AIM： To evaluate the long-term outcome of standard 5-FU based adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and to identify the predictive factors, especially anemia before and after radiotherapy as well as hemoglobin in...AIM： To evaluate the long-term outcome of standard 5-FU based adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and to identify the predictive factors, especially anemia before and after radiotherapy as well as hemoglobin increase or decrease during radiotherapy. METHODS： Two hundred and eighty-six patients with Union International Contre Cancer （UICC） stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ rectal adenocarcinomas, who underwent resection by conventional surgical techniques （low anterior or abdominoperineal resection）, received either postoperative （n = 233） or preoperative （n = 53） radiochemotherapy from January 1989 until July 2002. Overall survival （OAS）, cancer-specific survival （CSS）, disease-free survival （DFS）, local-relapse-free （LRS） and distant-relapse-free survival （DRS） were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank test and Cox＇s proportional hazards as statistical methods. Multivariate analysis was used to identify prognostic factors. Median follow-up time was 8 years. RESULTS： Anemia before radiochemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for improved DFS （risk ratio 0.76, P= 0.04） as well as stage, grading, R status （free radial margins）, type of surgery, carcinoembryonic antigen （CEA） levels, and gender. The univariate analysis revealed that anemia was associated with impaired LRS（better local control） but with improved DFS. In contrast, hemoglobin decrease during radiotherapy was an independent risk factor for DFS （risk ratio 1.97, P= 0.04）. During radiotherapy, only 30.8% of R0-resected patients suffered from hemoglobin decrease compared to 55.6% if R1/2 resection was performed （P= 0.04）. The 5-year OAS, CSS, DFS, LRS and DRS were 47.0%, 60.0%, 41.4%, 67.2%, and 84.3%, respectively. Significant differences between preoperative and postoperative radiochemotherapy were not found. CONCLUSION ： Anemia before radiochemotherapy and hemoglobin decrease during radiotherapy have no predictive value for the outcome of rectal cancer. Stage, grading, R status （free radial margins）, type of surgery, CEA levels, and gender have predictive value for the outcome of rectal cancer.展开更多
Hematopoiesis is crucial for organismal health,and Drosophila serves as an effective genetic model due to conserved regulatory mechanisms with vertebrates.In larvae,hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the lymph gland,wh...Hematopoiesis is crucial for organismal health,and Drosophila serves as an effective genetic model due to conserved regulatory mechanisms with vertebrates.In larvae,hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the lymph gland,which contains distinct zones,including the cortical zone,intermediate zone,medullary zone,and posterior signaling center(PSC).Rab1 is vital for membrane trafficking and maintaining the localization of cell adhesion molecules,yet its role in hematopoietic homeostasis is not fully understood.This study investigates the effects of Rab1 dysfunction on β-integrin trafficking within circulating hemocytes and lymph gland cells.Rab1 impairment disrupts the endosomal trafficking of β-integrin,leading to its abnormal localization on cell membranes,which promotes lamellocyte differentiation and alters progenitor dynamics in circulating hemocytes and lymph glands,respectively.We also show that the mislocalization of β-integrin is dependent on the adhesion protein DE-cadherin.The reduction of β-integrin at cell boundaries in PSC cells leads to fewer PSC cells and lamellocyte differentiation.Furthermore,Rab1 regulates the trafficking of β-integrin via the Q-SNARE protein Syntaxin 17(Syx17).Our findings indicate that Rab1 and Syx17 regulate distinct trafficking pathways for β-integrin in different hematopoietic compartments and maintain hematopoietic homeostasis of Drosophila.展开更多
Three-dimensional(3D)nanoprinting via two-photon polymerization offers unparalleled design flexibility and precision,thereby enabling rapid prototyping of advanced micro-optical elements and systems that have found im...Three-dimensional(3D)nanoprinting via two-photon polymerization offers unparalleled design flexibility and precision,thereby enabling rapid prototyping of advanced micro-optical elements and systems that have found important applications in endomicroscopy and biomedical imaging.The potential of this versatile tool for monolithic manufacturing of dynamic micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems(MOEMSs),however,has not yet been sufficiently explored.This work introduces a 3D-nanoprinted lens actuator with a large optical aperture,optimized for remote focusing in