Background: Since it was theorised by Abdel Omran in 1971, the epidemiological transition has been well documented in Latin America, Asia and even increasingly in Africa south of the Sahara. According to this theory, ...Background: Since it was theorised by Abdel Omran in 1971, the epidemiological transition has been well documented in Latin America, Asia and even increasingly in Africa south of the Sahara. According to this theory, sub-Saharan Africa is in the first phase of development corresponding to the “age of plague and famine”. Given the health statistics currently available, more and more low- and middle-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, are experiencing an increase in mortality and the economic impact associated with non-communicable diseases. Côte d’Ivoire is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa where non-communicable diseases are currently on the rise. Despite the significant changes observed over the last decades, few studies have been carried out on the epidemiological transition in Côte d’Ivoire. It therefore seemed necessary to examine the changes in patterns of disease occurrence and causes of death in Côte d’Ivoire. Objectives: This work aimed to determine the reality of the epidemiological transition in Côte d’Ivoire and characterize its facies from 1990 to 2020. Methods: A literature review was carried out using PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Google, institutional websites (WHO, World Bank), university library websites and institutional reports from Côte d’Ivoire. The indicators sought were mortality, morbidity, life expectancy and fertility. Results: Mortality fell overall from 13.88‰ to 9.70‰, with variations linked to cyclical situations. Life expectancy rose by 52.6 to 59.03 years, although it is still below 60. Fertility has fallen from 6.3 to 4.5 children. There is a general downward trend in morbidity due to communicable diseases between 2009 and 2019, followed by an increase in non-communicable diseases. Conclusion: Côte d’Ivoire is undergoing an original and complex epidemiological transition that needs to be taken into account in health policies and strategies.展开更多
SMS spam poses a significant challenge to maintaining user privacy and security.Recently,spammers have employed fraudulent writing styles to bypass spam detection systems.This paper introduces a novel two-level detect...SMS spam poses a significant challenge to maintaining user privacy and security.Recently,spammers have employed fraudulent writing styles to bypass spam detection systems.This paper introduces a novel two-level detection system that utilizes deep learning techniques for effective spam identification to address the challenge of sophisticated SMS spam.The system comprises five steps,beginning with the preprocessing of SMS data.RoBERTa word embedding is then applied to convert text into a numerical format for deep learning analysis.Feature extraction is performed using a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for word-level analysis and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)for sentence-level analysis.The two-level feature extraction enables a complete understanding of individual words and sentence structure.The novel part of the proposed approach is the Hierarchical Attention Network(HAN),which fuses and selects features at two levels through an attention mechanism.The HAN can deal with words and sentences to focus on the most pertinent aspects of messages for spam detection.This network is productive in capturing meaningful features,considering both word-level and sentence-level semantics.In the classification step,the model classifies the messages into spam and ham.This hybrid deep learning method improve the feature representation,and enhancing the model’s spam detection capabilities.By significantly reducing the incidence of SMS spam,our model contributes to a safer mobile communication environment,protecting users against potential phishing attacks and scams,and aiding in compliance with privacy and security regulations.This model’s performance was evaluated using the SMS Spam Collection Dataset from the UCI Machine Learning Repository.Cross-validation is employed to consider the dataset’s imbalanced nature,ensuring a reliable evaluation.The proposed model achieved a good accuracy of 99.48%,underscoring its efficiency in identifying SMS spam.展开更多
