Drugs are traditionally been identified on basis of chromatographic-spectroscopic hyphenated techniques in instrumental analysis. Gas chromatography (GC) and Liquid chromatography (LC) hyphenated with mass spectroscop...Drugs are traditionally been identified on basis of chromatographic-spectroscopic hyphenated techniques in instrumental analysis. Gas chromatography (GC) and Liquid chromatography (LC) hyphenated with mass spectroscopy (MS) i.e. GC-MS and LC-MS give reliable and confirmatory results in drugs identification. In the present work the novel hyphenated technique High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (HPTLC-MS) has been used. This technique provides efficient, quick and simple method for identification and separation of Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The drugs under study are Papaverine, Methadone, Cocaine, Ketamine, Caffeine, Codeine, Diazepam, Thebaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine, Carbamazepine, Morphine, Narcotine and Ephedrine. The present study comprising of sixteen drugs has been carried out on CAMAG HPTLC instrument with automatic sampling. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates were developed in various solvent systems, scanned under TLC scanner and the results in terms of Retention Factor (Rf value) and UV spectrum (λmax) are presented in the manuscript. Using hyphenated technique of HPTLC-MS (MS 2020 SHIMADZU) spots of these drugs from TLC plate was lifted with CAMAG TLC-MS interface and confirmed by the mass spectrum of the individual drugs by their m/z values thus delivering fast and accurate confirmatory result on the TLC plate.展开更多
After a prolonged debate and discussion,the World Health Organization(WHO)relisted'snakebite'under Category'A'of'Neglected Tropical Diseases'(NTDs)in June 2017 hoping to diminish its burden on ...After a prolonged debate and discussion,the World Health Organization(WHO)relisted'snakebite'under Category'A'of'Neglected Tropical Diseases'(NTDs)in June 2017 hoping to diminish its burden on people.Earlier,in March 2009,WHO added snakebite to its official list of NTDs but later downgraded to'Other Neglected Conditions',a list reduced in importance[1,2].Obviously,the recent inclusion of snakebite in NTDs was due to the estimation of huge toll of deaths due to snake envenomation in tropical countries as supported by the multiple reports.This inclusion will expedite the process of developing better management protocols and infusing funds for such affected countries.展开更多
Use of new amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) as designer drugs is a serious problem worldwide. ATS are used in tablet, capsule, and powder forms, and can be mixed with other drugs. There is little information availabl...Use of new amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) as designer drugs is a serious problem worldwide. ATS are used in tablet, capsule, and powder forms, and can be mixed with other drugs. There is little information available on how these new drugs are metabolized or their ability to inhibit the metabolism of co-administered drugs. This study aimed to investigate the metabolism of six 4-substituted analogs of methamphetamine (MA), and their potential inhibition of MA metabolism. The metabolism of MA and the 4-substituted MAs was examined in vitro using human metabolic enzymes. Metabolite analyses were performed using trifluoroacetyl derivatization and GC-MS. The experiments showed that cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) was involved in the major metabolic pathway of MA, where it catalyzed N-demethylation of 4-fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA), 4-chloromethamphetamine (4-CMA), 4-bromomethamphetamine (4-BMA), 4-iodomethamphetamine (4-IMA) and 4-nitromethamphetamine (4-NMA), and O-demethylation of 4-methoxymethamphetamine (4-MMA). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for CYP2D6 using MA as substrate were different for each of the 4-substituted MAs. The strongest inhibitors of amphetamine production from MA were, in order, 4-IMA, 4-BMA, 4-CMA, 4-MMA, 4-FMA, and 4-NMA. The same order was observed for the IC50 values for inhibition of p-hydroxymethamphetamine production from MA, except for the IC50 of 4-MMA. The IC50 values of 4-IMA were lower than the IC50 values of fluoxetine and higher than that of quinidine. The results of this study imply that the risk of illicit drug interactions fluctuates so widely that unintentional fatal drug poisonings could occur.展开更多
