funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2019M663959XB)the Geological Survey and Development Bureau of Qinghai Province 2019 Geological Survey Project(2019[45])the Key Laboratory of Deep Dynamics of the Ministry of Natural Resources,Open Research Project 2019。
文摘In the western segment of the East Kunlun Orogen(WEKO),muscovite granite and garnet granite from the Hureguole intrusion exhibit zircon U-Pb ages of 435-442 Ma.Geochemically,these rocks contain high concentrations of SiO_(2),K_(2)O and Al_(2)O_(3),with low concentrations of TiO_(2)and MgO,indicating a peraluminous high-K calc-alkaline affinity.They are enriched in Rb,Th,U and LREE,depleted in Eu,Ba,Sr and Ti,being classified as S-type granites.Negative whole-rockε_(Nd)(t)values(-9.8 to-9.1)and zirconε_(Hf)(t)values(-11.6 to-8.2)for those granites indicate that they were derived from partial melting of pelitic rocks in the Paleoproterozoic Baishahe Formation of the Jinshuikou Group.Based on the collected zircon ages,Cambrian-Devonian magmatic activity in the WEKO was divided into three stages:early(446-520 Ma),middle(427-441 Ma)and late(372-424 Ma)stages.Statistically,whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data(ε_(Nd)(t)/T_(DM)^(Nd),ε_(Hf)(t)/T_(DMC)^(Hf))from Paleozoic igneous rocks in the WEKO reveal a magma source that was initially dominated by depleted mantle components in the northward subduction stage of the Proto-Tethy an Ocean plate(446-520 Ma),shifting to predominantly crustal sources during the closure period of the North Qimantagh back-arc basin(427-441 Ma),then to crust-mantle mixed sources in the post-collision stage(372-424 Ma).
基金supported by the Guangdong Pearl River Talent Program(No.017TZ07Z066)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(No.2019QZKK0701)+4 种基金the Southern Marine Laboratory(Zhuhai)Innovative R&D Program(No.311021003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42106067)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(No.2022A1515010090)Shanghai Sheshan National Geophysical Observatory(No.SSOP202102)Guangzhou Science and Technology Planning Project(No.202102020456).
文摘Magmatism at continental margins is of great significance in understanding the continental rifting.We present a twodimensional P-wave velocity model derived from an ocean bottom seismometer experiment,conducted across the middle northern continental margin of the South China Sea(SCS).The detailed velocity structures reveal significant heterogeneities extending from the continental shelf to the continent-ocean transition zone.The crust exhibits its greatest thickness below the continental shelf,measuring~23 km and gradually thins to~13 km at the distal margin.Furthermore,a narrow and distinct continent-ocean transition with only 40-km width is revealed.We also observe a high-velocity layer within the transition zone,reaching thickness of up to 4 km,characterized by P-wave velocities ranging from 7.0 km/s to 7.6 km/s in the lower crust.Based on the syn-rift melt generation using decompression melting model,we ascertain that syn-rift magmatism cannot fully account for the observed thick high-velocity layer.By integrating findings from previous geophysical and geochemical studies presenting extensive volcanic edifice on the seafloor at the northern margin,as well as ocean-island-basalt-type magmaticsamples in the SCS area,we propose that post-rifting magmatism associated with the Hainan Plume may have influenced theformation of the high-velocity lower crust within the transition zone and the northern margin of the SCS can thus be recognizedas magma-poor type margin.
基金supported by the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation,China(Grant Nos.2024A1515010439,2025A1515010724)National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41972049,41472054,42072229,41977231)+4 种基金Young Innovative Talent Project of Department of Education of Guangdong Province(Natural ScienceGrant No.2022KQNCX184)Natural Research Project of Guangdong Polytechnic of Industry&Commerce(Grant No.2022-ZKT-01)China State Scholarship Fund of visiting scholar(Grant No.20170638507)High-level Talent Special Support Program of Guangdong Polytechnic of Industry&Commerce(Grant No.2023-gc-03).
