Dementia is one of the greatest global challenges for health and social care in the 21st century.Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the most common type of dementia,is by no means an inevitable consequence of growing old.Severa...Dementia is one of the greatest global challenges for health and social care in the 21st century.Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the most common type of dementia,is by no means an inevitable consequence of growing old.Several lifestyle factors may increase,or reduce,an individual’s risk of developing AD.Much has been written over the ages about the benefits of exercise and physical activity.Among the risk factors associated with AD is a low level of physical activity.The relationship between physical and mental health was established several years ago.In this review,we discuss the role of exercise(aerobic and resistance)training as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of AD.Older adults who exercise are more likely to maintain cognition.We address the main protective mechanism on brain function modulated by physical exercise by examining both human and animal studies.We will pay especial attention to the potential role of exercise in the modulation of amyloid b turnover,inflammation,synthesis and release of neurotrophins,and improvements in cerebral blood flow.Promoting changes in lifestyle in presymptomatic and predementia disease stages may have the potential for delaying one-third of dementias worldwide.Multimodal interventions that include the adoption of an active lifestyle should be recommended for older populations.展开更多
The SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a devastating threat to human society in terms of health,economy,and lifestyle.Although the virus usually first invades and infects the lung and respiratory trac...The SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a devastating threat to human society in terms of health,economy,and lifestyle.Although the virus usually first invades and infects the lung and respiratory track tissue,in extreme cases,almost all major organs in the body are now known to be negatively impacted often leading to severe systemic failure in some people.Unfortunately,there is currently no effective treatment for this disease.Pre-existing pathological conditions or comorbidities such as age are a major reason for premature death and increased morbidity and mortality.The immobilization due to hospitalization and bed rest and the physical inactivity due to sustained quarantine and social distancing can downregulate the ability of organs systems to resist to viral infection and increase the risk of damage to the immune,respiratory,cardiovascular,musculoskeletal systems and the brain.The cellular mechanisms and danger of this“second wave”effect of COVID-19 to the human body,along with the effects of aging,proper nutrition,and regular physical activity,are reviewed in this article.展开更多
Demographic aging is one of the most serious challenges facing our society.Although we live longer,we do not live better because it is considered that approximately 16–20%of our life is spent in late-life morbidity.O...Demographic aging is one of the most serious challenges facing our society.Although we live longer,we do not live better because it is considered that approximately 16–20%of our life is spent in late-life morbidity.Older people have the greatest risk of developing frailty increasing the risk of presenting various adverse health events such as low quality of life,disability,hospitalization and even death.Frail men and women over 65 years old have lower muscle quality and muscle mass and higher percentage of body fat than non-frail people of the same age.In this review we will address the main physiological changes in the muscular and nervous system associated to aging.More specifically we will review the changes in muscle mass,quality,and strength relating them with the decrease in capillarization and muscular oxidative capacity as well as with the alterations in protein synthesis in the muscle with aging.The last section of the manuscript will be devoted to the animal models of frailty and the indexes developed to measure frailty in these models.We will finally address the importance of exercise training as an intervention to delay or even reverse frailty.展开更多
The purpose of this article is to provide a follow-up review of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Disease or Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic on human health and the role of physical activity(PA)during the 5-year...The purpose of this article is to provide a follow-up review of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Disease or Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic on human health and the role of physical activity(PA)during the 5-year pandemic.We aim to cover the immune system,the cardiopulmonary system,the musculoskeletal system,and the central nervous system(brain function),particularly among older adults,college students,and individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19(Long-COVID).The COVID-19 pandemic has given us many lessons,learned from the death of six million lives and tremendous disturbance to human life.First,we need to continue to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate various organistic failures resulting from the viral infection.Such investigations are the only way to completely understand the etiology of the diseases and to develop new drugs and vaccines.The molecular pathways that transmit the signals of viral infection to each organ system are different requiring both basic and clinical research.Available evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction,reduced microcirculation and latent immune activation play a major role,eventually impairing cardiovascular tolerance and peripheral bioenergetics.Second,the COVID-19 pandemic has manifested major disturbances to human lifestyles with reduced PA and exercise standing out as a major factor.Conversely,physical inactivity due to social confinement and mental/psychological stresses has been clearly linked to intensified pathogenic symptoms and amplification of adverse effects on multiple physiological systems.If not intervened,this interaction can lead to Long-COVID,a dangerous futile circle to cause systemic failure.Finally,the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted differential impacts on different populations.Thus,the strategy to develop and conduct to cope with the negativity of pandemic needs to be specific,flexible and tailored to fit different patient populations.展开更多
基金TagedPThis work was supported by the following grants:Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by FEDER(Grant number PIE15/00013)SAF2016-75508-R from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science(MEC)+2 种基金CB16/10/00435(CIBERFES)PROMETEOII2014/056 from Conselleria,de Sanitat de la Generalitat Valenciana and EU Funded CM1001 and FRAILOMICHEALTH.2012.2.1.1-2ADVANTAGE-724099 Join Action(HP-JA)3rd EU Health Programme and DIALBFRAIL-LATAM(825546 H2020-SC1-BHC).