An experiment was conducted to evaluate whether supplementation with a probiotic could enhance digestion and reduce mortality in the volcano rabbit in captivity. Two enclosures at Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico（114 individu...An experiment was conducted to evaluate whether supplementation with a probiotic could enhance digestion and reduce mortality in the volcano rabbit in captivity. Two enclosures at Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico（114 individuals） were used in a crossover design（two periods of 60 days） with the following treatments： control group and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae（2×108 CFU/exhibit/day）. Supplementation with the probiotic negatively affected（P〈0.01） the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber（NDF） and energy. Mortality increased（P〈0.04） following supplementation with the probiotic（4.26% vs. 8.89%）, primarily in the juvenile rabbits. The results indicate that yeast supplementation in the volcano rabbit negatively affects digestion and mortality in captivity.展开更多
In the last two decades,the exploitation of marine renewable energies(70%of the globe is made up of oceans),especially wave energy,has attracted great interest,not only for their high potential,but also for their high...In the last two decades,the exploitation of marine renewable energies(70%of the globe is made up of oceans),especially wave energy,has attracted great interest,not only for their high potential,but also for their high energy density.The development of wave energy is suitable for countries or regions with extensive coastline and high waves approaching the shore.This paper focuses on the study of wave potential and wave energy distribution in the Casablanca-Mohammedia nearshore area(Moroccan Atlantic coast)in order to identify prospective wave energy hotspots.To achieve this purpose,the offshore wave potential was firstly estimated from a 20 years wave data provided by ECMWF(European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasts).In the second step,a numerical modeling of the wave propagation in the study area was performed using the SWAN model jointly with WAVEWATCHIII.The performance of the model to simulate accurately the wave field was evaluated in a real situation characterized by large waves.The model then was applied to determine the patterns of wave field in the Casablanca-Mohammedia nearshore area for a typical wave conditions(winter,summer and storm).The results of this study show the abundance of wave energy in the region with an average annual wave potential of about 22 kW/m.A seasonal variability of the wave resource was demonstrated,with values five times higher in winter than in summer.In addition,a major hotspot site was identified that should be considered when studyingWEC implementation.This hotspot is located at the southern edge of the Casablanca-Mohammedia coast,near the coastal area of Sidi Rahal.展开更多
Agriculture is harming its own future through soil degradation and pollution of the water that it generates. The different chemical analyses carried out on surface waters and the land surveys carried out in the Nakanb...Agriculture is harming its own future through soil degradation and pollution of the water that it generates. The different chemical analyses carried out on surface waters and the land surveys carried out in the Nakanbé basin have shown that agricultural practices contribute to water pollution. The monitoring of nitrate, orthophosphate and BOD5 levels in the dams of Goinré, Ziga and Bagré during the period from August to December revealed that agricultural practices lead to variation in these parameters. The average values for nitrates are 0.833 mg/L in the Goinré fresh waterbody, 1.372 mg/L in the Ziga reservoir, and 1.267 mg/L in the Bagré fresh waterbody. As for ortho phosphate, mean values are 0.357 mg/L in the Goinré reservoir, 0.157 mg/L in the Ziga reservoir and 0.123 mg/L in the Bagré reservoir. These average values are higher than the norms established by Nisbet and Vernaux (1970) for eutrophication. Nitrates and orthophosphate are the elements that contribute to the eutrophication of water surfaces in the Nakanbé basin, although this eutrophication is of low intensity. Of all pesticides encountered in our study sites, 45% are registered by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee (CSP): 35% are non-accredited and 20% are unknown in the global list authorized by the CSP in 2010.展开更多
The negative molecular swab does not mean that the body and mind are healed: even months after Sars-CoV-2 infection, patients may continue to have symptoms. The symptoms mainly present at 6 - 12 months in patients rec...The negative molecular swab does not mean that the body and mind are healed: even months after Sars-CoV-2 infection, patients may continue to have symptoms. The symptoms mainly present at 6 - 12 months in patients recovered from COVID-19 are: asthenia, breathlessness, difficulty in breathing deeply, myalgia, psychological disorders and difficulty in concentrating such as “brain fog”. The study was conducted from June 2021 to July 2021 at Health Prevention Department in Benevento (Campania Region, South Italy). 