文摘Back-arc basins are key sites for oceanic lithosphere formation and consumption at convergent plate boundaries,and their formation and subduction processes can be highly variable.The tectonic setting and evolution of the Meso-Tethys Shiquanhe-Jiali ophiolite sub-belt(SJO sub-belt)within BangongNujiang Suture Zone(BNSZ),central xizang,are disputed for the complex rock composition and ages.In this paper,we present geochronology,geochemistry and field observations on the Shiquanhe ophiolite,providing a representative ophiolite example in the western end of SJO.Based on investigation of the petrogenesis and tectonic setting of different rock types,combined with the U-Pb dating,we propose a twostage subduction model for explaining the tectonic evolution of SJO as well as the wither away of a backarc basin.Geochemical and geochronological data indicate that the ca.183 Ma LAN(north of Lameila)gabbros formed in the forearc setting and represent the early-stage subduction of the Bangong MesoTethys.This subduction induced the back-arc spreading recorded in the ca.170 Ma gabbros and lower pillow basalts of PL-SDN(Pagelizanong-Shiquanhe Dam Nan)ophiolitic fragments in the Shiquanhe ophiolite.The basaltic lavas overlying the lower basalts,represented by the ca.168–164 Ma diabasic and boninite dikes have forearc characteristics,and they represent the back-arc basin subduction initiation at a late stage.This work thus recovered the multiple tectonic evolution of SJO sub-belt and emphasise the importance of the back-arc basin subduction in the evolution of ancient oceans.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant Nos.2021FY100101,2019QZKK0901)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41941016,42230312,42020104007)China Geological Survey(Grant No.DD20221630).
文摘The Earth’s surface kinematics and deformation are fundamental to understanding crustal evolution.An effective research approach is to estimate regional motion field and deformation fields based on modern geodetic networks.If the discrete observed velocity field is obtained,the velocity related fields,such as dilatation rate and maximum shear strain rate,can be estimated by applying varied mathematical approaches.This study applied Akaike's Bayesian Information Criterion(ABIC)method to calculate strain rate fields constrained by GPS observations in the southeast Tibetan Plateau.Comparison with results derived from other three methods revealed that our ABIC-derived strain rate fields were more precise.The maximum shear strain rate highlighted the Xianshuihe–Xiaojiang fault system as the main boundary for the outward migration of material in southeastern Xizang,indicating rotation of eastern Xizang material around the eastern Himalaya rather than whole extrusion along a fixed channel.Additionally,distinct dilatation rate patterns in the northeast and southwest regions of the fault system were observed.The northeast region,represented by the Longmenshan area,exhibited negative dilatational anomalies;while the southwest region,represented by the Jinsha River area north of 29°N,displayed positive dilatational anomalies.This indicates compression in the former and extension in the latter.Combined with deep geophysical observations,we believe that the upper and lower crusts of the Jinsha River area north of 29°N are in an entire expanding state,probably caused by the escape-drag effect of material.The presence of a large,low-viscosity region south of 29°N may not enable the entire escape of the crust,but instead result in a differential escape of the lower crust faster than the upper crust.
基金Supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2024M752803)the Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Deep Geothermal Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources(KLDGR2024B01)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52179112)the Open Fund of National Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation(Southwest Petroleum University)(PLN2023-02)。
文摘The thermal flux curve of phase-transition fluid(PF)was tested using differential scanning calorimetry,based on which a reaction kinetics model was established to reflect the relationship between phase transition conversion rate,temperature and time.A temperature field model for fractures and rock matrix considering phase transition heat was then constructed,and its reliability was verified using previously established temperature field models.Additionally,the new model was used to study the effects of different injection parameters and phase-transition fracturing performance parameters on the temperature variations in fractures and matrix.The study indicates that,at different positions and times,the cooling effect of the injected cold fluid and the exothermic effect during the phase transition alternately dominate the temperature within the fracture.At the initial stage of fracturing fluid injection,the temperature within the fracture is high,and the phase transition rate is rapid,resulting in a significant impact of exothermic phase transition on the reservoir rock temperature.In the later stage of injection,the fracture temperature decreases,the phase transition exothermic rate slows,and the cooling effect of the fracturing fluid on the reservoir rock intensifies.Phase transition heat significantly affects the temperature of the fracture.Compared to cases where phase transition heat is not considered,when it is taken into account,the temperature within the fracture increases to varying degrees at the end of fluid injection.As the phase transition heat increases from 20 J/g to 60 J/g,the maximum temperature rise in the fracture increases from 2.1℃ to 6.2℃.The phase transition heat and PF volume fraction are positively correlated with fracture temperature changes,while specific heat capacity is negatively correlated with temperature changes.With increasing injection time,the temperature and phase transition rate at the fracture opening gradually decrease,and the location of the maximum phase transition rate and temperature difference gradually shifts from the fracture opening to about 10 m from the opening.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42302235,41830211,42272100)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(Grant No.23ptpy143)。