Diatoms are unicellular plant algae which are found in almost all the waterbodies. Different diatoms respond differently to different environmental changes, there existence depending on the environmental factor of a p...Diatoms are unicellular plant algae which are found in almost all the waterbodies. Different diatoms respond differently to different environmental changes, there existence depending on the environmental factor of a particular place. A new diatom type was discovered in the lake Rani of Jind District of Haryana for the first time. Jind is an important district lying in the north of Haryana state located 75。53' and 76。47' East longitudes and between 29。03’ and 29。51’ North latitudes. It has a beautiful lake named as Rani Talab (Lake) which is famous for tourist visit and is located in the centre of the city. The pH of this water body ranges between 6.5 to 8.3, conductivity between 0.21 to 0.294 m?mho?cm-1 with temperature ranging between 19.5℃ to 35℃ for two consecutive years 2008-2009 and 2009 - 2010. The newly discovered diatom is the only diatom which inhabits one particular Lake Rani of Haryana, it is not found elsewhere in India and any other database of diatoms generated so far in any other part of the world. The new genus was discovered by Vinayak V. et al in the process of creation of diatom database from Haryana State of India for the first time. The new genus was named as Eunocymbellarania vandana for its genus name derived from Eunotia and Cymbella and its close affinity to these two diatoms and its origin place ‘Lake Rani’, but the species name ‘vandana ‘ is from Diatomist展开更多
Many Organothallium Compounds have been used in medicine, industry and antibacterial activity. Optical properties are among the most fascinating and useful properties of many complexes and have been extensively studie...Many Organothallium Compounds have been used in medicine, industry and antibacterial activity. Optical properties are among the most fascinating and useful properties of many complexes and have been extensively studied using a variety of optical spectroscopic techniques. A basic understanding of the optical properties and related spectroscopic techniques is essential for characterization about semiconductors, insulators or metal. Optical properties are related to other properties and functionalities (e.g. electronic, magnetic, and thermal) that are of fundamental importance to many technological applications, such as energy conversion, chemical analysis, biomedicine, opto-electronics, communication, and radiation detection. The fundamental importance of Thallium is the ability to accept electrons due to empty d-orbitals and thus establish additional bonds (σ bond and π bond) in chemistry. The Thallium metal, which has outer electronic configuration 6 s2, 6 p1 shows oxidation states of Thallium (III) and Thallium (I). This research paper explains that Thallium (III) and Thallium (I) accepts lone pairs from various bi-dentate tetra-dentate Schiff base ligands due to p-orbital and vacant d-orbital. This research paper explains the Characterization, XPS and Toxicological Study of Or- ganothallium (III) Compounds with Schiff base ligands by physiochemical technique. X-Ray photoelectron spectrogra- phy (XPS) study of Thallium (III) complexes with Schiff Base ligands also reported in this paper. XPS study shows a single symmetrical peak without any splitting in photoelectron peak, which confirms diamagnetic nature of all prepared molecular adducts. All prepared complexes with Schiff base ligands show toxicological effect.展开更多
A dark and lead to silver grey soft irregular-shaped with heavy weight stone has been analysed as a part of research work for determining the components of the stone thereby leading to identify curiously to pinpoint w...A dark and lead to silver grey soft irregular-shaped with heavy weight stone has been analysed as a part of research work for determining the components of the stone thereby leading to identify curiously to pinpoint whether the stone is in a category of gemstone, radioactive elements, raw or ingredients for making a powerful bomb or otherwise. In addition to the physical and optical parameters measured such as specific gravity, hardness, luster, transparency, cleavage, streak and other associated minerals for identification of unknown stone, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) is one of the primary techniques in identification of minerals to examine the physico-chemical make-up of unknown materials, and has also been employed using Philips, DY993 X-ray Powder Diffractometer. The diffraction spectrum has been measured with the proportional counter in the 2°to 100°range at room temperature 300 K. This study reveals that the stone is not a category of precious stone;instead it is a category of mineral deposition, PbS, Galena.展开更多
