Background:Risk factors for the etiology of post-weaning diarrhea,a major problem in swine industry associated with enormous economic losses,remain to be fully elucidated.In concordance with the ethical concerns raise...Background:Risk factors for the etiology of post-weaning diarrhea,a major problem in swine industry associated with enormous economic losses,remain to be fully elucidated.In concordance with the ethical concerns raised by animal experiments,we developed a new in vitro model of the weaning piglet colon(MPigut-IVM)including a mucin bead compartment to reproduce the mucus surface from the gut to which gut microbes can adhere.Results:Our results indicated that the MPigut-IVM is able to establish a representative piglet archaeal and bacterial colon microbiota in terms of taxonomic composition and function.The MPigut-IVM was consequently used to investigate the potential effects of feed deprivation,a common consequence of weaning in piglets,on the microbiota.The lack of nutrients in the MPigut-IVM led to an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae and Escherichia-Shigella and a decrease in Bacteroidiaceae and confirms previous in vivo findings.On top of a strong increase in redox potential,the feed deprivation stress induced modifications of microbial metabolite production such as a decrease in acetate and an increase in proportional valerate,isovalerate and isobutyrate production.Conclusions:The MPigut-IVM is able to simulate luminal and mucosal piglet microbiota and represent an innovative tool for comparative studies to investigate the impact of weaning stressors on piglet microbiota.Besides,weaning-associated feed deprivation in piglets provokes disruptions of MPigut-IVM microbiota composition and functionality and could be implicated in the onset of post-weaning dysbiosis in piglets.展开更多
Background In the current context of global warming,thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubat...Background In the current context of global warming,thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubation temperature.However,because of their likely epigenetic origin,thermal manipulation effects may last more than one generation with consequences for the poultry industry.In this work,a multigenerational and transgenerational analysis of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis was performed to uncover the long-term effects of such procedure.Results Thermal manipulation repeated during 4 generations had an effect on hatchability,body weight,and weight of eggs laid in Japanese quails,with some effects increasing in importance over generations.Moreover,the effects on body weight and egg weight could be transmitted transgenerationally,suggesting non-genetic inheritance mechanisms.This hypothesis is reinforced by the observed reversion of the effect on growth after five unexposed generations.Interestingly,a beneficial effect of thermal manipulation on heat tolerance was observed a few days after hatching,but this effect was not transgenerational.Conclusions Our multigenerational study showed that thermal conditioning of quail embryos has a beneficial effect on post-hatch heat tolerance hampered by transgenerational but reversible defects on growth.Assuming that no genetic variability underlies these changes,this study provides the first demonstration of epigenetic inheritance of traits induced by environmental temperature modification associated with long-term impacts in an avian species.展开更多
This study was designed to determine the ability of computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis （CASA-Morph） with fluorescence to discriminate between spermatozoa carrying different sex chromosomes from the nuclear...This study was designed to determine the ability of computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis （CASA-Morph） with fluorescence to discriminate between spermatozoa carrying different sex chromosomes from the nuclear morphometrics generated and different statistical procedures in the bovine species. The study was divided into two experiments. The first was to study the morphometric differences between X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa （SX and SY, respectively）. Spermatozoa from eight bulls were processed to assess simultaneously the sex chromosome by FISH and sperm morphometry by fluorescence-based CASA-Morph. SX cells were larger than SY cells on average （P 〈 0.001） although with important differences between bulls. A simultaneous evaluation of all the measured features by discriminant analysis revealed that nuclear area and average fluorescence intensity were the variables selected by stepwise discriminant function analysis as the best discriminators between SX and SY. In the second experiment, the sperm nuclear morphometric results from CASA-Morph in nonsexed （mixed SX and SY） and sexed （SX） semen samples from four bulls were compared. FISH allowed a successful classification of spermatozoa according to their sex chromosome content. X-sexed spermatozoa displayed a larger size and fluorescence intensity than nonsexed spermatozoa （P 〈 0.05）. We conclude that the CASA-Morph fluorescence-based method has the potential to find differences between X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa in bovine species although more studies are needed to increase the precision of sex determination by this technique.展开更多