文摘It is well established that Cretaceous magmatism in the South China Block(SCB)is related to the Paleo-Pacific subduction.However,the starting time and the associated deep crust-mantle processes are still debatable.Mafic dike swarms carry important information on the deep earth(including mantle)geodynamics and geochemical evolution.In the Jiangnan Orogen(South China).there is no information on whether the Mesozoic magmatic activities in this region are also directly related to the Pacific subduction or not.In this study,we present detailed zircon U-Pb geochronological,wholerock element and Sr-Nd isotope data for Early Cretaceous Tuanshanbei dolerite dikes,and provide new constraints on the condition of the lithospheric mantle and mantle dynamics of the SCB during that time.LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating suggests that this dolerite erupted in the Early Cretaceous(~145 Ma).All samples have alkaline geochemical affinities with K_(2)O+Na_(2)O=3.11-4.04 wt%,K_(2)O/Na_(2)O=0.50-0.72,and Mg^(#)=62.24-65.13.They are enriched in LILE but depleted in HFSE with higher initial^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr ratio(0.706896-0.714743)and lower ε_(Nd)(t)(-2.61 to-1.67).They have high Nb/U,Nb/La,La/Sm and Rb/Sr,and low La/Nb,La/Ta,Ce/Pb,Ba/Rb,Tb/Yb and Gd/Yb ratios.Such geochemical signatures suggest that the fractional crystallization is obvious but crustal contamination play a negligible role during magmatic evolution.Tuanshanbei dolerite were most likely derived from low-degree(2%-5%)partial melting of a phlogopite-bearing mantle material consisted of~85% spinel peridotite and~15% garnet peridotite previously metasomatized by asthenospherederived fluids/melts with minor subduction-derived fluids/melts.Slab-rollback generally lead to the upwelling of the hot asthenosphere.The upwelling of asthenosphere consuming the lithospheric mantle by thermo-mechanical-chemical erosion.The lithospheric mantle may have partially melted due to the heating by the upwelling asthenosphere and lithospheric extension.It is inferred that the Tuanshanbei dolerite might be associated with the initial slab rollback and corresponding lithospheric extension occurred potentially at ca.145 Ma.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42272075,42250202,41672088,42302073,and 41802093)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Sun Yat-sen University(24llgqb001)+1 种基金well as the 2018 Sino-German(CSC-DAAD)Postdoc Scholarship Program,the UCAS Joint PhD Training Program of China[UCAS(2015)37]aFoundation of Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources,Institute of Geology and Geophysics,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KLMR2017-10).
文摘The Huoshaoyun deposit in the Karakorum area of NW China is the world’s largest zinc-lead carbonate ore deposit.Here we investigate the genesis of the mineralization based on multiproxy investigations.The deposit contains zinc-lead carbonate and sulfide minerals,with smithsonite(Smt),cerussite(Cer),and sulfides accounting for 85%,10%,and 5%of the total lead and zinc resources,respectively.Three ore-forming stages,involving Smt,Cer,and sulfides ores were summarized.The Smt mineralization is characterized by veined,massive,and stratified Smt forming horizontal sedimentary layered ore and vertical feeder veins similar to the SEDEX-type deposits.The sulfide and Cer veins display typical hydrothermal characteristics and are superimposed on the massive Smt ores.The Smt ores show high Li,Be,Cr,Y,Ba,Nd,Yb,and Zr contents,whereas the Cer veins have extremely high Sr contents(up to 3814–9174 ppm)and low Zr contents(less than 0.01 ppm).Galena and sphalerite show higher Cd concentrations compared to Smt and Cer ores.The Smt ores differ with different spatial locations,with Smt ores formed at the vent haveδ^(66)Zn values of+0.15‰to+0.21‰,the massive Smt formed close to the vent show a value of+0.13‰,and those formed away from the vent show a value of 0.05‰,all values being close to 0.The sulfides haveδ^(66)Zn values of−0.09‰to+0.04‰.The C-O isotopes of Smt ores are similar to both altered and unaltered host limestone,suggesting that the limestone was a potential source for carbon and oxygen.Quartz with veined Smt shows magmatic signatures withδ^(18)OVSMOW of+1.14‰to+2.23‰,high Pb(115–401 ppm)and Zn concentrations(390–997 ppm),whereas quartz associated with sulfide has meteoric fluid signature with the lowestδ^(18)OVSMOW(−14‰to−10.7‰),low Pb(11.6–49.0 ppm)and Zn(18.1–72.8 ppm)concentrations.The temperature of equilibration computed based on oxygen isotope fractionation between Smt and coeval quartz indicate a dual source with that of quartz derived from an aqueous fluid,whereas the source for Smt might involve CO_(2)or HCO_(3)^(−).We trace multiple metallogenic stages for this deposit including exhalation,hydrothermal deposition,and fault-controlled sulfide vein formation.The largest orebody(III-1)preserves a 16 Mt reserve of Zn and was formed by crust-mantle interaction at ca.195 Ma in the early development of the Linjitang post-arc rift system.Fluid convection,zinc enrichment driven by granitic magma,volcanic activity,and karst alteration induced by acid rain in a lagoonal environment promoted ore enrichment.
