This article provides an overview to Future Earth activities carried out by the Chinese National Committee for Future Earth(CNC-FE).Future Earth is an international research programme which aims to provide critical kn...This article provides an overview to Future Earth activities carried out by the Chinese National Committee for Future Earth(CNC-FE).Future Earth is an international research programme which aims to provide critical knowledge to face the challenges posed by global environmental change and to identify opportunities for a transition to global sustainability.CNC-FE is the main body devoted to implementing the Future Earth programme in China.Incorporating Future Earth themes and national science needs,CNC-FE has identified 14 priority areas.Since its establishment,it has conducted an array of activities to fulfill its missions,including implementing projects,convening international meetings,translating and publishing Future Earth and CNC-FE related documents and promoting Future Earth and CNC-FE on various outreach occasions.CNC-FE closely follows Future Earth's development and meanwhile integrates its themes with Chinese practice.It is hoped that implementing Future Earth in China can boost global environmental change including climate change research in China and also have positive implications for developing countries who are trying to adapt to climate change and address the challenges for the national sustainable development.展开更多
As a 10-year international research programme jointly initiated by ICSU(International Council for Science),ISSC(International Social Science Council)and others,Future Earth aims to provide critical knowledge required ...As a 10-year international research programme jointly initiated by ICSU(International Council for Science),ISSC(International Social Science Council)and others,Future Earth aims to provide critical knowledge required for societies to face the challenges posed by global environmental change and to identify opportunities for a transition to global sustainability(FE,2013).The launching of Future Earth is the outcome of step change in global environment change research and funding strategy and meet the demands for connecting展开更多
The environmental magnetic proxies of stalagmites hold significant potential for reconstructing regional hydroclimate changes by revealing the content and grain size of magnetic particles within stalagmites.In this st...The environmental magnetic proxies of stalagmites hold significant potential for reconstructing regional hydroclimate changes by revealing the content and grain size of magnetic particles within stalagmites.In this study,we present the contents and grain sizes of magnetic particles within a stalagmite SZ-1,from Shizhu Cave in southwestern China from 70.4 to 22.3 thousand years ago(ka)during the last glacial period.Specifically,the parameters IRM_(soft),soil-derived magnetic minerals,and ARM/SIRM(anhysteretic remanent magnetization/saturation isothermal remanent magnetization),the ratio of fine magnetic particles to total ferrimagnetic particles preserved in stalagmite SZ-1,indicate the fluctuation of regional precipitation.Obvious half-precessional cycles are evident in these two proxies,indicating that hydroclimatic variations in southwestern China may predominantly arise from the heat and moisture transported from tropical oceans.These variations are likely influenced by shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone and fluctuations in the Asian Summer Monsoon.展开更多
Polystyrene nanoparticles pose significant toxicological risks to aquatic ecosystems,yet their impact on zebrafish(Danio rerio)embryonic development,particularly erythropoiesis,remains underexplored.This study used si...Polystyrene nanoparticles pose significant toxicological risks to aquatic ecosystems,yet their impact on zebrafish(Danio rerio)embryonic development,particularly erythropoiesis,remains underexplored.This study used single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively evaluate the effects of polystyrene nanoparticle exposure on erythropoiesis in zebrafish embryos.In vivo validation experiments corroborated the transcriptomic findings,revealing that polystyrene nanoparticle exposure disrupted erythrocyte differentiation,as evidenced by the decrease in mature erythrocytes and concomitant increase in immature erythrocytes.Additionally,impaired heme synthesis further contributed to the diminished erythrocyte population.These findings underscore the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on hematopoietic processes,highlighting their potential to compromise organismal health in aquatic environments.展开更多
Integrated assessment models and coupled earth system models both have their limitations in understanding the interactions between human activity and the physical earth system. In this paper, a new human--earth system...Integrated assessment models and coupled earth system models both have their limitations in understanding the interactions between human activity and the physical earth system. In this paper, a new human--earth system model, BNU- HESM1.0, constructed by combining the economic and climate damage components of the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate Change and Economy to the BNU-ESM model, is introduced. The ability of BNU-HESM1.0 in simulating the global CO2 concentration and surface temperature is also evaluated. We find that, compared to observation, BNU-HESM1.0 underestimates the global CO2 concentration and its rising trend during 1965-2005, due to the uncertainty in the economic components. However, the surface temperature simulated by BNU-HESM1.0 is much closer to observation, resulting from the overestimates of surface temperature by the original BNU-ESM model. The uncertainty of BNU-ESM falls within the range of present earth system uncertainty, so it is the economic and climate damage component of BNU-HESM 1.0 that needs to be improved through further study. However, the main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach to investigate the complex relationship between human activity and the earth system. It is hoped that it will inspire further ideas that prove valuable in guiding human activities appropriate for a sustainable future climate.展开更多
Based on data of 22 models from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5),the performance of climate simulation is assessed and future changes under RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are projected over critical...Based on data of 22 models from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5),the performance of climate simulation is assessed and future changes under RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are projected over critical Belt and Road region.Compared with observations,the CMIP5 models simulate the linear trend and spatial distribution of the annual mean surface air temperature(SAT)better in the north(NBR)and south(SBR)of the Belt and Road region.The trend of the 22-model ensemble mean(CMIP5 MME)is 0.70/0.50 C per 100 years from 1901 to 2005,and the observed trend is 1.11/0.77 C per 100 years in the NBR/SBR region.After 1971,the relative error between CMIP5 MME and observations is 22%/15%in the NBR/SBR region.Seven/nine models are selected in the NBR/SBR to project future SAT changes under three RCP scenarios.For 2081e2100,warming in the NBR/SBR is projected to be(1.16±0.29)/(0.72±0.32)C,(2.41±0.54)/(1.55±0.44)C,and(5.23±1.02)/(3.33±0.65)C for RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5,respectively.Under the RCP scenarios,the NBR region shows greater warming than the SBR region.The most significant warming is expected in Kazakhstan and the northern part of the SBR.The associated uncertainty generally increases with time under the three RCP scenarios.Furthermore,increases in warming over the Belt and Road region are more remarkable under higher-emission scenarios than lower-emission ones.展开更多
