Outfall alternatives are evaluated for a municipal wastewater treatment facility that discharges effluent at the shoreline of an urban lake. Occurrence of plumes of poorly diluted effluent in adjoining portions of the...Outfall alternatives are evaluated for a municipal wastewater treatment facility that discharges effluent at the shoreline of an urban lake. Occurrence of plumes of poorly diluted effluent in adjoining portions of the lake is described. Alternatives considered include outfalls over a range of depth and various diffuser designs. Benefits and impacts on lake stratification and dissolved oxygen are evaluated for an array of design alternatives with a model which links a far field hydrothermal and transport submodel with a near field buoyant plume submodel. Outfall design features are described that: 1) reduce shoreline discharge of bypass flow of partially treated wastewater during major runoff events;2) eliminate plumes of poorly diluted effluent;and 3) reduce loading of the effluent to the upper waters. A deep (10 to 14 m) outfall with a multiport diffuser would reduce the loading of the facility’s effluent to the upper waters by approximately 40%, without noteworthy impact on stratification or dissolved oxygen.展开更多
Our prior study focused on development of internet of things(IoT)and edge-compute enabled crop physiology sensing system(CPSS)for apple sunburn monitoring.Edge compute algorithm on CPSS estimated sunburn susceptibilit...Our prior study focused on development of internet of things(IoT)and edge-compute enabled crop physiology sensing system(CPSS)for apple sunburn monitoring.Edge compute algorithm on CPSS estimated sunburn susceptibility as fruit surface temperature(FST)through pixel-by-pixel multiplication of captured thermal infrared images with segmented fruits binary mask.The segmentation was performed using color-based K means clustering approach.This limited CPSS applicability to monitor sunburn of red colored cultivars only and when fruits develop color,typically late growing season.This is a key research gap as recent weather patterns have shown that sunburn can occur during early growing season when fruits are green to yellow.Therefore,aim of this study was to develop and field evaluate cultivar and color independent mask region-convolution neural network(R-CNN)aided fruit segmentation model and edge compute compatible FST estimation algorithm.Season long field data were collected in 2021 using eight CPSS nodes(three in cv.WA38[Cosmic crisp]and five in cv.Honeycrisp).Collected data were used to develop and validate mask R-CNN based fruit segmentation model.Developed mask R-CNN based model was able to segment fruits of two apple cultivars and of varying colors with 91.4%average precision.In orchard evaluations(2022 season),the resulting algorithm ported on CPSS was able to accurately segment(dice similarity coefficient=0.89)and estimate apple FST with<0.5℃error compared to ground truth data.With compute time of about 37 s,data processing time was reduced by 22%over previous algorithm.High ambient temperature(>35℃)on a warmer day resulted in multiple throttling errors caused by excessive CPU temperature;however,the CPSS performance was uncompromised in FST estimation.Ambient air temperature did not affect RAM utilization and CPU clock frequency.Overall,developed FST algorithm can potentially be used as input to actuate water-based cooling system.展开更多
The size selectivity and usability of three codends were quantified and compared for the first time in the inshore Northern shrimp(Pandalus borealis)trawl fishery of Iceland using the covered codend method:a conventio...The size selectivity and usability of three codends were quantified and compared for the first time in the inshore Northern shrimp(Pandalus borealis)trawl fishery of Iceland using the covered codend method:a conventional diamond-mesh codend(T0),conventional square-mesh codend(T45),and a 90◦turned mesh codend(T90)constructed of four panels and with shortened lastridge ropes.Fishers,wanting to increase the average-individual size of captured shrimp,had requested the T90 codend to be compared with conventional codends for consideration in the fishery.Results showed that,on average,the T45 and T90 codends had better size selectivity than the T0 codend in terms of releasing individuals smaller than 13 mm carapace length(Minimum References Size;MRS).The T90 codend retained significantly less Northern shrimps between 9 and 19 mm than the T0 codend and between 15 and 19 mm than the T45 codend.No significant difference of size selectivity between T45 and T0 codends was observed.All three codends presented high retention ratios of Northern shrimps above MRS(>63%)for the population encountered.However,the T0 codend was not effective at sorting out small Northern shrimps;at least 86%of Northern shrimps smaller than 13 mm were retained in the T0 codend if encountered.Catches from T45 and T90 codends had a lower proportion of shrimp below MRS.Since discarding of undersized Northern shrimps is prohibited in Iceland and fishers wanted to catch on average larger shrimp,using the novel T90 codend would enable fishers to use their quotas more efficiently.展开更多
文摘Outfall alternatives are evaluated for a municipal wastewater treatment facility that discharges effluent at the shoreline of an urban lake. Occurrence of plumes of poorly diluted effluent in adjoining portions of the lake is described. Alternatives considered include outfalls over a range of depth and various diffuser designs. Benefits and impacts on lake stratification and dissolved oxygen are evaluated for an array of design alternatives with a model which links a far field hydrothermal and transport submodel with a near field buoyant plume submodel. Outfall design features are described that: 1) reduce shoreline discharge of bypass flow of partially treated wastewater during major runoff events;2) eliminate plumes of poorly diluted effluent;and 3) reduce loading of the effluent to the upper waters. A deep (10 to 14 m) outfall with a multiport diffuser would reduce the loading of the facility’s effluent to the upper waters by approximately 40%, without noteworthy impact on stratification or dissolved oxygen.