文摘Dementia is one of the greatest global challenges for health and social care in the 21st century.Alzheimer’s disease(AD),the most common type of dementia,is by no means an inevitable consequence of growing old.Several lifestyle factors may increase,or reduce,an individual’s risk of developing AD.Much has been written over the ages about the benefits of exercise and physical activity.Among the risk factors associated with AD is a low level of physical activity.The relationship between physical and mental health was established several years ago.In this review,we discuss the role of exercise(aerobic and resistance)training as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment and prevention of AD.Older adults who exercise are more likely to maintain cognition.We address the main protective mechanism on brain function modulated by physical exercise by examining both human and animal studies.We will pay especial attention to the potential role of exercise in the modulation of amyloid b turnover,inflammation,synthesis and release of neurotrophins,and improvements in cerebral blood flow.Promoting changes in lifestyle in presymptomatic and predementia disease stages may have the potential for delaying one-third of dementias worldwide.Multimodal interventions that include the adoption of an active lifestyle should be recommended for older populations.
文摘The SARS-CoV-2-caused COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a devastating threat to human society in terms of health,economy,and lifestyle.Although the virus usually first invades and infects the lung and respiratory track tissue,in extreme cases,almost all major organs in the body are now known to be negatively impacted often leading to severe systemic failure in some people.Unfortunately,there is currently no effective treatment for this disease.Pre-existing pathological conditions or comorbidities such as age are a major reason for premature death and increased morbidity and mortality.The immobilization due to hospitalization and bed rest and the physical inactivity due to sustained quarantine and social distancing can downregulate the ability of organs systems to resist to viral infection and increase the risk of damage to the immune,respiratory,cardiovascular,musculoskeletal systems and the brain.The cellular mechanisms and danger of this“second wave”effect of COVID-19 to the human body,along with the effects of aging,proper nutrition,and regular physical activity,are reviewed in this article.
基金supported by the following grants:Instituto de Salud Carlos III and co-funded by FEDER[grant number PIE15/00013]SAF2016-75508-R from the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science(MEC),CB16/10/00435(CIBERFES),PROMETEOII2014/056 from“Conselleria,de Sanitat de la Generalitat Valenciana(GV/2018/118)EU Funded CM1001 and FRAILOMIC-HEALTH.2012.2.1.1-2,ADVANTAGE-724099 Join Action(HP-JA)3rd EU Health Programme and DIALBFRAIL-LATAM(825546 H2020-SC1-BHC).A.S-P was funded with a FPU grant from the Spanish MECD.
文摘Demographic aging is one of the most serious challenges facing our society.Although we live longer,we do not live better because it is considered that approximately 16–20%of our life is spent in late-life morbidity.Older people have the greatest risk of developing frailty increasing the risk of presenting various adverse health events such as low quality of life,disability,hospitalization and even death.Frail men and women over 65 years old have lower muscle quality and muscle mass and higher percentage of body fat than non-frail people of the same age.In this review we will address the main physiological changes in the muscular and nervous system associated to aging.More specifically we will review the changes in muscle mass,quality,and strength relating them with the decrease in capillarization and muscular oxidative capacity as well as with the alterations in protein synthesis in the muscle with aging.The last section of the manuscript will be devoted to the animal models of frailty and the indexes developed to measure frailty in these models.We will finally address the importance of exercise training as an intervention to delay or even reverse frailty.
文摘The purpose of this article is to provide a follow-up review of the impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Disease or Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic on human health and the role of physical activity(PA)during the 5-year pandemic.We aim to cover the immune system,the cardiopulmonary system,the musculoskeletal system,and the central nervous system(brain function),particularly among older adults,college students,and individuals with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19(Long-COVID).The COVID-19 pandemic has given us many lessons,learned from the death of six million lives and tremendous disturbance to human life.First,we need to continue to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms that mediate various organistic failures resulting from the viral infection.Such investigations are the only way to completely understand the etiology of the diseases and to develop new drugs and vaccines.The molecular pathways that transmit the signals of viral infection to each organ system are different requiring both basic and clinical research.Available evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction,reduced microcirculation and latent immune activation play a major role,eventually impairing cardiovascular tolerance and peripheral bioenergetics.Second,the COVID-19 pandemic has manifested major disturbances to human lifestyles with reduced PA and exercise standing out as a major factor.Conversely,physical inactivity due to social confinement and mental/psychological stresses has been clearly linked to intensified pathogenic symptoms and amplification of adverse effects on multiple physiological systems.If not intervened,this interaction can lead to Long-COVID,a dangerous futile circle to cause systemic failure.Finally,the COVID-19 pandemic has exerted differential impacts on different populations.Thus,the strategy to develop and conduct to cope with the negativity of pandemic needs to be specific,flexible and tailored to fit different patient populations.