The postnatal period,covering roughly the first 10 days post-hatch,is critical for early development of the digestive tract in poultry.This period is characterized by high plasticity of the digestive tract,offering a ...The postnatal period,covering roughly the first 10 days post-hatch,is critical for early development of the digestive tract in poultry.This period is characterized by high plasticity of the digestive tract,offering a unique window in which to shape digestive phenotypes toward improved nutrient absorption efficiency,enhanced gut health,and optimized microbiota composition.Feed additives,such as xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharides(XOSs),are known to modulate digestive physiology,especially the gut microbiota,which could,in turn,influence the outcome of infections within the gastrointestinal tract.The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a stimbiotic(STB;a combination of xylanase and XOSs)supplementation provided either during the starter,the grower,or during both periods in the context of an Eimeria tenella challenge,focusing on growth performance,ileal monomeric sugar residues,cecal metabolome and microbiota composition.From 0 to 23 d,a total of 192 chicks were assigned to 8 different treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial design.Two levels of stimbiotic(0 or 100 g/t),two periods of supplementation(starter or grower)and two challenge statuses(unchallenged or E.tenella challenged at d 16)were tested.During the starter period,STB supplementation tended to enhance average daily gain(P=0.052)and significantly reduced the abundance of two Lachnospiraceae genera(P<0.001;P=0.030),accompanied by decreased concentrations of two short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in the caecal content(P=0.029;P=0.015)at d 9.In the ileum,STB supplementation reduced the concentration and proportion of soluble sugars(P=0.006).By the end of the grower period at d 23,starter STB supplementation resulted in increased abundance of two genera within the family Lachnospiraceae(Lachnospiraceae ruminococcus,P=0.043;Lachnospiraceae anaerostipes,P=0.013)and elevated production of butyrate and acetate(P=0.042;P<0.001).Under E.tenella challenge,during the grouper period,STB supplementation maintained growth performance at levels comparable to unchallenged chickens(P=0.027).In conclusion,STB supplementation influences microbial composition and fermentation,with lasting effects resulting from post-hatch feeding.These findings support the use of STB to improve the resilience of chickens under pathogenic challenges.展开更多
文摘Background:Risk factors for the etiology of post-weaning diarrhea,a major problem in swine industry associated with enormous economic losses,remain to be fully elucidated.In concordance with the ethical concerns raised by animal experiments,we developed a new in vitro model of the weaning piglet colon(MPigut-IVM)including a mucin bead compartment to reproduce the mucus surface from the gut to which gut microbes can adhere.Results:Our results indicated that the MPigut-IVM is able to establish a representative piglet archaeal and bacterial colon microbiota in terms of taxonomic composition and function.The MPigut-IVM was consequently used to investigate the potential effects of feed deprivation,a common consequence of weaning in piglets,on the microbiota.The lack of nutrients in the MPigut-IVM led to an increased abundance of Prevotellaceae and Escherichia-Shigella and a decrease in Bacteroidiaceae and confirms previous in vivo findings.On top of a strong increase in redox potential,the feed deprivation stress induced modifications of microbial metabolite production such as a decrease in acetate and an increase in proportional valerate,isovalerate and isobutyrate production.Conclusions:The MPigut-IVM is able to simulate luminal and mucosal piglet microbiota and represent an innovative tool for comparative studies to investigate the impact of weaning stressors on piglet microbiota.Besides,weaning-associated feed deprivation in piglets provokes disruptions of MPigut-IVM microbiota composition and functionality and could be implicated in the onset of post-weaning dysbiosis in piglets.