Experimental scenario of the world being successful in planting water molecule at binary level in fullerene C70 is of utmost importance to pursue the theoretical properties of predictive triple water molecules and pol...Experimental scenario of the world being successful in planting water molecule at binary level in fullerene C70 is of utmost importance to pursue the theoretical properties of predictive triple water molecules and poly water molecules in Vander Waals confined space like fullerenes. Here, we present a paper in these lines of exploration of embedding triple water molecules in a Carbon confined space through the studies of behavior of three water molecules in Fullerene C60 by ab-initio methods. This heterogeneous system manifests cyclic hydrogen bonds which may be working with flipping actions. The unusual structural property of water trimers is reported. There exists a dipole moment of 0.9 ± 0.1 Debye which indicates the probable semiconductor properties.展开更多
<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was aimed to establish whether the skin preparation using ethanol-containing skin antiseptics causes ethan...<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was aimed to establish whether the skin preparation using ethanol-containing skin antiseptics causes ethanol contamination through blood collection. Venous blood was collected from 40 healthy volunteers according to the national guidelines for blood sampling, with four sequential procedures as follows: 1) collecting blood immediately (within 5 seconds) after cleaning the skin with an individually packaged type of ethanol-containing wipe, 2) collecting blood 1 minute after cleaning the skin with an individually packaged type of ethanol-containing wipe, 3) collecting immediately (within 5 seconds) after cleaning the skin with a traditional cleaning method (thoroughly ethanol-impregnated wipe, and 4) collecting 1 minute after cleaning the skin with a traditional cleaning method. Each sequential procedure was p</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">erformed with and without the ethanol-containing wipe used for sk</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in cleaning on the puncture site on their right and left arms at the time the needle was withdrawn, respectively. The collected specimens were subjected to the determination of ethanol by using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In every 80 blood specimens obtained from 40 participants, ethanol was undetectable (<0.001 mg/mL). This study demonstrates that disinfection using ethanol-containing skin antiseptics is unlikely to cause ethanol contamination through blood collection regardless of skin preparation technique according to the guidelines for blood sampling. This may have implications in forensic science.展开更多
Aims and Objectives:The plan of study was the evaluation of genetic diversity in the tribal populations of Northern West Bengal,tribal populations of southern West Bengal and the Muslim population of West Bengal,India...Aims and Objectives:The plan of study was the evaluation of genetic diversity in the tribal populations of Northern West Bengal,tribal populations of southern West Bengal and the Muslim population of West Bengal,India,using 15 autosomal STR markers.Further investigation was done to find out the genetic relatedness of the studied populations with other previously documented Indian populations.Result:The studied tribal population of Northern West Bengal and Southern West Bengal showed a wide range of observed heterozygosity values,viz,from 0.667 to 0.878 and 0.699 to 0.863 respectively.Same was the case with the tribal population of Southern Bengal where the observed heterozygosity values ranged between 0.699 to 0.863.For the Muslim population the observed heterozygosity value was in the range of 0.742 to 0.885.The combined value of non-exclusion probability for all the studied loci was 0.00000550 for the tribal population of Northern West Bengal,0.00004445 for the Muslim population of West Bengal and 0.00000806 for the tribal population of Southern West Bengal.The neighbor joining(NJ)tree and principal component analysis(PCA)resulted in the clustering of our studied populations with other previously studied Indian populations.Conclusion:The data thus obtained demonstrated high forensic efficacy and will be therefore helpful in several population genetics studies and forensic applications.展开更多