One of the key issues in international climate negotiations is the formulation of targets for emissions reduction for all countries based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". Thi...One of the key issues in international climate negotiations is the formulation of targets for emissions reduction for all countries based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". This formulation depends primarily on the quantitative attribution of the responsibilities of developed and developing countries for historical climate change. Using the Commuity Earth System Model(CESM), we estimate the responsibilities of developed countries and developing countries for climatic change from 1850 to 2005 using their carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The results indicate that developed countries contribute approximately 53%–61%, and developing countries approximately 39%–47%, to the increase in global air temperature, upper oceanic warming, sea-ice reduction in the NH, and permafrost degradation. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity of these changes from 1850 to 2005 is primarily attributed to the emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs)in developed countries. Although uncertainties remain in the climate model and the external forcings used, GHG emissions in developed countries are the major contributor to the observed climate system changes in the 20 th century.展开更多
The contributions of carbon reduction policies were evaluated and compared for six carbon trading pilot schemes in China, in four municipalities(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) and two provinces(Guangdong a...The contributions of carbon reduction policies were evaluated and compared for six carbon trading pilot schemes in China, in four municipalities(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) and two provinces(Guangdong and Hubei). The carbon emissions accounting method of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was used to calculate the actual CO2 and the support vector machine model was used to predict CO2. Chinese carbon reduction policies abated CO2 in the six carbon trading pilot schemes after the comprehensive policies came into force. However, the contribution of policies to CO2 abatement varied among regions, and the effect of carbon reduction policy on municipality pilot schemes was greater than on provincial pilot schemes. The largest contribution of carbon reduction policy to CO2 abatement was 28.3%, for the pilot carbon trading scheme in Beijing, and the smallest contribution was 3.7%, for that in Hubei. It is crucial to consider "carbon leakage" and a carbon trading linking program in order to evaluate the effects of carbon reduction policies.展开更多
The Ker-Ya River flows through the high-tech industrial park and urban residential areas of Hsin-Chu in northern Taiwan. Major and trace element concentrations of waste effluents, river water, and sediment samples col...The Ker-Ya River flows through the high-tech industrial park and urban residential areas of Hsin-Chu in northern Taiwan. Major and trace element concentrations of waste effluents, river water, and sediment samples collected during 2017 along the Ker-Ya River were analyzed to elucidate the distribution pattern of potential pollutants. Principal component analyses were applied, and four major contaminant associations were recognized: 1) Ce, Co, Fe, La, V, and Cr;2) Cu and Ni associated with Hg, Ni, P, Ga, W, In, and Ti;3) B, Li, Ba, Ca, and Ag;and 4) Sn with Zn, In, and Cd. All associations are considered to be mainly anthropogenic. Although the element associations recognized from the water samples are not exactly the same as those from the sediment samples but nevertheless, they are similar, suggesting that the short-term and long-term distribution patterns are consistent. The A association accounts for the most variance in the data and exhibits the widest distribution, suggesting the existence of contaminant sources in the upper and lower reaches, respectively. The sediments near the outlet of the city sewage plant also contain association A elements, signaling incomplete processing of the diverged waters sent to the plant at the river mouth. The B association (mainly Cu and Ni) appeared mainly in the upper and middle reaches, indicative of sources from industries in the upper reaches and the tributary Nan-Men Creek. The C association (B, Ba, Ca, and Li) was limited to the center part of the river, probably attributable to a nearby paper mill. The D association (primarily Sn, In, and Zn) was present in the top point of the middle reaches, suggesting the presence of other contaminant sources in the upper reaches. Although a total of four concomitant associations were recognized, none of the elements exceeded the drinking water standard, suggesting that there was no severe pollution present.展开更多
One of the clear signals of the ongoing climate change is sea level rise (SLR). Normal oceanic tides superimposed on a rising sea level and coastal flooding will affect many coastal communities. An international colla...One of the clear signals of the ongoing climate change is sea level rise (SLR). Normal oceanic tides superimposed on a rising sea level and coastal flooding will affect many coastal communities. An international collaboration among Brazil, the United Kingdom, and the United States was designed to evaluate local decision making processes and to open space for local urban managers to reflect on possible actions toward adaption to sea level rise given the historical constraints imposed by administrative and institutional structures. This project focused on the processes that shape adaptation of three coastal communities in three countries. It worked jointly with these communities in defining the problem, examining risks, and understanding the benefits and obstacles that may hinder implementation of adaptation options. The framework was co-designed by an interdisciplinary team that incorporated social and natural scientists from the three countries, including local government officials. The study addressed 1) evaluation of adaptive capacity through participant surveys and 2) physical and cost impact simulations using geospatial models of the built infrastructure and implementation of adaptation options under different hazard scenarios, including 50 and 100-year sea level rise projections and severe storms. Based on the surveys’ results, there is a clear sense of the awareness of each community of the risk of floods due to intense storms, and of the usefulness of engaging early in a process that promotes the understanding of risks, impacts, and costs. A majority of workshop participants prioritized pursuing physical and green infrastructure actions now or within coming years or decades. A positive common aspect of the three sites was the commitment shown by the stakeholders in taking part in the process and evaluating which adaptation measures could be more effective in their cities. While in the US and UK structural solutions and voluntary buyouts were prioritized for the future, Brazil prioritized structural solutions and ecosystems restoration and not voluntary buyouts. All of these are choices to increase resiliency against sea level rise that have a high benefit-cost ratio. The Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI) results illustrate barriers to adaptation action, including technical, economic and political issues that reveal inequalities in adaptive capacity among case studies.展开更多