133 patients accepted the questionnaire in the form of a telephone interview. The purpose of this study is precisely to highlight how, although a year after infection, a number of patients still show post-COVID symptoms. In particular, 77 out of 133 positive patients became Long-Haulers (58%).展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the toxicological and psychotropic properties of Calotropis(C.)procera.Methods:C.procera leaves and root-bark aqueous extracts were evaluated for their toxic and behavioral effects using adult mi...Objective:To evaluate the toxicological and psychotropic properties of Calotropis(C.)procera.Methods:C.procera leaves and root-bark aqueous extracts were evaluated for their toxic and behavioral effects using adult mice.Toxicity studies were carried out using Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines 423 and 407 for acute and subacute evaluation.Behavioral studies were performed using traction test,fireplace test,hole-board test and forced-swimming test to evaluate the sedative,anxiety and depressive-like activities of the extracts.Results:Very low acute toxicity was observed in mice that received both leaves and rootbark extracts.The subacute test showed some morphological,biochemical and hematological changes in the treated groups.Behavioral assessment demonstrated anxiety effects on mice for C.procera leaf extract(400 mg/kg of body weight).Conclusions:The acute use of C.procera(leaves and root-barks)aqueous extracts could be considered as low toxic.However,their repeated uses could have harmful effect on some organs.Likewise,a single dose up to 400 mg/kg body weight of these extracts produce no sedative or depressive-like effect,but they possess possible dose dependent anxiety effect.Yet,more studies are necessary to relate these results to the chemical profile of the plant extracts.展开更多
Attract and kill （AK） technology was evaluated against the Mediterranean fruit fly （Med-fly）, Ceratitis capitata W.. Treatment was carried out in two peach orchards of four hectares each; first one located in Borj...Attract and kill （AK） technology was evaluated against the Mediterranean fruit fly （Med-fly）, Ceratitis capitata W.. Treatment was carried out in two peach orchards of four hectares each; first one located in Borj-Touil and the second in El-Kssibi Mornag, Northern Tunisia during the 2012 field season. AK is a specialized system based on hydrolyzed proteins and alpha-cypermethrin. During this study, 400 AK bait stations were placed in every hectare, four weeks before fruits color changes. The tested AK system was found effective in reducing the number of C. capitata population to 70% comparing to the untreated orchards. Fruit damages assessment showed significant differences between treatments in respect of decreasing infestation onto fruits Study results indicated that AK baited treatments were able to reduce dropped and soften fruits infestation seven times than that of control plots. Fruit damages were restricted to 4%-5% in treated areas with AK system in compare to 31%-35% recorded in control plots. This novel AK system showed good performance to combat Med-fly and can successfully used to combat various fruit fly species when applied for an area wide application program.展开更多
Background Data suggest excess mortality is associated with loiasis,which is endemic to Central Africa,although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.We hypothesized that there could be an association between Loa l...Background Data suggest excess mortality is associated with loiasis,which is endemic to Central Africa,although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.We hypothesized that there could be an association between Loa loa microfilarial densities(MFD)and lower spleen volume(SV)due to micro-obstruction linked to circulating microfilariae(mf).This could result in functional hyposplenia and a higher burden of infections.Our objective was to investigate the impact of L.loa MFD and malaria on spleen’s bi-dimensional dimensions,volume,and parenchymal lesions.Methods We included 981 participants aged 18-88 years in a cross-sectional study conducted in May-June 2022 in the Republic of the Congo.Centralized ultrasonographic examination was performed.The primary outcomes included SV,splenomegaly(cranio-caudal-distance≥13 cm),and anatomical hyposplenia(AH)(SV≤80,≤110 or≤150 cm3).Blood samples were analyzed for L.loa MFD,Plasmodium-PCR,Anti-Plasmodium falciparum-IgG,total IgM,sickle-cell disease status,and hematological abnormalities.Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess these associations.Results Among 981 participants,139(14.1%)had splenomegaly,and 26(2.7%)and 175(17.8%)had SV≤80 and≤150 cm3,respectively.L.loa microfilariae were detected in 353(35.6%)participants.A gradient effect was observed in each model,with the highest MFD(>30,000 mf/ml)having the highest adjusted odds ratio of 17.94(95%CI:2.91-110.76,P=0.002),5.94(95%CI:1.40-25.17,P=0.016),and 5.77(95%CI:1.95-17.12,P=0.002)for SV≤80,110,and 150 cm3,respectively.Anti-P.falciparum-IgG levels were gradually associated with splenomegaly.Fourteen participants met the criterion for hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly(HMS).Conversely,higher L.loa MFD was correlated with AH,with an attributable fraction of 25%,and the presence of splenic parenchymal lesions.Conclusions This study provides a detailed description of spleen morphology and the factors influencing its size in a rural central African population.It demonstrates a strong association between L.loa MFD and reduced SV,suggesting that loiasis may lead to AH,and potentially to functional hyposplenia,with consequences such as increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.Malaria was associated with splenomegaly,with a figure of HMS consistent with estimates from other African countries.展开更多
文摘Background: Since it was theorised by Abdel Omran in 1971, the epidemiological transition has been well documented in Latin America, Asia and even increasingly in Africa south of the Sahara. According to this theory, sub-Saharan Africa is in the first phase of development corresponding to the “age of plague and famine”. Given the health statistics currently available, more and more low- and middle-income countries, including those in sub-Saharan Africa, are experiencing an increase in mortality and the economic impact associated with non-communicable diseases. Côte d’Ivoire is one of the countries in sub-Saharan Africa where non-communicable diseases are currently on the rise. Despite the significant changes observed over the last decades, few studies have been carried out on the epidemiological transition in Côte d’Ivoire. It therefore seemed necessary to examine the changes in patterns of disease occurrence and causes of death in Côte d’Ivoire. Objectives: This work aimed to determine the reality of the epidemiological transition in Côte d’Ivoire and characterize its facies from 1990 to 2020. Methods: A literature review was carried out using PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, Google, institutional websites (WHO, World Bank), university library websites and institutional reports from Côte d’Ivoire. The indicators sought were mortality, morbidity, life expectancy and fertility. Results: Mortality fell overall from 13.88‰ to 9.70‰, with variations linked to cyclical situations. Life expectancy rose by 52.6 to 59.03 years, although it is still below 60. Fertility has fallen from 6.3 to 4.5 children. There is a general downward trend in morbidity due to communicable diseases between 2009 and 2019, followed by an increase in non-communicable diseases. Conclusion: Côte d’Ivoire is undergoing an original and complex epidemiological transition that needs to be taken into account in health policies and strategies.
文摘SMS spam poses a significant challenge to maintaining user privacy and security.Recently,spammers have employed fraudulent writing styles to bypass spam detection systems.This paper introduces a novel two-level detection system that utilizes deep learning techniques for effective spam identification to address the challenge of sophisticated SMS spam.The system comprises five steps,beginning with the preprocessing of SMS data.RoBERTa word embedding is then applied to convert text into a numerical format for deep learning analysis.Feature extraction is performed using a Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)for word-level analysis and a Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory(BiLSTM)for sentence-level analysis.The two-level feature extraction enables a complete understanding of individual words and sentence structure.The novel part of the proposed approach is the Hierarchical Attention Network(HAN),which fuses and selects features at two levels through an attention mechanism.The HAN can deal with words and sentences to focus on the most pertinent aspects of messages for spam detection.This network is productive in capturing meaningful features,considering both word-level and sentence-level semantics.In the classification step,the model classifies the messages into spam and ham.This hybrid deep learning method improve the feature representation,and enhancing the model’s spam detection capabilities.By significantly reducing the incidence of SMS spam,our model contributes to a safer mobile communication environment,protecting users against potential phishing attacks and scams,and aiding in compliance with privacy and security regulations.This model’s performance was evaluated using the SMS Spam Collection Dataset from the UCI Machine Learning Repository.Cross-validation is employed to consider the dataset’s imbalanced nature,ensuring a reliable evaluation.The proposed model achieved a good accuracy of 99.48%,underscoring its efficiency in identifying SMS spam.
