The objective of this manuscript is to analyze relation involving the energy sector and socioeco-nomic growth and, then, contextualize the process of energy integration within the development policies in South America...The objective of this manuscript is to analyze relation involving the energy sector and socioeco-nomic growth and, then, contextualize the process of energy integration within the development policies in South America. The methodology considers data related to the world’s economy and energy consumption and energy integration policy in countries and regions;and, South America’s energy potential and the energy integration process. Results show that despite the political and institutional difficulties involving the process, energy integration can bring a lot of benefits for countries development. The process of energy integration in South America is divided in three moments, but in both periods the transnational energy projects were restricted, mostly, by a bi-lateral plan and the creation of physical links in a region. In the 21th century’s context, it should be noted Brazil’s participation which has been consolidated as a lead country in this process, and, also the IIRSA (Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America, nowadays renamed as COSIPLAN) like the main initiative in energy integration in the continent, in a context where the projects are no longer limited to traditional economic blocs. Finally, we note a lack of consensus in defining a comprehensive model of integration and solving asymmetries both within countries and between them.展开更多
This paper aims to study and evaluate electric mobility over time, focusing on the development of the electric car. Methodologically, in order to accomplish this intent, the characterization of the electric vehicle (E...This paper aims to study and evaluate electric mobility over time, focusing on the development of the electric car. Methodologically, in order to accomplish this intent, the characterization of the electric vehicle (EV) is made based on the variables which determine its performance, such as: assessment of speeds, distance traveled, analysis of facts related to the energy source (electro-chemical accumulators) and analysis of the determining system of electric mobility (the electric engine as a function of power (W) and voltage (V)). This way, to demonstrate the effects of time, this process will be analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century (1930s) to the present (the first decade of the 21st century), methodologically structured in 4 cycles that show the performance of the EV. The results show the existence of vulnerabilities and of electric mobility potential, as well as the nuances of the development of the electric vehicle along the years and along the transformations in what is considered state-of-the-art. Thus, in the case of batteries, it is evident that the lithium-ion type used nowadays reveals better results due to its higher specific efficient energy, which maximizes energy autonomy to 200 km. In the beginning, the insertion of the electric vehicle was commercially harmed by the fundamental limitations of batteries as a power source. Conclusively, on certain occasions there have been improvements in the aerodynamics, engines, weight and size of the batteries, demonstrating the maturity of EVs.展开更多
The objective of this work is to reduce energy costs for a consumer with multiple available energy resources and with an energy storage system. To achieve this, it is developed a methodology with a multi-criterio</...The objective of this work is to reduce energy costs for a consumer with multiple available energy resources and with an energy storage system. To achieve this, it is developed a methodology with a multi-criterio</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">n</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> analysis that considers the demand side, the real-time prices, and the availability of the energy resources. In other words, the developed methodology manages the multi-source system, allowing savings for a consumer. In addition to the presentation of the methodology, it is made an application in a case study. It is considered and modeled a real consumer that has three different energy resources, including energy storage by battery. The situation comprehends solar generation, diesel generator and the electrical power grid. There are simulations and </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> results comprehend the savings for this consumer, considering the methodology application. The main result is a reduction in energy costs by 33</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">3%, considering the situation without this methodology. For the purpose of indicating the use of the storage system, it is presented the battery’s state of charge along the simulation. Also, there is a verification of the methodology’s robustness, through another simulation, using theo</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">ret</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">ical data for the consumer. In this case, the consumer has energy storage system, solar generation, biogas generator and the electrical power grid. In this situation, there is a reduction in energy costs by 30</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">2%, considering the situation without this methodology. In conclusion, the results show that the developed methodology is effective. In the two case studies presented there </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">are</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> significant savings for the consumer.展开更多
文摘The objective of this manuscript is to analyze relation involving the energy sector and socioeco-nomic growth and, then, contextualize the process of energy integration within the development policies in South America. The methodology considers data related to the world’s economy and energy consumption and energy integration policy in countries and regions;and, South America’s energy potential and the energy integration process. Results show that despite the political and institutional difficulties involving the process, energy integration can bring a lot of benefits for countries development. The process of energy integration in South America is divided in three moments, but in both periods the transnational energy projects were restricted, mostly, by a bi-lateral plan and the creation of physical links in a region. In the 21th century’s context, it should be noted Brazil’s participation which has been consolidated as a lead country in this process, and, also the IIRSA (Initiative for the Integration of Regional Infrastructure in South America, nowadays renamed as COSIPLAN) like the main initiative in energy integration in the continent, in a context where the projects are no longer limited to traditional economic blocs. Finally, we note a lack of consensus in defining a comprehensive model of integration and solving asymmetries both within countries and between them.
文摘This paper aims to study and evaluate electric mobility over time, focusing on the development of the electric car. Methodologically, in order to accomplish this intent, the characterization of the electric vehicle (EV) is made based on the variables which determine its performance, such as: assessment of speeds, distance traveled, analysis of facts related to the energy source (electro-chemical accumulators) and analysis of the determining system of electric mobility (the electric engine as a function of power (W) and voltage (V)). This way, to demonstrate the effects of time, this process will be analyzed from the beginning of the 20th century (1930s) to the present (the first decade of the 21st century), methodologically structured in 4 cycles that show the performance of the EV. The results show the existence of vulnerabilities and of electric mobility potential, as well as the nuances of the development of the electric vehicle along the years and along the transformations in what is considered state-of-the-art. Thus, in the case of batteries, it is evident that the lithium-ion type used nowadays reveals better results due to its higher specific efficient energy, which maximizes energy autonomy to 200 km. In the beginning, the insertion of the electric vehicle was commercially harmed by the fundamental limitations of batteries as a power source. Conclusively, on certain occasions there have been improvements in the aerodynamics, engines, weight and size of the batteries, demonstrating the maturity of EVs.
文摘The objective of this work is to reduce energy costs for a consumer with multiple available energy resources and with an energy storage system. To achieve this, it is developed a methodology with a multi-criterio</span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">n</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> analysis that considers the demand side, the real-time prices, and the availability of the energy resources. In other words, the developed methodology manages the multi-source system, allowing savings for a consumer. In addition to the presentation of the methodology, it is made an application in a case study. It is considered and modeled a real consumer that has three different energy resources, including energy storage by battery. The situation comprehends solar generation, diesel generator and the electrical power grid. There are simulations and </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">the</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> results comprehend the savings for this consumer, considering the methodology application. The main result is a reduction in energy costs by 33</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">3%, considering the situation without this methodology. For the purpose of indicating the use of the storage system, it is presented the battery’s state of charge along the simulation. Also, there is a verification of the methodology’s robustness, through another simulation, using theo</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">ret</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">ical data for the consumer. In this case, the consumer has energy storage system, solar generation, biogas generator and the electrical power grid. In this situation, there is a reduction in energy costs by 30</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">.</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">2%, considering the situation without this methodology. In conclusion, the results show that the developed methodology is effective. In the two case studies presented there </span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:"">are</span></span></span><span><span><span style="font-family:""> significant savings for the consumer.