Gunshot Residue(GSR)has been a subject of interest for the forensic fraternity.Numerous analytical contributions towards the GSR analysis have been reported.Sensitivity,portability,cost-effectiveness,speed,etc.are suc...Gunshot Residue(GSR)has been a subject of interest for the forensic fraternity.Numerous analytical contributions towards the GSR analysis have been reported.Sensitivity,portability,cost-effectiveness,speed,etc.are such factors of electrochemical methods that have attracted the researchers across the globe to test the applicability of these as a potential analytical tool for forensic evaluation of GSR.With the development of scientific technology,efforts have been made towards the handheld device for the on-field analysis of GSR.Recently,chemometric treatment of data generated from the electrochemical analysis of GSR has offered more effective approach.It makes the analysis more conclusive and minimizes the chances of false-positive detection.It will be very fruitful to anticipate the analytical potential of electrochemical tools for GSR analysis.This article reviews the research progress towards the development of electrochemical sensor for GSR detection reported during 2013-2020 along with challenges and future perspectives.展开更多
Human identification using forensic DNA profiling has made enormous advancement over the past two‑and‑half decades.Forensic DNA profiling provides enormous genetic data from a variety of biological materials and indiv...Human identification using forensic DNA profiling has made enormous advancement over the past two‑and‑half decades.Forensic DNA profiling provides enormous genetic data from a variety of biological materials and individualsto help solve many important criminal and civil cases that confront society.Under certain environmental conditions,the total deterioration of soft-tissue leaves skeletal remains as the only available sample for DNA testing to identify missing persons,victims of natural disasters,or exonerate suspect(s)in a criminal case.We report the findings of a case involving the human remains of a missing person submitted to the Forensic Science Laboratory of the Ghana Police Service for forensic DNA profiling in comparison to an alleged living relative of the deceased.DNA from the femur bone and buccal swabs of alleged relative of the deceased were extracted,quantified,and short tandem repeat(STR)profiled using Qiagen’s Investigator kit,Applied Biosystem’s Quantifiler trio,and GlobalFiler kits.Full STR profiles were generated for both the femur bone from the salty environment and the buccal swabs from the alleged relative.The femur bone was genetically identified to be that of the missing person.The remains were thus handed over to the relatives for final funeral rites and burial to bring closure to the long search for the missing person.展开更多
Among different endangered animal species,snakes are the most neglected creature looked at with apathy and therefore,are ruthlessly killed,illegally trafficked,and poached for their venom,lucrative skin,meat,and bones...Among different endangered animal species,snakes are the most neglected creature looked at with apathy and therefore,are ruthlessly killed,illegally trafficked,and poached for their venom,lucrative skin,meat,and bones for manufacturing of medicines,accessories,and food items.Establishing the identity of the endangered snake species is important for punishing the offenders under Wildlife Protection Act(WPA)(1972)but morphological characters fail to establish identity as they are often altered.The technique of identification of snake species at molecular level holds very effective conclusion in punishing offender.Here,we have constructed and demonstrated a novel multiplexing polymerase chain reaction technique,using 16S rRNA and C-mos gene for identification of four Indian snake species,namely Ptyas mucosa,Daboia russellii,Naja naja,and Xenochrophis piscator.They are listed in Appendix-II and III of convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora and Schedule II;Part II of Indian WPA,1972.Therefore,it may be considered a functional tool for establishing species-specific identity of four Indian snake species and promising to be useful for their conservation.展开更多
Crocodiles,gharials and alligators(order Crocodilia),are aquatic reptiles that live in the tropics of Asia,America,Africa,and Australia.Asian countries such as India,Indonesia,Malaysia,and tropics of Australia are the...Crocodiles,gharials and alligators(order Crocodilia),are aquatic reptiles that live in the tropics of Asia,America,Africa,and Australia.Asian countries such as India,Indonesia,Malaysia,and tropics of Australia are the stronghold of the family Crocodylidae.Among all 23 crocodile species,nine species occur in Asia and its surroundings,including the only member of Gavialidae and Alligatoridae family.They are“mugger”or“Crocodylus palustris,”“saltwater crocodile”or“Crocodylus porosus,”“Philippine crocodile”or“Crocodylus mindorensis,”“New Guinea crocodile”or“Crocodylus novaeguineae,”“Siamese crocodile”or“Crocodylus siamensis,”“gharials”or“Gavialis gangeticus,”“false gharial”or“Tomistoma schlegelii,”and“Chinese alligator”or“Alligator sinensis.”All of these species have been encompassed in“Appendix I”and“Appendix II”of the“Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,”which prevents any kind of trade involving crocodilian species.However,it has been observed that these crocodiles are illegally poached and trafficked for their lucrative skin,meats,eggs,snouts,and bones in medicinal and cosmetic industries.Although many molecular biologists have come forward for the conservation of these species,lack of knowledge about the available,fast,and dependable techniques makes it difficult for forensic identification of seized or confiscated.It has been a major problem for the implementation of the“Wildlife Protection Law”on illegal trade.This article focuses on molecular techniques developed till date for the rapid and reliable species identification and conservation study of them.展开更多