文摘An experiment was conducted to evaluate whether supplementation with a probiotic could enhance digestion and reduce mortality in the volcano rabbit in captivity. Two enclosures at Chapultepec Zoo, Mexico（114 individuals） were used in a crossover design（two periods of 60 days） with the following treatments： control group and supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae（2×108 CFU/exhibit/day）. Supplementation with the probiotic negatively affected（P〈0.01） the digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber（NDF） and energy. Mortality increased（P〈0.04） following supplementation with the probiotic（4.26% vs. 8.89%）, primarily in the juvenile rabbits. The results indicate that yeast supplementation in the volcano rabbit negatively affects digestion and mortality in captivity.
文摘In the last two decades,the exploitation of marine renewable energies(70%of the globe is made up of oceans),especially wave energy,has attracted great interest,not only for their high potential,but also for their high energy density.The development of wave energy is suitable for countries or regions with extensive coastline and high waves approaching the shore.This paper focuses on the study of wave potential and wave energy distribution in the Casablanca-Mohammedia nearshore area(Moroccan Atlantic coast)in order to identify prospective wave energy hotspots.To achieve this purpose,the offshore wave potential was firstly estimated from a 20 years wave data provided by ECMWF(European Center for Medium range Weather Forecasts).In the second step,a numerical modeling of the wave propagation in the study area was performed using the SWAN model jointly with WAVEWATCHIII.The performance of the model to simulate accurately the wave field was evaluated in a real situation characterized by large waves.The model then was applied to determine the patterns of wave field in the Casablanca-Mohammedia nearshore area for a typical wave conditions(winter,summer and storm).The results of this study show the abundance of wave energy in the region with an average annual wave potential of about 22 kW/m.A seasonal variability of the wave resource was demonstrated,with values five times higher in winter than in summer.In addition,a major hotspot site was identified that should be considered when studyingWEC implementation.This hotspot is located at the southern edge of the Casablanca-Mohammedia coast,near the coastal area of Sidi Rahal.
文摘Agriculture is harming its own future through soil degradation and pollution of the water that it generates. The different chemical analyses carried out on surface waters and the land surveys carried out in the Nakanbé basin have shown that agricultural practices contribute to water pollution. The monitoring of nitrate, orthophosphate and BOD5 levels in the dams of Goinré, Ziga and Bagré during the period from August to December revealed that agricultural practices lead to variation in these parameters. The average values for nitrates are 0.833 mg/L in the Goinré fresh waterbody, 1.372 mg/L in the Ziga reservoir, and 1.267 mg/L in the Bagré fresh waterbody. As for ortho phosphate, mean values are 0.357 mg/L in the Goinré reservoir, 0.157 mg/L in the Ziga reservoir and 0.123 mg/L in the Bagré reservoir. These average values are higher than the norms established by Nisbet and Vernaux (1970) for eutrophication. Nitrates and orthophosphate are the elements that contribute to the eutrophication of water surfaces in the Nakanbé basin, although this eutrophication is of low intensity. Of all pesticides encountered in our study sites, 45% are registered by the Sahelian Pesticides Committee (CSP): 35% are non-accredited and 20% are unknown in the global list authorized by the CSP in 2010.
文摘The negative molecular swab does not mean that the body and mind are healed: even months after Sars-CoV-2 infection, patients may continue to have symptoms. The symptoms mainly present at 6 - 12 months in patients recovered from COVID-19 are: asthenia, breathlessness, difficulty in breathing deeply, myalgia, psychological disorders and difficulty in concentrating such as “brain fog”. The study was conducted from June 2021 to July 2021 at Health Prevention Department in Benevento (Campania Region, South Italy). 133 patients accepted the questionnaire in the form of a telephone interview. The purpose of this study is precisely to highlight how, although a year after infection, a number of patients still show post-COVID symptoms. In particular, 77 out of 133 positive patients became Long-Haulers (58%).