Recently,spatiotemporal optical vortices(STOVs)with transverse orbital angular momentum have emerged as a significant research topic.While various STOV fields have been explored,they often suffer from a critical limit...Recently,spatiotemporal optical vortices(STOVs)with transverse orbital angular momentum have emerged as a significant research topic.While various STOV fields have been explored,they often suffer from a critical limitation:the spatial and temporal dimensions of the STOV wavepacket are strongly correlated with the topological charge.展开更多
Based on the experience of the International Society for Digital Earth(ISDE),this paper describes some challenges foreseen in order to develop a Digital Earth platform that can support the implementation of the Sustai...Based on the experience of the International Society for Digital Earth(ISDE),this paper describes some challenges foreseen in order to develop a Digital Earth platform that can support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.The use of ready-to-use derived geospatial information is essential.Future Earth’s methodology of‘co-design’aims to bring together natural,social scientists and decision makers to plan and carry out research for sustainability.Sustainability implies transdisciplinary research,but in order for scientists of different disciplines to work together,they will need to be able to share,access and use common data.This is by far not simple!While the good will to share data might exist,the associated technological,ethical and privacy issues are difficult to solve.An adequate e-infrastructure will be required.ISDE could consider to use the SDGs is the basis to develop the desired Digital Earth platform.This paper,by no means,covers everything for a Digital Earth platform,it aims to trigger research discussions and to have a good view about a starting point.展开更多
The areas covered by 1.5 ℃ and 2.0 ℃ warming thresholds under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 were analyzed based on 22 CMIP5 models. More than 90% of the model runs are in agreement that by the end of the 21 st century,...The areas covered by 1.5 ℃ and 2.0 ℃ warming thresholds under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 were analyzed based on 22 CMIP5 models. More than 90% of the model runs are in agreement that by the end of the 21 st century, near-surface air temperature changes over ~5%(~2%), ~40%(~18%), and ~92%(~86%)of the globe will cross the 1.5 ℃(2.0 ℃) threshold under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, respectively. Under RCP8.5, nearly the whole of North America, Europe + Russia, Africa, and Asia–Russia will cross the 1.5 ℃(2.0 ℃) threshold in ~2050(~2060), while the coverage rates over South America and Oceania are ~80%(~75%) and ~50%(~30%), respectively. The threshold-onset time(TOT) for 2 ℃ warming is earliest over Europe + Russia and North America, followed by Africa, Asia–Russia, South America, and finally Oceania under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The TOT for 1.5 ℃ is ~10–30 years ahead of that for 2.0 ℃.展开更多
Future climate change is usually projected by coupled earth system models under specific emission sce- narios designed by integrated assessment models （IAMs）, and this offline approach means there is no interaction ...Future climate change is usually projected by coupled earth system models under specific emission sce- narios designed by integrated assessment models （IAMs）, and this offline approach means there is no interaction between the coupled earth system models and the IAMs. This paper introduces a new method to design possible future emission scenarios and corresponding climate change, in which a simple economic and climate damage component is added to the coupled earth system model of Beijing Normal University （BNU-ESM）. With the growth of population and technological expertise and the declining emission-to-output ratio described in the Dynamic Inte- grated Climate-Economy model, the projected carbon emission is 13.7 Gt C, resulting in a 2.4℃ warming by the end of the twenty-first century （2080-2099） compared with 1980-1999. This paper also suggests the importance of the land and ocean carbon cycle in determining the CO2 con- centration in the atmosphere. It is hoped that in the near future the next generation of coupled earth system models that include both the natural system and the social dimension will be developed.展开更多
The coast is home to unique ecosystems,where complex ecological processes take place through the interaction of terrestrial,aquatic,atmospheric,and human landscapes.However,there are considerable knowledge and data ga...The coast is home to unique ecosystems,where complex ecological processes take place through the interaction of terrestrial,aquatic,atmospheric,and human landscapes.However,there are considerable knowledge and data gaps in achieving effective and future change-proof sustainable management of coastal zones around the world due to both technical and social barriers,as well as governance challenges.Currently,the role of Earth observation(EO)in addressing many of the recognised information gaps is small and under-utilised.While EO can provide much of the spatiotemporal information required for historical analysis and current status mapping,and offers the advantage of global coverage;its uptake can be limited by technical and methodological challenges associated mostly with lack of capacity and infrastructure,product accuracy and accessibility,costs,and institutional acceptance.While new initiatives and recent technological progress in the EO and information technology arena aim to tackle some of these issues so that EO products can be more easily used by non-EO experts,uptake is still limited.This paper discusses how EO can potentially inform transformative practices of planning in the coastal water zone,by using examples to demonstrate the EO potential in providing information relevant to decisionmaking framed by international agreements,such as the United Nations Agenda 2030,the Convention on Biological Diversity,and the Sendai Framework for Risk Reduction.By presenting evidence for how EO can contribute to innovative opportunities and data synergies at scale,the paper discusses opportunities and challenges for a more solution-led approach to sustainable coastal management.展开更多
Cancer stem cells(CSCs)constitute a highly plastic and therapy-resistant cell subpopulation within tumors that drives tumor initiation,progression,metastasis,and relapse.Their ability to evade conventional treatments,...Cancer stem cells(CSCs)constitute a highly plastic and therapy-resistant cell subpopulation within tumors that drives tumor initiation,progression,metastasis,and relapse.Their ability to evade conventional treatments,adapt to metabolic stress,and interact with the tumor microenvironment makes them critical targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.Recent advances in single-cell sequencing,spatial transcriptomics,and multiomics integration have significantly improved our understanding of CSC heterogeneity and metabolic adaptability.Metabolic plasticity allows CSCs to switch between glycolysis,oxidative phosphorylation,and alternative fuel sources such as glutamine and fatty acids,enabling them to survive under diverse environmental conditions.Moreover,interactions with stromal cells,immune components,and vascular endothelial cells facilitate metabolic symbiosis,further promoting CSC survival and drug resistance.Despite substantial progress,major hurdles remain,including the lack of universally reliable CSC biomarkers and the challenge of targeting CSCs without affecting normal stem cells.The development of 3D organoid models,CRISPR-based functional screens,and AI-driven multiomics analysis is paving the way for precision-targeted CSC therapies.Emerging strategies such as dual metabolic inhibition,synthetic biology-based interventions,and immune-based approaches hold promise for overcoming CSC-mediated therapy resistance.Moving forward,an integrative approach combining metabolic reprogramming,immunomodulation,and targeted inhibition of CSC vulnerabilities is essential for developing effective CSC-directed therapies.This review discusses the latest advancements in CSC biology,highlights key challenges,and explores future perspectives on translating these findings into clinical applications.展开更多