基金funded in part by USDA-NIFA/NSF Cyber-Physical Systems program,Washington Tree Fruit Research Commission,and WNP0745 projects.
文摘Our prior study focused on development of internet of things(IoT)and edge-compute enabled crop physiology sensing system(CPSS)for apple sunburn monitoring.Edge compute algorithm on CPSS estimated sunburn susceptibility as fruit surface temperature(FST)through pixel-by-pixel multiplication of captured thermal infrared images with segmented fruits binary mask.The segmentation was performed using color-based K means clustering approach.This limited CPSS applicability to monitor sunburn of red colored cultivars only and when fruits develop color,typically late growing season.This is a key research gap as recent weather patterns have shown that sunburn can occur during early growing season when fruits are green to yellow.Therefore,aim of this study was to develop and field evaluate cultivar and color independent mask region-convolution neural network(R-CNN)aided fruit segmentation model and edge compute compatible FST estimation algorithm.Season long field data were collected in 2021 using eight CPSS nodes(three in cv.WA38[Cosmic crisp]and five in cv.Honeycrisp).Collected data were used to develop and validate mask R-CNN based fruit segmentation model.Developed mask R-CNN based model was able to segment fruits of two apple cultivars and of varying colors with 91.4%average precision.In orchard evaluations(2022 season),the resulting algorithm ported on CPSS was able to accurately segment(dice similarity coefficient=0.89)and estimate apple FST with<0.5℃error compared to ground truth data.With compute time of about 37 s,data processing time was reduced by 22%over previous algorithm.High ambient temperature(>35℃)on a warmer day resulted in multiple throttling errors caused by excessive CPU temperature;however,the CPSS performance was uncompromised in FST estimation.Ambient air temperature did not affect RAM utilization and CPU clock frequency.Overall,developed FST algorithm can potentially be used as input to actuate water-based cooling system.
文摘The size selectivity and usability of three codends were quantified and compared for the first time in the inshore Northern shrimp(Pandalus borealis)trawl fishery of Iceland using the covered codend method:a conventional diamond-mesh codend(T0),conventional square-mesh codend(T45),and a 90◦turned mesh codend(T90)constructed of four panels and with shortened lastridge ropes.Fishers,wanting to increase the average-individual size of captured shrimp,had requested the T90 codend to be compared with conventional codends for consideration in the fishery.Results showed that,on average,the T45 and T90 codends had better size selectivity than the T0 codend in terms of releasing individuals smaller than 13 mm carapace length(Minimum References Size;MRS).The T90 codend retained significantly less Northern shrimps between 9 and 19 mm than the T0 codend and between 15 and 19 mm than the T45 codend.No significant difference of size selectivity between T45 and T0 codends was observed.All three codends presented high retention ratios of Northern shrimps above MRS(>63%)for the population encountered.However,the T0 codend was not effective at sorting out small Northern shrimps;at least 86%of Northern shrimps smaller than 13 mm were retained in the T0 codend if encountered.Catches from T45 and T90 codends had a lower proportion of shrimp below MRS.Since discarding of undersized Northern shrimps is prohibited in Iceland and fishers wanted to catch on average larger shrimp,using the novel T90 codend would enable fishers to use their quotas more efficiently.