Wildlife DNAForensic isthe application of regular DNAforensic methodsfor proper identification of wildlife parts and their products.Recent advances in molecular genetic studies have generated a new and exciting range ...Wildlife DNAForensic isthe application of regular DNAforensic methodsfor proper identification of wildlife parts and their products.Recent advances in molecular genetic studies have generated a new and exciting range of possible applications of genetic methods to wildlife research,conservation,and management.These advances have led to an explosion in genetic research on wildlife for their identification at molecular level and have increased interest among researchers working in other scientific disciplines for application of genetic technology in wildlife DNAforensic field.Different molecular markers have been developed and being routinely used for analysis,such as nuclear markers(variable number of tandem repeats,single-nucleotide polymorphisms),mitochondrial markers(cytochrome b,cytochrome c oxidase subunit I,16S rRNA,12S rRNA,and D‑Loop)and microsatellites.As soon as,a case is reported under Wildlife Protection Act(1972)the case exhibits are sent to forensic laboratories for proper analysis of species for appropriate application of law.展开更多
Background:The genetic representation of various population groups has been successfully attempted by studying hypervariable regions of human mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)for forensic purposes.In this view of the fact,ther...Background:The genetic representation of various population groups has been successfully attempted by studying hypervariable regions of human mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)for forensic purposes.In this view of the fact,there are very few studies in the northern region of India focusing on mtDNA variations.The usage of mtDNA typing for forensic purposes has however been delayed in most states,especially Haryana,due to lack of mtDNA pool database for Haryana populations.Aims and Objectives:Since,there has been no elaborated mtDNA study on Jat population of Haryana,thus,the genetic variability of Jat population of Haryana was estimated by examining the hypervariable regions(HVI,HVII,and HVIII)of mtDNA.Materials and Methods:Blood samples of maternally unrelated individuals have been collected.Statistical Analysis Used:Different parameters and molecular diversity indices were computed.Results:The polymorphism has been observed with their corresponding haplogroups.The phylogenetic relationship was inferred between different haplogroups.Conclusion:A high level of variation and a low random match probability was observed in all the three hypervariable regions of mtDNA,indicating its utility for forensic purposes.展开更多
Introduction:Storage of specimens sampled from human remains for pathological testing,embalming for burial purposes,and for human identification often requires formalin fixation and/or paraffin embedding.Current knowl...Introduction:Storage of specimens sampled from human remains for pathological testing,embalming for burial purposes,and for human identification often requires formalin fixation and/or paraffin embedding.Current knowledge in molecular biology techniques and forensic DNA analysis makes it possible to optimize the extraction of amplifiable DNA from formalin-fixed tissues by improving the pre-treatment,optimizing the digestion condition of proteinase K,simplifying the extraction protocol and purifying the extracted DNA with optimized volumes of alcohol.Aim:This research sought to extract amplifiable DNA from thirteen brain,bone marrow and cartilage samples from four formalin embalmed human cadavers.Materials and Methods:Brain,cartilage and bone marrow samples were taken from four different cadavers at autopsy at the Ghana Police Hospital mortuary in Accra,Ghana sixty-two days after embalming.An optimized preparation and DNA extraction protocol was carried out on all the samples.Brain samples were also taken from a non-formalin treated fifth cadaver of known STR profile,and standard DNA extraction performed to serve as positive