miniaturized imaging systems.The device integrates orthoplanar linear motion springs,a self-aligned sintered micro-magnet,and a monolithic lens,actuated by dual microcoils for uniaxial motion.The use of 3D nanoprinting allows complete design freedom for the integrated optical lens,whereas the monolithic fabrication ensures inherent alignment of the lens with the mechanical elements.With a lens diameter of 1.4 mm and a compact footprint of 5.74 mm,it achieves high mechanical robustness at resonant frequencies exceeding 300 Hz while still providing a large displacement range of 200μm(±100μm).A comprehensive analysis of optical and mechanical performance,including the effects of coil temperature and polymer viscoelasticity,demonstrates its advantages over conventional micro-electro-mechanical system actuators,showcasing its potential for next-generation imaging applications.展开更多
Single-wavelength interferometry achieves high resolution for smooth surfaces but struggles with rough industrially relevant ones due to limited unambiguous measuring range and speckle effects.Multiwavelength interfer...Single-wavelength interferometry achieves high resolution for smooth surfaces but struggles with rough industrially relevant ones due to limited unambiguous measuring range and speckle effects.Multiwavelength interferometry addresses these challenges using synthetic wavelengths,enabling a balance between extended measurement range and resolution by combining several synthetic wavelengths.This approach holds immense potential for diverse industrial applications,yet it remains largely untapped due to the lack of suitable light sources.Existing solutions are constrained by limited flexibility in synthetic-wavelength generation and slow switching speeds.We demonstrate a light source for multiwavelength interferometry based on electro-optic single-sideband modulation.It reliably generates synthetic wavelengths with arbitrary values from centimeters to meters and switching time below 30 ms.This breakthrough paves the way for dynamic reconfigurable multiwavelength interferometry capable of adapting to complex surfaces and operating efficiently even outside laboratory settings.These capabilities unlock the full potential of multiwavelength interferometry,offering unprecedented flexibility and speed for industrial and technological applications.展开更多
A pseudo-cone in ℝ^(n) is a nonempty closed convex set K not containing the origin and such thatλK⊆K for allλ≥1.It is called a C-pseudo-cone if C is its recession cone,where C is a pointed closed convex cone with i...A pseudo-cone in ℝ^(n) is a nonempty closed convex set K not containing the origin and such thatλK⊆K for allλ≥1.It is called a C-pseudo-cone if C is its recession cone,where C is a pointed closed convex cone with interior points.The cone-volume measure of a pseudo-cone can be defined similarly as for convex bodies,but it may be infinite.After proving a necessary condition for cone-volume measures of C-pseudo-cones,we introduce suitable weights for cone-volume measures,yielding finite measures.Then we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a Borel measure on the unit sphere to be the weighted cone-volume measure of some C-pseudo-cone.展开更多
The pressure and temperature increase resulting from the impact of different threats onto target materials is analyzed with a unified laboratory-scale setup.This allows deriving qualitative information on the occurrin...The pressure and temperature increase resulting from the impact of different threats onto target materials is analyzed with a unified laboratory-scale setup.This allows deriving qualitative information on the occurring phenomenology as well as quantitative statements about the relative effects sizes as a function of target material and threat.The considered target materials are steel,aluminum,and magnesium.As threats,kinetic energy penetrator,explosively formed projectile,and shaped charge jet are used.For the investigated combinations,the measured overpressures vary by a factor of up to 5 for a variation of the material,by a factor of up to 7 for a variation of the threat,and by a factor larger than 15for a simultaneous variation of both.The obtained results as well as the experimental approach are relevant for the basic understanding of impact effects and risks due to material reactivity.The paper combines two main aims.Firstly,to provide a summary of own prior work in a coherent journal article and,secondly,to review and discuss these earlier results with a new perspective.展开更多