The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Climate System Model(CAMS-CSM) is a newly developed global climate model that will participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6. Based on historical s...The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Climate System Model(CAMS-CSM) is a newly developed global climate model that will participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6. Based on historical simulations(1900-2013), we evaluate the model performance in simulating the observed characteristics of the Arctic climate system, which includes air temperature, precipitation, the Arctic Oscillation(AO), ocean temperature/salinity,the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC), snow cover, and sea ice. The model-data comparisons indicate that the CAMS-CSM reproduces spatial patterns of climatological mean air temperature over the Arctic(60°-90°N) and a rapid warming trend from 1979 to 2013. However, the warming trend is overestimated south of the Arctic Circle, implying a subdued Arctic amplification. The distribution of climatological precipitation in the Arctic is broadly captured in the model, whereas it shows limited skills in depicting the overall increasing trend. The AO can be reproduced by the CAMS-CSM in terms of reasonable patterns and variability. Regarding the ocean simulation, the model underestimates the AMOC and zonally averaged ocean temperatures and salinity above a depth of 500 m, and it fails to reproduce the observed increasing trend in the upper ocean heat content in the Arctic. The largescale distribution of the snow cover extent(SCE) in the Northern Hemisphere and the overall decreasing trend in the spring SCE are captured by the CAMS-CSM, while the biased magnitudes exist. Due to the underestimation of the AMOC and the poor quantification of air–sea interaction, the CAMS-CSM overestimates regional sea ice and underestimates the observed decreasing trend in Arctic sea–ice area in September. Overall, the CAMS-CSM reproduces a climatological distribution of the Arctic climate system and general trends from 1979 to 2013 compared with the observations, but it shows limited skills in modeling local trends and interannual variability.展开更多
It is conducive to the sustainable development of human beings in karst regions to research the mechanism of karst rocky desertification(KRD)expansion.Whether the large-scale KRD in southwestern China is caused by cli...It is conducive to the sustainable development of human beings in karst regions to research the mechanism of karst rocky desertification(KRD)expansion.Whether the large-scale KRD in southwestern China is caused by climate change or human activities is still controversial.In this study,the evolution of the KRD in southwestern China over the past 2000 years was reconstructed through the high-precisionδ^(13)C record of stalagmites from Shijiangjun(SJJ)Cave,Guizhou Province,China.Theδ^(13)C of the stalagmites from SJJ Cave exhibited heavy values from the Medieval Warm Period(MWP)to the Little Ice Age(LIA).Furthermore,theδ^(13)C records of other stalagmites and tufa from southwestern China also showed the same significant heavy trend.Because the stalagmiteδ^(13)C could record the change of ecological environment,it indicated that the consistent change of the stalagmitesδ^(13)C may record the process of KRD expansion in the karst regions of southwestern China.During the MWP,the stronger Asian summer monsoon and the northward movement of the rain belt led to a dry period in southwestern China and a wet period in northern China.In contrast,it was wet in southwestern China and dry in northern China during the LIA.In addition,after the Jing-Kang event(JK event,AD1127)occurred at the end of the Northern Song dynasty,the political and economic center of China migrated to southern China for the first time,which changed the population distribution pattern of larger population in the north and smaller population in the south.Therefore,the expansion of KRD in southwestern China was exacerbated in the MWP due to the change of climate in southwestern China,the migration of a large number of people,wars,the large-scale reclamation of arable land,and the cultivation of large areas of crops.展开更多
In recent decades,international assessments of the ocean have evolved from specialized,technical evaluations of the state of the marine environment to more integrated and thematically extensive science-policy platform...In recent decades,international assessments of the ocean have evolved from specialized,technical evaluations of the state of the marine environment to more integrated and thematically extensive science-policy platforms.As assessment programmes such as the UN Regular Process blossom on the global stage and subsume responsibility for tracking progress on sustainable development,there is a need to consider how their processes wield influence and effectively translate knowledge into action.In the present paper,we undertake a comprehensive review of the literature on global environmental assessments(GEAs)and extract key principles that can be applied to global assessments of the marine environment.We were particularly inspired to identify how social processes could be arranged to best distill,communicate,and produce actionable knowledge.While we look to the advice of experts in the literature,we highlight specific examples from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services(IPBES),and the Global Environment Outlook(GEO).From this review,knowledge coproduction,multilevel collaboration,and futures thinking emerged as the dominant principles of influential and action-oriented assessments.We conclude the paper by contextualizing how these principles may be operationalized for Global Marine Assessments in the future.展开更多
基金supported by Chinese Academy of Sciences International Cooperation Program:Co-design of Implementation Plan for Future Earth in China (134111KYSB20130002)Academic Divisions of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Consultation Project:Implementation of Future Earth in China and Promote Social Sustainable Development
文摘This article provides an overview to Future Earth activities carried out by the Chinese National Committee for Future Earth(CNC-FE).Future Earth is an international research programme which aims to provide critical knowledge to face the challenges posed by global environmental change and to identify opportunities for a transition to global sustainability.CNC-FE is the main body devoted to implementing the Future Earth programme in China.Incorporating Future Earth themes and national science needs,CNC-FE has identified 14 priority areas.Since its establishment,it has conducted an array of activities to fulfill its missions,including implementing projects,convening international meetings,translating and publishing Future Earth and CNC-FE related documents and promoting Future Earth and CNC-FE on various outreach occasions.CNC-FE closely follows Future Earth's development and meanwhile integrates its themes with Chinese practice.It is hoped that implementing Future Earth in China can boost global environmental change including climate change research in China and also have positive implications for developing countries who are trying to adapt to climate change and address the challenges for the national sustainable development.