control.Results:Our optimized protocol yielded detectable quantities of DNA from the samples when quantified with the 7500 Real-Time PCR equipment.The extracted DNA also yielded full STR profiles with varying peak heights for forensic identification purposes.The measured degradation indexes of the DNA samples were greater than 1.0,with peak heights of generated STR profiles above the limits of detection of the 3500 genetic analyzer.Conclusion:Our current study demonstrated an optimized method of DNA extraction from tissues(brain,cartilage and bone marrow)sampled from formalin embalmed human cadavers.The optimized protocol reduced the concentration of formalin fixation residues in extracted DNA from formalin-fixed tissues,thereby improving the amplification efficiency for STR profiling.Brain,bone marrow and cartilages can be a good source of DNA from embalmed and degraded human remains,though for skeletonized human remains together with teeth and long bones.展开更多
文摘Drugs are traditionally been identified on basis of chromatographic-spectroscopic hyphenated techniques in instrumental analysis. Gas chromatography (GC) and Liquid chromatography (LC) hyphenated with mass spectroscopy (MS) i.e. GC-MS and LC-MS give reliable and confirmatory results in drugs identification. In the present work the novel hyphenated technique High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (HPTLC-MS) has been used. This technique provides efficient, quick and simple method for identification and separation of Narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. The drugs under study are Papaverine, Methadone, Cocaine, Ketamine, Caffeine, Codeine, Diazepam, Thebaine, Heroin, Methamphetamine, Carbamazepine, Morphine, Narcotine and Ephedrine. The present study comprising of sixteen drugs has been carried out on CAMAG HPTLC instrument with automatic sampling. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates were developed in various solvent systems, scanned under TLC scanner and the results in terms of Retention Factor (Rf value) and UV spectrum (λmax) are presented in the manuscript. Using hyphenated technique of HPTLC-MS (MS 2020 SHIMADZU) spots of these drugs from TLC plate was lifted with CAMAG TLC-MS interface and confirmed by the mass spectrum of the individual drugs by their m/z values thus delivering fast and accurate confirmatory result on the TLC plate.
文摘After a prolonged debate and discussion,the World Health Organization(WHO)relisted'snakebite'under Category'A'of'Neglected Tropical Diseases'(NTDs)in June 2017 hoping to diminish its burden on people.Earlier,in March 2009,WHO added snakebite to its official list of NTDs but later downgraded to'Other Neglected Conditions',a list reduced in importance[1,2].Obviously,the recent inclusion of snakebite in NTDs was due to the estimation of huge toll of deaths due to snake envenomation in tropical countries as supported by the multiple reports.This inclusion will expedite the process of developing better management protocols and infusing funds for such affected countries.
文摘Use of new amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) as designer drugs is a serious problem worldwide. ATS are used in tablet, capsule, and powder forms, and can be mixed with other drugs. There is little information available on how these new drugs are metabolized or their ability to inhibit the metabolism of co-administered drugs. This study aimed to investigate the metabolism of six 4-substituted analogs of methamphetamine (MA), and their potential inhibition of MA metabolism. The metabolism of MA and the 4-substituted MAs was examined in vitro using human metabolic enzymes. Metabolite analyses were performed using trifluoroacetyl derivatization and GC-MS. The experiments showed that cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) was involved in the major metabolic pathway of MA, where it catalyzed N-demethylation of 4-fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA), 4-chloromethamphetamine (4-CMA), 4-bromomethamphetamine (4-BMA), 4-iodomethamphetamine (4-IMA) and 4-nitromethamphetamine (4-NMA), and O-demethylation of 4-methoxymethamphetamine (4-MMA). The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for CYP2D6 using MA as substrate were different for each of the 4-substituted MAs. The strongest inhibitors of amphetamine production from MA were, in order, 4-IMA, 4-BMA, 4-CMA, 4-MMA, 4-FMA, and 4-NMA. The same order was observed for the IC50 values for inhibition of p-hydroxymethamphetamine production from MA, except for the IC50 of 4-MMA. The IC50 values of 4-IMA were lower than the IC50 values of fluoxetine and higher than that of quinidine. The results of this study imply that the risk of illicit drug interactions fluctuates so widely that unintentional fatal drug poisonings could occur.