文摘Objective:To evaluate the toxicological and psychotropic properties of Calotropis(C.)procera.Methods:C.procera leaves and root-bark aqueous extracts were evaluated for their toxic and behavioral effects using adult mice.Toxicity studies were carried out using Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines 423 and 407 for acute and subacute evaluation.Behavioral studies were performed using traction test,fireplace test,hole-board test and forced-swimming test to evaluate the sedative,anxiety and depressive-like activities of the extracts.Results:Very low acute toxicity was observed in mice that received both leaves and rootbark extracts.The subacute test showed some morphological,biochemical and hematological changes in the treated groups.Behavioral assessment demonstrated anxiety effects on mice for C.procera leaf extract(400 mg/kg of body weight).Conclusions:The acute use of C.procera(leaves and root-barks)aqueous extracts could be considered as low toxic.However,their repeated uses could have harmful effect on some organs.Likewise,a single dose up to 400 mg/kg body weight of these extracts produce no sedative or depressive-like effect,but they possess possible dose dependent anxiety effect.Yet,more studies are necessary to relate these results to the chemical profile of the plant extracts.
文摘Attract and kill （AK） technology was evaluated against the Mediterranean fruit fly （Med-fly）, Ceratitis capitata W.. Treatment was carried out in two peach orchards of four hectares each; first one located in Borj-Touil and the second in El-Kssibi Mornag, Northern Tunisia during the 2012 field season. AK is a specialized system based on hydrolyzed proteins and alpha-cypermethrin. During this study, 400 AK bait stations were placed in every hectare, four weeks before fruits color changes. The tested AK system was found effective in reducing the number of C. capitata population to 70% comparing to the untreated orchards. Fruit damages assessment showed significant differences between treatments in respect of decreasing infestation onto fruits Study results indicated that AK baited treatments were able to reduce dropped and soften fruits infestation seven times than that of control plots. Fruit damages were restricted to 4%-5% in treated areas with AK system in compare to 31%-35% recorded in control plots. This novel AK system showed good performance to combat Med-fly and can successfully used to combat various fruit fly species when applied for an area wide application program.
基金supported by the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme(grant agreement No 949963)the Bettencourt-Schueller Foundation(CCU-AH-INSERM-Bettencourt)。
文摘Background Data suggest excess mortality is associated with loiasis,which is endemic to Central Africa,although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown.We hypothesized that there could be an association between Loa loa microfilarial densities(MFD)and lower spleen volume(SV)due to micro-obstruction linked to circulating microfilariae(mf).This could result in functional hyposplenia and a higher burden of infections.Our objective was to investigate the impact of L.loa MFD and malaria on spleen’s bi-dimensional dimensions,volume,and parenchymal lesions.Methods We included 981 participants aged 18-88 years in a cross-sectional study conducted in May-June 2022 in the Republic of the Congo.Centralized ultrasonographic examination was performed.The primary outcomes included SV,splenomegaly(cranio-caudal-distance≥13 cm),and anatomical hyposplenia(AH)(SV≤80,≤110 or≤150 cm3).Blood samples were analyzed for L.loa MFD,Plasmodium-PCR,Anti-Plasmodium falciparum-IgG,total IgM,sickle-cell disease status,and hematological abnormalities.Linear and logistic regressions were used to assess these associations.Results Among 981 participants,139(14.1%)had splenomegaly,and 26(2.7%)and 175(17.8%)had SV≤80 and≤150 cm3,respectively.L.loa microfilariae were detected in 353(35.6%)participants.A gradient effect was observed in each model,with the highest MFD(>30,000 mf/ml)having the highest adjusted odds ratio of 17.94(95%CI:2.91-110.76,P=0.002),5.94(95%CI:1.40-25.17,P=0.016),and 5.77(95%CI:1.95-17.12,P=0.002)for SV≤80,110,and 150 cm3,respectively.Anti-P.falciparum-IgG levels were gradually associated with splenomegaly.Fourteen participants met the criterion for hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly(HMS).Conversely,higher L.loa MFD was correlated with AH,with an attributable fraction of 25%,and the presence of splenic parenchymal lesions.Conclusions This study provides a detailed description of spleen morphology and the factors influencing its size in a rural central African population.It demonstrates a strong association between L.loa MFD and reduced SV,suggesting that loiasis may lead to AH,and potentially to functional hyposplenia,with consequences such as increased susceptibility to bacterial infections.Malaria was associated with splenomegaly,with a figure of HMS consistent with estimates from other African countries.