文摘As a 10-year international research programme jointly initiated by ICSU(International Council for Science),ISSC(International Social Science Council)and others,Future Earth aims to provide critical knowledge required for societies to face the challenges posed by global environmental change and to identify opportunities for a transition to global sustainability(FE,2013).The launching of Future Earth is the outcome of step change in global environment change research and funding strategy and meet the demands for connecting
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42074071,42274094,42261144739)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(No.KQTD20170810111725321)+2 种基金supported by the Taiwan University Core Consortiums Project(No.112L894202)the Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education(No.112L901001)the National Science and Technology Council(No.111-2116-M-002-022-MY3)。
文摘The environmental magnetic proxies of stalagmites hold significant potential for reconstructing regional hydroclimate changes by revealing the content and grain size of magnetic particles within stalagmites.In this study,we present the contents and grain sizes of magnetic particles within a stalagmite SZ-1,from Shizhu Cave in southwestern China from 70.4 to 22.3 thousand years ago(ka)during the last glacial period.Specifically,the parameters IRM_(soft),soil-derived magnetic minerals,and ARM/SIRM(anhysteretic remanent magnetization/saturation isothermal remanent magnetization),the ratio of fine magnetic particles to total ferrimagnetic particles preserved in stalagmite SZ-1,indicate the fluctuation of regional precipitation.Obvious half-precessional cycles are evident in these two proxies,indicating that hydroclimatic variations in southwestern China may predominantly arise from the heat and moisture transported from tropical oceans.These variations are likely influenced by shifts in the Intertropical Convergence Zone and fluctuations in the Asian Summer Monsoon.
基金supported by the Institute for Basic Science (IBS-R022-D1)Global Learning&Academic Research Institution for Master’s/Ph D students and Post-Doc Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Ministry of Education (RS-2023-00301938)+1 种基金National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean government (RS-2024-00406152,MSIT)Additional financial support was provided by the 2024 Post-Doc Development Program of Pusan National University,Korea Medical Institute,and KREONET。
文摘Polystyrene nanoparticles pose significant toxicological risks to aquatic ecosystems,yet their impact on zebrafish(Danio rerio)embryonic development,particularly erythropoiesis,remains underexplored.This study used single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively evaluate the effects of polystyrene nanoparticle exposure on erythropoiesis in zebrafish embryos.In vivo validation experiments corroborated the transcriptomic findings,revealing that polystyrene nanoparticle exposure disrupted erythrocyte differentiation,as evidenced by the decrease in mature erythrocytes and concomitant increase in immature erythrocytes.Additionally,impaired heme synthesis further contributed to the diminished erythrocyte population.These findings underscore the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoparticles on hematopoietic processes,highlighting their potential to compromise organismal health in aquatic environments.
基金funded by the National Key Program for Global Change Research of China(Grant No.2010CB950504)the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program)(Grant No. 2012CB95570001)the nationallevel major cultivation project of Guangdong Province entitled:"The construction and application of coupled earth system and social economic models"(Grant No.2014GKXM058)
文摘Integrated assessment models and coupled earth system models both have their limitations in understanding the interactions between human activity and the physical earth system. In this paper, a new human--earth system model, BNU- HESM1.0, constructed by combining the economic and climate damage components of the Dynamic Integrated Model of Climate Change and Economy to the BNU-ESM model, is introduced. The ability of BNU-HESM1.0 in simulating the global CO2 concentration and surface temperature is also evaluated. We find that, compared to observation, BNU-HESM1.0 underestimates the global CO2 concentration and its rising trend during 1965-2005, due to the uncertainty in the economic components. However, the surface temperature simulated by BNU-HESM1.0 is much closer to observation, resulting from the overestimates of surface temperature by the original BNU-ESM model. The uncertainty of BNU-ESM falls within the range of present earth system uncertainty, so it is the economic and climate damage component of BNU-HESM 1.0 that needs to be improved through further study. However, the main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new approach to investigate the complex relationship between human activity and the earth system. It is hoped that it will inspire further ideas that prove valuable in guiding human activities appropriate for a sustainable future climate.
基金This work is founded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0602703 and 2016YFA0600704),and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41330527).