The Hydrodynamic Ram(HRAM)effect occurs when a high kinetic energy projectile penetrates a fluid filled area,e.g.,a liquid filled tank.The projectile transfers its momentum and kinetic energy to the fluid,what causes ...The Hydrodynamic Ram(HRAM)effect occurs when a high kinetic energy projectile penetrates a fluid filled area,e.g.,a liquid filled tank.The projectile transfers its momentum and kinetic energy to the fluid,what causes a sudden,local pressure rise,further expanding as primary shock wave in the fluid and developing a cavity.It is possible that the entire tank ruptures due to the loads transferred through the fluid to its surrounding structure.In the past decades,additionally to experimental investigations,HRAM has been studied using various computational approaches particularly focusing on the description of the Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI).This article reviews the published experimental,analytical and numerical results and delivers a chronological overview since the end of World War II.Furthermore,HRAM mitigation measures are highlighted,which have been developed with the experimental,analytical and numerical toolboxes matured over the past 80 years.展开更多
Background:Trunk lean angle is an underrepre sented biomechanical variable for modulating and redistributing lower extremity joint loading and potentially reducing the risk of running-related overuse injuries.The purp...Background:Trunk lean angle is an underrepre sented biomechanical variable for modulating and redistributing lower extremity joint loading and potentially reducing the risk of running-related overuse injuries.The purpose of this study was to systematically alter the trunk lean angle in distance running using an auditory real-time feedback approach and to derive dose-response relationships between sagittal plane trunk lean angle and lower extremity(cumulative)joint loading to guide overuse load management in clinical practice.Methods:Thirty recreational runners(15 males and 15 females)ran at a constant speed of 2.5 m/s at 5 systematically varied trunk lean conditions on a force-instrumented treadmill while kinematic and kinetic data were captured.Results:A change in trunk lean angle from-2°(extension)to 28°(flexion)resulted in a systematic increase in stance phase angular impulse,cumulative impulse,and peak moment at the hip joint in the sagittal and transversal plane.In contrast,a systematic decrease in these parameters at the knee j oint in the sagittal plane and the hip joint in the frontal plane was found(p<0.001).Linear fitting revealed that with every degree of anterior trunk leaning,the cumulative hip joint extension loading increases by 3.26 Nm·s/kg/1000 m,while simultaneously decreasing knee joint extension loading by 1.08 Nm·s/kg/1000 m.Conclusion:Trunk leaning can reduce knee joint loading and hip joint abduction loading,at the cost of hip joint loading in the sagittal and transversal planes during distance running.Modulating lower extremity joint loading by altering trunk lean angle is an effective strategy to redistribute joint load between/within the knee and hip joints.When implementing anterior trunk leaning in clinical practice,the increased demands on the hip musculature,dynamic stability,and the potential trade-off with running economy should be considered.展开更多
Prostate cancer(PCa)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men.Radiotherapy is the cornerstone of PCa treatment.However,a major limitation of radiotherapy is the development of resistance,which compromis...Prostate cancer(PCa)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men.Radiotherapy is the cornerstone of PCa treatment.However,a major limitation of radiotherapy is the development of resistance,which compromises treatment efficacy.Reactive oxygen species(ROS),which are generated by radiation,have a dual role in PCa by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis,while also promoting tumor progression and radioresistance.Elevated ROS levels enhance metabolic reprogramming,activate oncogenic pathways,and influence the tumor microenvironment by modulating immune responses and promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT).Key molecular mechanisms,including the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling axis,Bcl-2 mutations,and Speckle-type POZ protein alterations,contribute to radioresistance by enhancing antioxidant defenses and DNA repair capacity.Additionally,the interplay between hypoxia,androgen receptor variants(AR-Vs),and ferroptosis regulators further influence radiotherapy outcomes.Understanding these resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted strategies to enhance radiosensitivity and improve therapeutic outcomes in PCa patients.展开更多
Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mec...Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mechanistic risk models. This study demonstrated large-scale and high-resolution modelling of wind damage vulnerability in Norway. The hybrid mechanistic wind damage model, ForestGALES, was adapted to map the critical wind speeds(CWS) of damage across Norway using a national forest attribute map at a 16 m × 16 m spatial resolution. P arametrization of the model for the Norwegian context was done using the literature and the National Forest Inventory data. This new parametrization of the model for Norwegian forests yielded estimates of CWS significantly different from the default parametrization. Both parametrizations fell short of providing acceptable discrimination of the damaged area following the storm of November 19, 2021 in the central southern region of Norway when using unadjusted CWS. After adjusting the CWS and the storm wind speeds by a constant factor, the Norwegian parametrization provided acceptable discrimination and was thus defined as suitable to use in future studies, despite the lack of field-and laboratory experiments to directly derive parameters for Norwegian forests. The windstorm event used for model validation in this study highlighted the challenges of predicting wind damage to forests in landscapes with complex topography. Future studies should focus on further developing ForestGALES and new datasets describing extreme wind climates to better represent the wind and tree interactions in complex topography, and predict the level of risk in order to develop local climate-smart forest management strategies.展开更多
The increasing presence of drones seen on the battlefields in modern conflicts poses new threats to manned military aircraft or rotorcraft.In order to assess this potential threat,this manuscript first summarizes all ...The increasing presence of drones seen on the battlefields in modern conflicts poses new threats to manned military aircraft or rotorcraft.In order to assess this potential threat,this manuscript first summarizes all confirmed and suspected collisions between drones and aerostructures and the damage resulting from these collisions.Furthermore,this manuscript reviews experimental and numerical investigations on collision of drones with aerostructures.Additionally,some light is shed onto current regulation for drone operations intended to avoid collisions between drones and aircraft.Whilst these regulatory measures can prevent commercial aircraft to collide with drones,the authors believe that there is an inherent threat for civil and military rotorcraft due to their structural design and the fact that it is not possible to completely separate the airspace between drone operations and rotorcraft operations,in particular in the context of rescue missions in an urban or hostile environment.Furthermore,the stealth capability of 5th generation fighters may be compromised by damage suffered from collision with drones.展开更多
In forests,a few large trees(L-trees)versus small-medium trees(S-trees)are often considered the major reservoir of aboveground carbon stock(AGCS).Here,we hypothesize that tree species'functional strategies regulat...In forests,a few large trees(L-trees)versus small-medium trees(S-trees)are often considered the major reservoir of aboveground carbon stock(AGCS).Here,we hypothesize that tree species'functional strategies regulate AGCS by tree sizes in temperate deciduous forests across local scale environmental gradients.Using data from 99 plots,we modelled the multivariate effects of the tree-based(tree diversity,stand density and multidimensional tree size inequality)versus the trait-based(multi-trait diversity and single-trait dominance)attributes of L-trees versus S-trees,along topographic and soil conditions,to predict AGCS through four L-trees threshold size(i.e.,≥50 cm fixed-diameter,top 95th percentile,≥top 50%cumulative AGCS descending-ranked ordered,and mean threshold size)approaches.The tree-based and trait-based attributes of L-trees and S-trees shaped species co-occurrence processes but L-trees regulated AGCS more effectively(31.29-93.20%)than S-trees and abiotic factors across four thereshold size approaches and two concepts.Although L-trees threshold size and tree-based attributes mattered for AGCS,the dominant resource-acquisitive strategy of structurally complex L-trees having higher specific leaf area but lower leaf dry matter content and lesser multi-trait dispersion could promote AGCS better than the resource-conservative strategy(low specific leaf area)of S-trees.Capturing tree species'functional strategies,synergies and trade-offs across tree sizes can enhance our understanding of how to achieve nature-based carbon neutrality and lessen climate change.Thus,forest management and restoration initiatives should prioritize high-functioning tree species with dominant productive traits while conserving multi-trait diversified species in temperate deciduous forests.展开更多
