Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmel., of the family of Fabaceae is one of the most exploited tree species in Togo. However, there are only few scientific studies on the distribution of this specie. This study is a contrib...Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmel., of the family of Fabaceae is one of the most exploited tree species in Togo. However, there are only few scientific studies on the distribution of this specie. This study is a contribution to the promotion of multi-purpose tree species in Togo with particular emphasis on a better knowledge of Detarium senegalense. It provides data on the ecology of the specie and his state of regeneration. The data on the specie are based on sample plots in the areas identified as hosts of the specie in Togo. A total of 77 circular plots of 1000 m2 (17.8 m radius) were established in ecological zones II, IV and V of Togo. The dendrometric parameters identified are: the total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of Detarium senegalense and of all species found in each plot. Detarium senegalense trees of DBH < 10 cm are considered as potential regenerations. Detarium senegalense is more abundant in zones IV (forest area), followed by zone II. In zone V, Detarium senegalense is located only in the forest of “Have”. The structure of Detarium senegalense has a bell-shaped distribution with predominance of trees with large and intermediate diameters ranging between 30 and 70 cm. Trees of small DBH (Detarium senegalense occurs. This indicates a low regeneration rate of the specie. However, the structure of all species inventoried has a negative exponential distribution with predominance of small diameter trees. The sustainable management of Detarium senegalense in the forest can only be secured through a sustainable harvesting of seeds and actives promotion of natural regeneration.展开更多
In many parts of the world,beekeeping,a pillar of agricultural production and biodiversity conservation,is subject to the harmful effects of climate change and climate variability.In Côte d’Ivoire,no scientific ...In many parts of the world,beekeeping,a pillar of agricultural production and biodiversity conservation,is subject to the harmful effects of climate change and climate variability.In Côte d’Ivoire,no scientific study has examined the impact of climatic variations on beekeeping production.This study aimed to assess the impact of climatic parameters on beekeeping in the Poro region,a bastion of beekeeping in Côte d’Ivoire,using the annual production of 11 avail-able beekeepers.The beekeepers’perceptions of the impact of climatic varia-bility on their productivity were collected from semi-structured surveys using a questionnaire.Snowball sampling was used to interview 162 beekeepers who responded to the questionnaire.The results showed that there has been an in-crease in average temperature over the years,with an average of 27.29℃,and a deficit in rainfall since 1999.There is a downward trend in production for 2 beekeepers,while there is no significant trend for the other 9 producers.The correlation between certain climatic variables and honey production showed that the average temperature(26℃ and 27℃)over the last seven years of pro-duction had no significant impact on beekeeping in the region(r=0.02;p>0.05).On the other hand,rainfall had a significant impact on honey production(r=0.078;p<0.05).Beekeepers have a good knowledge of the impacts of cli-mate variability and recognize that it affects their activities.some adaptation strategies will be proposed to beekeepers to cope with climate impacts like the use of water tanks,transhumance,reforestation and changes in management practices.It is necessary to take into account the other climatic factors,all the environmental parameters and beekeeping management practices.展开更多
Increasingly,scientists and non-scientists,especially employees of government agencies,tend to use weak or equivocal language when making statements related to science policy and governmental regulation.We use recent ...Increasingly,scientists and non-scientists,especially employees of government agencies,tend to use weak or equivocal language when making statements related to science policy and governmental regulation.We use recent publications to provide examples of vague language versus examples of strong language when authors write about regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural resources.Lifeless language is common in agency reports,policy documents,and even scientific papers published by academics.Such language limits success in regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural resources.This challenge must be recognized and countered as a driver of the condition of water and associated resources.We also list sources of vague wording,provide global examples of how ambiguous language and political influences have contributed to water resource degradation,discuss the recent history of science censorship,and offer possible solutions for more direct scientific discourse.We found that:(1)equivocal language was especially common in concluding statements and not only by government employees;(2)authors discussed confusing language concerns in an agency publication;and(3)agency employees sometimes used active,strong language.Key drivers of weak language include:(1)holding on to old paradigms and resisting new knowledge;(2)scientific uncertainty;(3)institutional manuscript review policies;(4)employment and funding insecurity;and(5)avoiding the appearance of advocacy.Examples associated with euphemistic language included climate change,flow and physical habitat alteration,dams,agriculture,mining,forestry,and fisheries,as well as resistance towards monitoring,assessing,and reporting ecological conditions.Suggestions for mitigating equivocal language involve employment protections and greater focus on scientific ethics.We conclude that natural resource scientists should resist calls to employ imprecise language.Instead,they should be strong advocates for prescriptive and protective natural resource actions—based on their science—to halt and reverse the systemic degradation of those resources.展开更多