文摘Based on data of 22 models from the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5),the performance of climate simulation is assessed and future changes under RCP2.6,RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are projected over critical Belt and Road region.Compared with observations,the CMIP5 models simulate the linear trend and spatial distribution of the annual mean surface air temperature(SAT)better in the north(NBR)and south(SBR)of the Belt and Road region.The trend of the 22-model ensemble mean(CMIP5 MME)is 0.70/0.50 C per 100 years from 1901 to 2005,and the observed trend is 1.11/0.77 C per 100 years in the NBR/SBR region.After 1971,the relative error between CMIP5 MME and observations is 22%/15%in the NBR/SBR region.Seven/nine models are selected in the NBR/SBR to project future SAT changes under three RCP scenarios.For 2081e2100,warming in the NBR/SBR is projected to be(1.16±0.29)/(0.72±0.32)C,(2.41±0.54)/(1.55±0.44)C,and(5.23±1.02)/(3.33±0.65)C for RCP2.6,RCP4.5,and RCP8.5,respectively.Under the RCP scenarios,the NBR region shows greater warming than the SBR region.The most significant warming is expected in Kazakhstan and the northern part of the SBR.The associated uncertainty generally increases with time under the three RCP scenarios.Furthermore,increases in warming over the Belt and Road region are more remarkable under higher-emission scenarios than lower-emission ones.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41330527 and 41505068)National Key Program for Global Change Research of China(Grant No.2010CB950500)Fundamental Research Funds of CAMS(Grant No.2015Y004)
文摘One of the key issues in international climate negotiations is the formulation of targets for emissions reduction for all countries based on the principle of "common but differentiated responsibilities". This formulation depends primarily on the quantitative attribution of the responsibilities of developed and developing countries for historical climate change. Using the Commuity Earth System Model(CESM), we estimate the responsibilities of developed countries and developing countries for climatic change from 1850 to 2005 using their carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions. The results indicate that developed countries contribute approximately 53%–61%, and developing countries approximately 39%–47%, to the increase in global air temperature, upper oceanic warming, sea-ice reduction in the NH, and permafrost degradation. In addition, the spatial heterogeneity of these changes from 1850 to 2005 is primarily attributed to the emissions of greenhouse gases(GHGs)in developed countries. Although uncertainties remain in the climate model and the external forcings used, GHG emissions in developed countries are the major contributor to the observed climate system changes in the 20 th century.
基金jointly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB9557001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41175125)
文摘The contributions of carbon reduction policies were evaluated and compared for six carbon trading pilot schemes in China, in four municipalities(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) and two provinces(Guangdong and Hubei). The carbon emissions accounting method of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was used to calculate the actual CO2 and the support vector machine model was used to predict CO2. Chinese carbon reduction policies abated CO2 in the six carbon trading pilot schemes after the comprehensive policies came into force. However, the contribution of policies to CO2 abatement varied among regions, and the effect of carbon reduction policy on municipality pilot schemes was greater than on provincial pilot schemes. The largest contribution of carbon reduction policy to CO2 abatement was 28.3%, for the pilot carbon trading scheme in Beijing, and the smallest contribution was 3.7%, for that in Hubei. It is crucial to consider "carbon leakage" and a carbon trading linking program in order to evaluate the effects of carbon reduction policies.
文摘The Ker-Ya River flows through the high-tech industrial park and urban residential areas of Hsin-Chu in northern Taiwan. Major and trace element concentrations of waste effluents, river water, and sediment samples collected during 2017 along the Ker-Ya River were analyzed to elucidate the distribution pattern of potential pollutants. Principal component analyses were applied, and four major contaminant associations were recognized: 1) Ce, Co, Fe, La, V, and Cr;2) Cu and Ni associated with Hg, Ni, P, Ga, W, In, and Ti;3) B, Li, Ba, Ca, and Ag;and 4) Sn with Zn, In, and Cd. All associations are considered to be mainly anthropogenic. Although the element associations recognized from the water samples are not exactly the same as those from the sediment samples but nevertheless, they are similar, suggesting that the short-term and long-term distribution patterns are consistent. The A association accounts for the most variance in the data and exhibits the widest distribution, suggesting the existence of contaminant sources in the upper and lower reaches, respectively. The sediments near the outlet of the city sewage plant also contain association A elements, signaling incomplete processing of the diverged waters sent to the plant at the river mouth. The B association (mainly Cu and Ni) appeared mainly in the upper and middle reaches, indicative of sources from industries in the upper reaches and the tributary Nan-Men Creek. The C association (B, Ba, Ca, and Li) was limited to the center part of the river, probably attributable to a nearby paper mill. The D association (primarily Sn, In, and Zn) was present in the top point of the middle reaches, suggesting the presence of other contaminant sources in the upper reaches. Although a total of four concomitant associations were recognized, none of the elements exceeded the drinking water standard, suggesting that there was no severe pollution present.
文摘One of the clear signals of the ongoing climate change is sea level rise (SLR). Normal oceanic tides superimposed on a rising sea level and coastal flooding will affect many coastal communities. An international collaboration among Brazil, the United Kingdom, and the United States was designed to evaluate local decision making processes and to open space for local urban managers to reflect on possible actions toward adaption to sea level rise given the historical constraints imposed by administrative and institutional structures. This project focused on the processes that shape adaptation of three coastal communities in three countries. It worked jointly with these communities in defining the problem, examining risks, and understanding the benefits and obstacles that may hinder implementation of adaptation options. The framework was co-designed by an interdisciplinary team that incorporated social and natural scientists from the three countries, including local government officials. The study addressed 1) evaluation of adaptive capacity through participant surveys and 2) physical and cost impact simulations using geospatial models of the built infrastructure and implementation of adaptation options under different hazard scenarios, including 50 and 100-year sea level rise projections and severe storms. Based on the surveys’ results, there is a clear sense of the awareness of each community of the risk of floods due to intense storms, and of the usefulness of engaging early in a process that promotes the understanding of risks, impacts, and costs. A majority of workshop participants prioritized pursuing physical and green infrastructure actions now or within coming years or decades. A positive common aspect of the three sites was the commitment shown by the stakeholders in taking part in the process and evaluating which adaptation measures could be more effective in their cities. While in the US and UK structural solutions and voluntary buyouts were prioritized for the future, Brazil prioritized structural solutions and ecosystems restoration and not voluntary buyouts. All of these are choices to increase resiliency against sea level rise that have a high benefit-cost ratio. The Adaptive Capacity Index (ACI) results illustrate barriers to adaptation action, including technical, economic and political issues that reveal inequalities in adaptive capacity among case studies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(12434012,12474336)Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(24JD1402600,24QA2705800)+2 种基金National Research Foundation of Korea(2022R1A2C1091890)Global-Learning&Academic Research Institution for Master's/PhD students,and Postdocs(LAMP)Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(RS-2023-00301938)Key Project ofWestlake Institute for Optoelectronics(2023GD007).