With the continuously increasing awareness of energy conservation and the intensifying impacts of global warming, Personal Thermal Management (PTM) technologies are increasingly recognized for their potential to ensur...With the continuously increasing awareness of energy conservation and the intensifying impacts of global warming, Personal Thermal Management (PTM) technologies are increasingly recognized for their potential to ensure human thermal comfort in extreme environments. Biomimetic structures have emerged as a novel source of inspiration for PTM applications. This review systematically summarizes the biomimetic structures, phase change materials, manufacturing methods, and the performance of multifunctional PTM wearables. Firstly, it analyzes the biomimetic structures with thermal regulation and encapsulated phase change material functionalities from different dimensions, highlighting their applications in PTM. Subsequently, it outlines the conventional manufacturing methods incorporating various biomimetic structures, offering strategies for the production of PTM wearables. The review also discusses the typical performance characteristics of multifunctional PTM wearables, addressing the current demands in thermal management. Finally, opportunities and challenges in PTM field are proposed, proposing new directions for future research.展开更多
文摘AIM： To evaluate the long-term outcome of standard 5-FU based adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and to identify the predictive factors, especially anemia before and after radiotherapy as well as hemoglobin increase or decrease during radiotherapy. METHODS： Two hundred and eighty-six patients with Union International Contre Cancer （UICC） stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ rectal adenocarcinomas, who underwent resection by conventional surgical techniques （low anterior or abdominoperineal resection）, received either postoperative （n = 233） or preoperative （n = 53） radiochemotherapy from January 1989 until July 2002. Overall survival （OAS）, cancer-specific survival （CSS）, disease-free survival （DFS）, local-relapse-free （LRS） and distant-relapse-free survival （DRS） were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier, Log-rank test and Cox＇s proportional hazards as statistical methods. Multivariate analysis was used to identify prognostic factors. Median follow-up time was 8 years. RESULTS： Anemia before radiochemotherapy was an independent prognostic factor for improved DFS （risk ratio 0.76, P= 0.04） as well as stage, grading, R status （free radial margins）, type of surgery, carcinoembryonic antigen （CEA） levels, and gender. The univariate analysis revealed that anemia was associated with impaired LRS（better local control） but with improved DFS. In contrast, hemoglobin decrease during radiotherapy was an independent risk factor for DFS （risk ratio 1.97, P= 0.04）. During radiotherapy, only 30.8% of R0-resected patients suffered from hemoglobin decrease compared to 55.6% if R1/2 resection was performed （P= 0.04）. The 5-year OAS, CSS, DFS, LRS and DRS were 47.0%, 60.0%, 41.4%, 67.2%, and 84.3%, respectively. Significant differences between preoperative and postoperative radiochemotherapy were not found. CONCLUSION ： Anemia before radiochemotherapy and hemoglobin decrease during radiotherapy have no predictive value for the outcome of rectal cancer. Stage, grading, R status （free radial margins）, type of surgery, CEA levels, and gender have predictive value for the outcome of rectal cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32170484 and 32300384)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2572022DQ07 and 2572020AW04).
文摘Hematopoiesis is crucial for organismal health,and Drosophila serves as an effective genetic model due to conserved regulatory mechanisms with vertebrates.In larvae,hematopoiesis primarily occurs in the lymph gland,which contains distinct zones,including the cortical zone,intermediate zone,medullary zone,and posterior signaling center(PSC).Rab1 is vital for membrane trafficking and maintaining the localization of cell adhesion molecules,yet its role in hematopoietic homeostasis is not fully understood.This study investigates the effects of Rab1 dysfunction on β-integrin trafficking within circulating hemocytes and lymph gland cells.Rab1 impairment disrupts the endosomal trafficking of β-integrin,leading to its abnormal localization on cell membranes,which promotes lamellocyte differentiation and alters progenitor dynamics in circulating hemocytes and lymph glands,respectively.We also show that the mislocalization of β-integrin is dependent on the adhesion protein DE-cadherin.The reduction of β-integrin at cell boundaries in PSC cells leads to fewer PSC cells and lamellocyte differentiation.Furthermore,Rab1 regulates the trafficking of β-integrin via the Q-SNARE protein Syntaxin 17(Syx17).Our findings indicate that Rab1 and Syx17 regulate distinct trafficking pathways for β-integrin in different hematopoietic compartments and maintain hematopoietic homeostasis of Drosophila.