文摘Detarium senegalense J. F. Gmel., of the family of Fabaceae is one of the most exploited tree species in Togo. However, there are only few scientific studies on the distribution of this specie. This study is a contribution to the promotion of multi-purpose tree species in Togo with particular emphasis on a better knowledge of Detarium senegalense. It provides data on the ecology of the specie and his state of regeneration. The data on the specie are based on sample plots in the areas identified as hosts of the specie in Togo. A total of 77 circular plots of 1000 m2 (17.8 m radius) were established in ecological zones II, IV and V of Togo. The dendrometric parameters identified are: the total height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of Detarium senegalense and of all species found in each plot. Detarium senegalense trees of DBH < 10 cm are considered as potential regenerations. Detarium senegalense is more abundant in zones IV (forest area), followed by zone II. In zone V, Detarium senegalense is located only in the forest of “Have”. The structure of Detarium senegalense has a bell-shaped distribution with predominance of trees with large and intermediate diameters ranging between 30 and 70 cm. Trees of small DBH (Detarium senegalense occurs. This indicates a low regeneration rate of the specie. However, the structure of all species inventoried has a negative exponential distribution with predominance of small diameter trees. The sustainable management of Detarium senegalense in the forest can only be secured through a sustainable harvesting of seeds and actives promotion of natural regeneration.
基金supported by WASCAL(West African Science Center for Climate Change and Adapted Land Use)through the German Federal Ministry of Educa-tion and Research(BMBF).
文摘In many parts of the world,beekeeping,a pillar of agricultural production and biodiversity conservation,is subject to the harmful effects of climate change and climate variability.In Côte d’Ivoire,no scientific study has examined the impact of climatic variations on beekeeping production.This study aimed to assess the impact of climatic parameters on beekeeping in the Poro region,a bastion of beekeeping in Côte d’Ivoire,using the annual production of 11 avail-able beekeepers.The beekeepers’perceptions of the impact of climatic varia-bility on their productivity were collected from semi-structured surveys using a questionnaire.Snowball sampling was used to interview 162 beekeepers who responded to the questionnaire.The results showed that there has been an in-crease in average temperature over the years,with an average of 27.29℃,and a deficit in rainfall since 1999.There is a downward trend in production for 2 beekeepers,while there is no significant trend for the other 9 producers.The correlation between certain climatic variables and honey production showed that the average temperature(26℃ and 27℃)over the last seven years of pro-duction had no significant impact on beekeeping in the region(r=0.02;p>0.05).On the other hand,rainfall had a significant impact on honey production(r=0.078;p<0.05).Beekeepers have a good knowledge of the impacts of cli-mate variability and recognize that it affects their activities.some adaptation strategies will be proposed to beekeepers to cope with climate impacts like the use of water tanks,transhumance,reforestation and changes in management practices.It is necessary to take into account the other climatic factors,all the environmental parameters and beekeeping management practices.
文摘Increasingly,scientists and non-scientists,especially employees of government agencies,tend to use weak or equivocal language when making statements related to science policy and governmental regulation.We use recent publications to provide examples of vague language versus examples of strong language when authors write about regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural resources.Lifeless language is common in agency reports,policy documents,and even scientific papers published by academics.Such language limits success in regulating anthropogenic pressures on natural resources.This challenge must be recognized and countered as a driver of the condition of water and associated resources.We also list sources of vague wording,provide global examples of how ambiguous language and political influences have contributed to water resource degradation,discuss the recent history of science censorship,and offer possible solutions for more direct scientific discourse.We found that:(1)equivocal language was especially common in concluding statements and not only by government employees;(2)authors discussed confusing language concerns in an agency publication;and(3)agency employees sometimes used active,strong language.Key drivers of weak language include:(1)holding on to old paradigms and resisting new knowledge;(2)scientific uncertainty;(3)institutional manuscript review policies;(4)employment and funding insecurity;and(5)avoiding the appearance of advocacy.Examples associated with euphemistic language included climate change,flow and physical habitat alteration,dams,agriculture,mining,forestry,and fisheries,as well as resistance towards monitoring,assessing,and reporting ecological conditions.Suggestions for mitigating equivocal language involve employment protections and greater focus on scientific ethics.We conclude that natural resource scientists should resist calls to employ imprecise language.Instead,they should be strong advocates for prescriptive and protective natural resource actions—based on their science—to halt and reverse the systemic degradation of those resources.