文摘Recently,spatiotemporal optical vortices(STOVs)with transverse orbital angular momentum have emerged as a significant research topic.While various STOV fields have been explored,they often suffer from a critical limitation:the spatial and temporal dimensions of the STOV wavepacket are strongly correlated with the topological charge.
文摘Based on the experience of the International Society for Digital Earth(ISDE),this paper describes some challenges foreseen in order to develop a Digital Earth platform that can support the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.The use of ready-to-use derived geospatial information is essential.Future Earth’s methodology of‘co-design’aims to bring together natural,social scientists and decision makers to plan and carry out research for sustainability.Sustainability implies transdisciplinary research,but in order for scientists of different disciplines to work together,they will need to be able to share,access and use common data.This is by far not simple!While the good will to share data might exist,the associated technological,ethical and privacy issues are difficult to solve.An adequate e-infrastructure will be required.ISDE could consider to use the SDGs is the basis to develop the desired Digital Earth platform.This paper,by no means,covers everything for a Digital Earth platform,it aims to trigger research discussions and to have a good view about a starting point.
基金supported by the National Key Research&Development Plan of China(No.2016YFA0602703 and No.2016YFC1401603)the special fund forthe Second Institute of Oceanography(No.JG1620)+3 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41705048,No.41605036 and No.41621064)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LR16D060001)Sino-German cooperation in ocean and polar researchthe national-level major cultivation project of Guangdong Province(No.2014GKXM058)
文摘The areas covered by 1.5 ℃ and 2.0 ℃ warming thresholds under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5 were analyzed based on 22 CMIP5 models. More than 90% of the model runs are in agreement that by the end of the 21 st century, near-surface air temperature changes over ~5%(~2%), ~40%(~18%), and ~92%(~86%)of the globe will cross the 1.5 ℃(2.0 ℃) threshold under RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5, respectively. Under RCP8.5, nearly the whole of North America, Europe + Russia, Africa, and Asia–Russia will cross the 1.5 ℃(2.0 ℃) threshold in ~2050(~2060), while the coverage rates over South America and Oceania are ~80%(~75%) and ~50%(~30%), respectively. The threshold-onset time(TOT) for 2 ℃ warming is earliest over Europe + Russia and North America, followed by Africa, Asia–Russia, South America, and finally Oceania under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The TOT for 1.5 ℃ is ~10–30 years ahead of that for 2.0 ℃.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41605036 and 41305053)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFA0602703)+1 种基金the National-Level Major Cultivation Project of Guangdong Province (2014GKXM058)the Open Project of the State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science (SKLCS-OP-2016-09)
文摘Future climate change is usually projected by coupled earth system models under specific emission sce- narios designed by integrated assessment models （IAMs）, and this offline approach means there is no interaction between the coupled earth system models and the IAMs. This paper introduces a new method to design possible future emission scenarios and corresponding climate change, in which a simple economic and climate damage component is added to the coupled earth system model of Beijing Normal University （BNU-ESM）. With the growth of population and technological expertise and the declining emission-to-output ratio described in the Dynamic Inte- grated Climate-Economy model, the projected carbon emission is 13.7 Gt C, resulting in a 2.4℃ warming by the end of the twenty-first century （2080-2099） compared with 1980-1999. This paper also suggests the importance of the land and ocean carbon cycle in determining the CO2 con- centration in the atmosphere. It is hoped that in the near future the next generation of coupled earth system models that include both the natural system and the social dimension will be developed.
基金supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.687289(Co-ReSyF project)the United Kingdom’s Natural Environment Research Council(NERC)under Grant NE/E009328(GloboLakes project)the Future Earth Coasts project.
文摘The coast is home to unique ecosystems,where complex ecological processes take place through the interaction of terrestrial,aquatic,atmospheric,and human landscapes.However,there are considerable knowledge and data gaps in achieving effective and future change-proof sustainable management of coastal zones around the world due to both technical and social barriers,as well as governance challenges.Currently,the role of Earth observation(EO)in addressing many of the recognised information gaps is small and under-utilised.While EO can provide much of the spatiotemporal information required for historical analysis and current status mapping,and offers the advantage of global coverage;its uptake can be limited by technical and methodological challenges associated mostly with lack of capacity and infrastructure,product accuracy and accessibility,costs,and institutional acceptance.While new initiatives and recent technological progress in the EO and information technology arena aim to tackle some of these issues so that EO products can be more easily used by non-EO experts,uptake is still limited.This paper discusses how EO can potentially inform transformative practices of planning in the coastal water zone,by using examples to demonstrate the EO potential in providing information relevant to decisionmaking framed by international agreements,such as the United Nations Agenda 2030,the Convention on Biological Diversity,and the Sendai Framework for Risk Reduction.By presenting evidence for how EO can contribute to innovative opportunities and data synergies at scale,the paper discusses opportunities and challenges for a more solution-led approach to sustainable coastal management.
基金supported by a National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(RS-2023-00207904)supported by the Global-Learning&Academic Research Institution for Master’s·PhD students and the Postdocs(LAMP)Program of the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Ministry of Education(No.RS-2023—00301938).