文摘Three-dimensional(3D)nanoprinting via two-photon polymerization offers unparalleled design flexibility and precision,thereby enabling rapid prototyping of advanced micro-optical elements and systems that have found important applications in endomicroscopy and biomedical imaging.The potential of this versatile tool for monolithic manufacturing of dynamic micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems(MOEMSs),however,has not yet been sufficiently explored.This work introduces a 3D-nanoprinted lens actuator with a large optical aperture,optimized for remote focusing in miniaturized imaging systems.The device integrates orthoplanar linear motion springs,a self-aligned sintered micro-magnet,and a monolithic lens,actuated by dual microcoils for uniaxial motion.The use of 3D nanoprinting allows complete design freedom for the integrated optical lens,whereas the monolithic fabrication ensures inherent alignment of the lens with the mechanical elements.With a lens diameter of 1.4 mm and a compact footprint of 5.74 mm,it achieves high mechanical robustness at resonant frequencies exceeding 300 Hz while still providing a large displacement range of 200μm(±100μm).A comprehensive analysis of optical and mechanical performance,including the effects of coil temperature and polymer viscoelasticity,demonstrates its advantages over conventional micro-electro-mechanical system actuators,showcasing its potential for next-generation imaging applications.
基金supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research,Research Program Quantum Systems(Grant No.13N16774).
文摘Single-wavelength interferometry achieves high resolution for smooth surfaces but struggles with rough industrially relevant ones due to limited unambiguous measuring range and speckle effects.Multiwavelength interferometry addresses these challenges using synthetic wavelengths,enabling a balance between extended measurement range and resolution by combining several synthetic wavelengths.This approach holds immense potential for diverse industrial applications,yet it remains largely untapped due to the lack of suitable light sources.Existing solutions are constrained by limited flexibility in synthetic-wavelength generation and slow switching speeds.We demonstrate a light source for multiwavelength interferometry based on electro-optic single-sideband modulation.It reliably generates synthetic wavelengths with arbitrary values from centimeters to meters and switching time below 30 ms.This breakthrough paves the way for dynamic reconfigurable multiwavelength interferometry capable of adapting to complex surfaces and operating efficiently even outside laboratory settings.These capabilities unlock the full potential of multiwavelength interferometry,offering unprecedented flexibility and speed for industrial and technological applications.
文摘A pseudo-cone in ℝ^(n) is a nonempty closed convex set K not containing the origin and such thatλK⊆K for allλ≥1.It is called a C-pseudo-cone if C is its recession cone,where C is a pointed closed convex cone with interior points.The cone-volume measure of a pseudo-cone can be defined similarly as for convex bodies,but it may be infinite.After proving a necessary condition for cone-volume measures of C-pseudo-cones,we introduce suitable weights for cone-volume measures,yielding finite measures.Then we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for a Borel measure on the unit sphere to be the weighted cone-volume measure of some C-pseudo-cone.
文摘The pressure and temperature increase resulting from the impact of different threats onto target materials is analyzed with a unified laboratory-scale setup.This allows deriving qualitative information on the occurring phenomenology as well as quantitative statements about the relative effects sizes as a function of target material and threat.The considered target materials are steel,aluminum,and magnesium.As threats,kinetic energy penetrator,explosively formed projectile,and shaped charge jet are used.For the investigated combinations,the measured overpressures vary by a factor of up to 5 for a variation of the material,by a factor of up to 7 for a variation of the threat,and by a factor larger than 15for a simultaneous variation of both.The obtained results as well as the experimental approach are relevant for the basic understanding of impact effects and risks due to material reactivity.The paper combines two main aims.Firstly,to provide a summary of own prior work in a coherent journal article and,secondly,to review and discuss these earlier results with a new perspective.
文摘The Hydrodynamic Ram(HRAM)effect occurs when a high kinetic energy projectile penetrates a fluid filled area,e.g.,a liquid filled tank.The projectile transfers its momentum and kinetic energy to the fluid,what causes a sudden,local pressure rise,further expanding as primary shock wave in the fluid and developing a cavity.It is possible that the entire tank ruptures due to the loads transferred through the fluid to its surrounding structure.In the past decades,additionally to experimental investigations,HRAM has been studied using various computational approaches particularly focusing on the description of the Fluid-Structure Interaction(FSI).This article reviews the published experimental,analytical and numerical results and delivers a chronological overview since the end of World War II.Furthermore,HRAM mitigation measures are highlighted,which have been developed with the experimental,analytical and numerical toolboxes matured over the past 80 years.