文摘Background In the current context of global warming,thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubation temperature.However,because of their likely epigenetic origin,thermal manipulation effects may last more than one generation with consequences for the poultry industry.In this work,a multigenerational and transgenerational analysis of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis was performed to uncover the long-term effects of such procedure.Results Thermal manipulation repeated during 4 generations had an effect on hatchability,body weight,and weight of eggs laid in Japanese quails,with some effects increasing in importance over generations.Moreover,the effects on body weight and egg weight could be transmitted transgenerationally,suggesting non-genetic inheritance mechanisms.This hypothesis is reinforced by the observed reversion of the effect on growth after five unexposed generations.Interestingly,a beneficial effect of thermal manipulation on heat tolerance was observed a few days after hatching,but this effect was not transgenerational.Conclusions Our multigenerational study showed that thermal conditioning of quail embryos has a beneficial effect on post-hatch heat tolerance hampered by transgenerational but reversible defects on growth.Assuming that no genetic variability underlies these changes,this study provides the first demonstration of epigenetic inheritance of traits induced by environmental temperature modification associated with long-term impacts in an avian species.
文摘This study was designed to determine the ability of computer-assisted sperm morphometry analysis （CASA-Morph） with fluorescence to discriminate between spermatozoa carrying different sex chromosomes from the nuclear morphometrics generated and different statistical procedures in the bovine species. The study was divided into two experiments. The first was to study the morphometric differences between X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa （SX and SY, respectively）. Spermatozoa from eight bulls were processed to assess simultaneously the sex chromosome by FISH and sperm morphometry by fluorescence-based CASA-Morph. SX cells were larger than SY cells on average （P 〈 0.001） although with important differences between bulls. A simultaneous evaluation of all the measured features by discriminant analysis revealed that nuclear area and average fluorescence intensity were the variables selected by stepwise discriminant function analysis as the best discriminators between SX and SY. In the second experiment, the sperm nuclear morphometric results from CASA-Morph in nonsexed （mixed SX and SY） and sexed （SX） semen samples from four bulls were compared. FISH allowed a successful classification of spermatozoa according to their sex chromosome content. X-sexed spermatozoa displayed a larger size and fluorescence intensity than nonsexed spermatozoa （P 〈 0.05）. We conclude that the CASA-Morph fluorescence-based method has the potential to find differences between X- and Y-chromosome-bearing spermatozoa in bovine species although more studies are needed to increase the precision of sex determination by this technique.
基金funded by the R�egion Centre Val-de-Loire,France(APR IA INTEGRITY).
文摘The postnatal period,covering roughly the first 10 days post-hatch,is critical for early development of the digestive tract in poultry.This period is characterized by high plasticity of the digestive tract,offering a unique window in which to shape digestive phenotypes toward improved nutrient absorption efficiency,enhanced gut health,and optimized microbiota composition.Feed additives,such as xylanase and xylo-oligosaccharides(XOSs),are known to modulate digestive physiology,especially the gut microbiota,which could,in turn,influence the outcome of infections within the gastrointestinal tract.The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a stimbiotic(STB;a combination of xylanase and XOSs)supplementation provided either during the starter,the grower,or during both periods in the context of an Eimeria tenella challenge,focusing on growth performance,ileal monomeric sugar residues,cecal metabolome and microbiota composition.From 0 to 23 d,a total of 192 chicks were assigned to 8 different treatments in a 2×2×2 factorial design.Two levels of stimbiotic(0 or 100 g/t),two periods of supplementation(starter or grower)and two challenge statuses(unchallenged or E.tenella challenged at d 16)were tested.During the starter period,STB supplementation tended to enhance average daily gain(P=0.052)and significantly reduced the abundance of two Lachnospiraceae genera(P<0.001;P=0.030),accompanied by decreased concentrations of two short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)in the caecal content(P=0.029;P=0.015)at d 9.In the ileum,STB supplementation reduced the concentration and proportion of soluble sugars(P=0.006).By the end of the grower period at d 23,starter STB supplementation resulted in increased abundance of two genera within the family Lachnospiraceae(Lachnospiraceae ruminococcus,P=0.043;Lachnospiraceae anaerostipes,P=0.013)and elevated production of butyrate and acetate(P=0.042;P<0.001).Under E.tenella challenge,during the grouper period,STB supplementation maintained growth performance at levels comparable to unchallenged chickens(P=0.027).In conclusion,STB supplementation influences microbial composition and fermentation,with lasting effects resulting from post-hatch feeding.These findings support the use of STB to improve the resilience of chickens under pathogenic challenges.