文摘Cancer stem cells(CSCs)constitute a highly plastic and therapy-resistant cell subpopulation within tumors that drives tumor initiation,progression,metastasis,and relapse.Their ability to evade conventional treatments,adapt to metabolic stress,and interact with the tumor microenvironment makes them critical targets for innovative therapeutic strategies.Recent advances in single-cell sequencing,spatial transcriptomics,and multiomics integration have significantly improved our understanding of CSC heterogeneity and metabolic adaptability.Metabolic plasticity allows CSCs to switch between glycolysis,oxidative phosphorylation,and alternative fuel sources such as glutamine and fatty acids,enabling them to survive under diverse environmental conditions.Moreover,interactions with stromal cells,immune components,and vascular endothelial cells facilitate metabolic symbiosis,further promoting CSC survival and drug resistance.Despite substantial progress,major hurdles remain,including the lack of universally reliable CSC biomarkers and the challenge of targeting CSCs without affecting normal stem cells.The development of 3D organoid models,CRISPR-based functional screens,and AI-driven multiomics analysis is paving the way for precision-targeted CSC therapies.Emerging strategies such as dual metabolic inhibition,synthetic biology-based interventions,and immune-based approaches hold promise for overcoming CSC-mediated therapy resistance.Moving forward,an integrative approach combining metabolic reprogramming,immunomodulation,and targeted inhibition of CSC vulnerabilities is essential for developing effective CSC-directed therapies.This review discusses the latest advancements in CSC biology,highlights key challenges,and explores future perspectives on translating these findings into clinical applications.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFA0602704)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41505068)
文摘The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences Climate System Model(CAMS-CSM) is a newly developed global climate model that will participate in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 6. Based on historical simulations(1900-2013), we evaluate the model performance in simulating the observed characteristics of the Arctic climate system, which includes air temperature, precipitation, the Arctic Oscillation(AO), ocean temperature/salinity,the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation(AMOC), snow cover, and sea ice. The model-data comparisons indicate that the CAMS-CSM reproduces spatial patterns of climatological mean air temperature over the Arctic(60°-90°N) and a rapid warming trend from 1979 to 2013. However, the warming trend is overestimated south of the Arctic Circle, implying a subdued Arctic amplification. The distribution of climatological precipitation in the Arctic is broadly captured in the model, whereas it shows limited skills in depicting the overall increasing trend. The AO can be reproduced by the CAMS-CSM in terms of reasonable patterns and variability. Regarding the ocean simulation, the model underestimates the AMOC and zonally averaged ocean temperatures and salinity above a depth of 500 m, and it fails to reproduce the observed increasing trend in the upper ocean heat content in the Arctic. The largescale distribution of the snow cover extent(SCE) in the Northern Hemisphere and the overall decreasing trend in the spring SCE are captured by the CAMS-CSM, while the biased magnitudes exist. Due to the underestimation of the AMOC and the poor quantification of air–sea interaction, the CAMS-CSM overestimates regional sea ice and underestimates the observed decreasing trend in Arctic sea–ice area in September. Overall, the CAMS-CSM reproduces a climatological distribution of the Arctic climate system and general trends from 1979 to 2013 compared with the observations, but it shows limited skills in modeling local trends and interannual variability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41772170,42011530078)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(Grant Nos.XDJK2017A010,XDJK2020D005)to Li T Y+2 种基金the Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Commission Fellowship Fund(Grant Nos.cstc2019yszx-jcyjX0002,cstc2020yszxjcyjX0006)to Yuan D X,and the Open Project of Guangxi Key Science and Technology Innovation Base on Karst Dynamics(Grant No.KDL&Guangxi 202003)to Li J Y.230Th dating at the High-precision Mass Spectrometry and Environment Change Laboratory(HISPEC),Taiwan University,Chinawas supported by the Science Vanguard Research Program of the Ministry of Science and Technology(Grant No.108-2119-M-002-012)the Higher Education Sprout Project of the Ministry of Education,Taiwan,China(Grant No.108L901001)to Shen C C.This research was also Supported by the China Scholarship Council(CSC)(Grant No.202006990068)to Chen C C.
文摘It is conducive to the sustainable development of human beings in karst regions to research the mechanism of karst rocky desertification(KRD)expansion.Whether the large-scale KRD in southwestern China is caused by climate change or human activities is still controversial.In this study,the evolution of the KRD in southwestern China over the past 2000 years was reconstructed through the high-precisionδ^(13)C record of stalagmites from Shijiangjun(SJJ)Cave,Guizhou Province,China.Theδ^(13)C of the stalagmites from SJJ Cave exhibited heavy values from the Medieval Warm Period(MWP)to the Little Ice Age(LIA).Furthermore,theδ^(13)C records of other stalagmites and tufa from southwestern China also showed the same significant heavy trend.Because the stalagmiteδ^(13)C could record the change of ecological environment,it indicated that the consistent change of the stalagmitesδ^(13)C may record the process of KRD expansion in the karst regions of southwestern China.During the MWP,the stronger Asian summer monsoon and the northward movement of the rain belt led to a dry period in southwestern China and a wet period in northern China.In contrast,it was wet in southwestern China and dry in northern China during the LIA.In addition,after the Jing-Kang event(JK event,AD1127)occurred at the end of the Northern Song dynasty,the political and economic center of China migrated to southern China for the first time,which changed the population distribution pattern of larger population in the north and smaller population in the south.Therefore,the expansion of KRD in southwestern China was exacerbated in the MWP due to the change of climate in southwestern China,the migration of a large number of people,wars,the large-scale reclamation of arable land,and the cultivation of large areas of crops.
文摘In recent decades,international assessments of the ocean have evolved from specialized,technical evaluations of the state of the marine environment to more integrated and thematically extensive science-policy platforms.As assessment programmes such as the UN Regular Process blossom on the global stage and subsume responsibility for tracking progress on sustainable development,there is a need to consider how their processes wield influence and effectively translate knowledge into action.In the present paper,we undertake a comprehensive review of the literature on global environmental assessments(GEAs)and extract key principles that can be applied to global assessments of the marine environment.We were particularly inspired to identify how social processes could be arranged to best distill,communicate,and produce actionable knowledge.While we look to the advice of experts in the literature,we highlight specific examples from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC),Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services(IPBES),and the Global Environment Outlook(GEO).From this review,knowledge coproduction,multilevel collaboration,and futures thinking emerged as the dominant principles of influential and action-oriented assessments.We conclude the paper by contextualizing how these principles may be operationalized for Global Marine Assessments in the future.