文摘Background:Trunk lean angle is an underrepre sented biomechanical variable for modulating and redistributing lower extremity joint loading and potentially reducing the risk of running-related overuse injuries.The purpose of this study was to systematically alter the trunk lean angle in distance running using an auditory real-time feedback approach and to derive dose-response relationships between sagittal plane trunk lean angle and lower extremity(cumulative)joint loading to guide overuse load management in clinical practice.Methods:Thirty recreational runners(15 males and 15 females)ran at a constant speed of 2.5 m/s at 5 systematically varied trunk lean conditions on a force-instrumented treadmill while kinematic and kinetic data were captured.Results:A change in trunk lean angle from-2°(extension)to 28°(flexion)resulted in a systematic increase in stance phase angular impulse,cumulative impulse,and peak moment at the hip joint in the sagittal and transversal plane.In contrast,a systematic decrease in these parameters at the knee j oint in the sagittal plane and the hip joint in the frontal plane was found(p<0.001).Linear fitting revealed that with every degree of anterior trunk leaning,the cumulative hip joint extension loading increases by 3.26 Nm·s/kg/1000 m,while simultaneously decreasing knee joint extension loading by 1.08 Nm·s/kg/1000 m.Conclusion:Trunk leaning can reduce knee joint loading and hip joint abduction loading,at the cost of hip joint loading in the sagittal and transversal planes during distance running.Modulating lower extremity joint loading by altering trunk lean angle is an effective strategy to redistribute joint load between/within the knee and hip joints.When implementing anterior trunk leaning in clinical practice,the increased demands on the hip musculature,dynamic stability,and the potential trade-off with running economy should be considered.
基金supported by grants from Ningbo Yongjiang Talent programme-Project for Innovative Talents(Grant No.20240340)Jinhua Science and Technology Bureau(Grant No.2022-4-258)2022 Shandong Medical Association Clinical Research Special Fund for Dynamic Monitoring of Lymphocyte Subpopulations by Flow Cytometry(Grant No.YXH2022ZX03227)。
文摘Prostate cancer(PCa)is a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among men.Radiotherapy is the cornerstone of PCa treatment.However,a major limitation of radiotherapy is the development of resistance,which compromises treatment efficacy.Reactive oxygen species(ROS),which are generated by radiation,have a dual role in PCa by inducing DNA damage and apoptosis,while also promoting tumor progression and radioresistance.Elevated ROS levels enhance metabolic reprogramming,activate oncogenic pathways,and influence the tumor microenvironment by modulating immune responses and promoting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition(EMT).Key molecular mechanisms,including the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling axis,Bcl-2 mutations,and Speckle-type POZ protein alterations,contribute to radioresistance by enhancing antioxidant defenses and DNA repair capacity.Additionally,the interplay between hypoxia,androgen receptor variants(AR-Vs),and ferroptosis regulators further influence radiotherapy outcomes.Understanding these resistance mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted strategies to enhance radiosensitivity and improve therapeutic outcomes in PCa patients.
基金funded by the Norwegian Research Council(NFR project 302701 Climate Smart Forestry Norway).
文摘Assessing forest vulnerability to disturbances at a high spatial resolution and for regional and national scales has become attainable with the combination of remote sensing-derived high-resolution forest maps and mechanistic risk models. This study demonstrated large-scale and high-resolution modelling of wind damage vulnerability in Norway. The hybrid mechanistic wind damage model, ForestGALES, was adapted to map the critical wind speeds(CWS) of damage across Norway using a national forest attribute map at a 16 m × 16 m spatial resolution. P arametrization of the model for the Norwegian context was done using the literature and the National Forest Inventory data. This new parametrization of the model for Norwegian forests yielded estimates of CWS significantly different from the default parametrization. Both parametrizations fell short of providing acceptable discrimination of the damaged area following the storm of November 19, 2021 in the central southern region of Norway when using unadjusted CWS. After adjusting the CWS and the storm wind speeds by a constant factor, the Norwegian parametrization provided acceptable discrimination and was thus defined as suitable to use in future studies, despite the lack of field-and laboratory experiments to directly derive parameters for Norwegian forests. The windstorm event used for model validation in this study highlighted the challenges of predicting wind damage to forests in landscapes with complex topography. Future studies should focus on further developing ForestGALES and new datasets describing extreme wind climates to better represent the wind and tree interactions in complex topography, and predict the level of risk in order to develop local climate-smart forest management strategies.
文摘The increasing presence of drones seen on the battlefields in modern conflicts poses new threats to manned military aircraft or rotorcraft.In order to assess this potential threat,this manuscript first summarizes all confirmed and suspected collisions between drones and aerostructures and the damage resulting from these collisions.Furthermore,this manuscript reviews experimental and numerical investigations on collision of drones with aerostructures.Additionally,some light is shed onto current regulation for drone operations intended to avoid collisions between drones and aircraft.Whilst these regulatory measures can prevent commercial aircraft to collide with drones,the authors believe that there is an inherent threat for civil and military rotorcraft due to their structural design and the fact that it is not possible to completely separate the airspace between drone operations and rotorcraft operations,in particular in the context of rescue missions in an urban or hostile environment.Furthermore,the stealth capability of 5th generation fighters may be compromised by damage suffered from collision with drones.
基金the Iran National Science Foundation(Grant No.97010593)Hebei University(Special Project No.521100221033).
文摘In forests,a few large trees(L-trees)versus small-medium trees(S-trees)are often considered the major reservoir of aboveground carbon stock(AGCS).Here,we hypothesize that tree species'functional strategies regulate AGCS by tree sizes in temperate deciduous forests across local scale environmental gradients.Using data from 99 plots,we modelled the multivariate effects of the tree-based(tree diversity,stand density and multidimensional tree size inequality)versus the trait-based(multi-trait diversity and single-trait dominance)attributes of L-trees versus S-trees,along topographic and soil conditions,to predict AGCS through four L-trees threshold size(i.e.,≥50 cm fixed-diameter,top 95th percentile,≥top 50%cumulative AGCS descending-ranked ordered,and mean threshold size)approaches.The tree-based and trait-based attributes of L-trees and S-trees shaped species co-occurrence processes but L-trees regulated AGCS more effectively(31.29-93.20%)than S-trees and abiotic factors across four thereshold size approaches and two concepts.Although L-trees threshold size and tree-based attributes mattered for AGCS,the dominant resource-acquisitive strategy of structurally complex L-trees having higher specific leaf area but lower leaf dry matter content and lesser multi-trait dispersion could promote AGCS better than the resource-conservative strategy(low specific leaf area)of S-trees.Capturing tree species'functional strategies,synergies and trade-offs across tree sizes can enhance our understanding of how to achieve nature-based carbon neutrality and lessen climate change.Thus,forest management and restoration initiatives should prioritize high-functioning tree species with dominant productive traits while conserving multi-trait diversified species in temperate deciduous forests.
基金supported by Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.2024A1515010772)State Key Laboratory of Massive Personalized Customization System and Technology,No.H&C-MPC-2023-02-06(Q)+2 种基金“CUG scholar”Scientific Research Funds at China University of Geosciences,Wuhan(No.CUG2022185)Guangzhou Youth Top Talent ProgramChina College Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(No.S202410491063).
文摘With the continuously increasing awareness of energy conservation and the intensifying impacts of global warming, Personal Thermal Management (PTM) technologies are increasingly recognized for their potential to ensure human thermal comfort in extreme environments. Biomimetic structures have emerged as a novel source of inspiration for PTM applications. This review systematically summarizes the biomimetic structures, phase change materials, manufacturing methods, and the performance of multifunctional PTM wearables. Firstly, it analyzes the biomimetic structures with thermal regulation and encapsulated phase change material functionalities from different dimensions, highlighting their applications in PTM. Subsequently, it outlines the conventional manufacturing methods incorporating various biomimetic structures, offering strategies for the production of PTM wearables. The review also discusses the typical performance characteristics of multifunctional PTM wearables, addressing the current demands in thermal management. Finally, opportunities and challenges in PTM field are proposed, proposing new directions for future research.