文摘Diatoms are unicellular plant algae which are found in almost all the waterbodies. Different diatoms respond differently to different environmental changes, there existence depending on the environmental factor of a particular place. A new diatom type was discovered in the lake Rani of Jind District of Haryana for the first time. Jind is an important district lying in the north of Haryana state located 75。53' and 76。47' East longitudes and between 29。03’ and 29。51’ North latitudes. It has a beautiful lake named as Rani Talab (Lake) which is famous for tourist visit and is located in the centre of the city. The pH of this water body ranges between 6.5 to 8.3, conductivity between 0.21 to 0.294 m?mho?cm-1 with temperature ranging between 19.5℃ to 35℃ for two consecutive years 2008-2009 and 2009 - 2010. The newly discovered diatom is the only diatom which inhabits one particular Lake Rani of Haryana, it is not found elsewhere in India and any other database of diatoms generated so far in any other part of the world. The new genus was discovered by Vinayak V. et al in the process of creation of diatom database from Haryana State of India for the first time. The new genus was named as Eunocymbellarania vandana for its genus name derived from Eunotia and Cymbella and its close affinity to these two diatoms and its origin place ‘Lake Rani’, but the species name ‘vandana ‘ is from Diatomist
文摘Many Organothallium Compounds have been used in medicine, industry and antibacterial activity. Optical properties are among the most fascinating and useful properties of many complexes and have been extensively studied using a variety of optical spectroscopic techniques. A basic understanding of the optical properties and related spectroscopic techniques is essential for characterization about semiconductors, insulators or metal. Optical properties are related to other properties and functionalities (e.g. electronic, magnetic, and thermal) that are of fundamental importance to many technological applications, such as energy conversion, chemical analysis, biomedicine, opto-electronics, communication, and radiation detection. The fundamental importance of Thallium is the ability to accept electrons due to empty d-orbitals and thus establish additional bonds (σ bond and π bond) in chemistry. The Thallium metal, which has outer electronic configuration 6 s2, 6 p1 shows oxidation states of Thallium (III) and Thallium (I). This research paper explains that Thallium (III) and Thallium (I) accepts lone pairs from various bi-dentate tetra-dentate Schiff base ligands due to p-orbital and vacant d-orbital. This research paper explains the Characterization, XPS and Toxicological Study of Or- ganothallium (III) Compounds with Schiff base ligands by physiochemical technique. X-Ray photoelectron spectrogra- phy (XPS) study of Thallium (III) complexes with Schiff Base ligands also reported in this paper. XPS study shows a single symmetrical peak without any splitting in photoelectron peak, which confirms diamagnetic nature of all prepared molecular adducts. All prepared complexes with Schiff base ligands show toxicological effect.
文摘A dark and lead to silver grey soft irregular-shaped with heavy weight stone has been analysed as a part of research work for determining the components of the stone thereby leading to identify curiously to pinpoint whether the stone is in a category of gemstone, radioactive elements, raw or ingredients for making a powerful bomb or otherwise. In addition to the physical and optical parameters measured such as specific gravity, hardness, luster, transparency, cleavage, streak and other associated minerals for identification of unknown stone, Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) is one of the primary techniques in identification of minerals to examine the physico-chemical make-up of unknown materials, and has also been employed using Philips, DY993 X-ray Powder Diffractometer. The diffraction spectrum has been measured with the proportional counter in the 2°to 100°range at room temperature 300 K. This study reveals that the stone is not a category of precious stone;instead it is a category of mineral deposition, PbS, Galena.
文摘Experimental scenario of the world being successful in planting water molecule at binary level in fullerene C70 is of utmost importance to pursue the theoretical properties of predictive triple water molecules and poly water molecules in Vander Waals confined space like fullerenes. Here, we present a paper in these lines of exploration of embedding triple water molecules in a Carbon confined space through the studies of behavior of three water molecules in Fullerene C60 by ab-initio methods. This heterogeneous system manifests cyclic hydrogen bonds which may be working with flipping actions. The unusual structural property of water trimers is reported. There exists a dipole moment of 0.9 ± 0.1 Debye which indicates the probable semiconductor properties.
文摘<span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This study was aimed to establish whether the skin preparation using ethanol-containing skin antiseptics causes ethanol contamination through blood collection. Venous blood was collected from 40 healthy volunteers according to the national guidelines for blood sampling, with four sequential procedures as follows: 1) collecting blood immediately (within 5 seconds) after cleaning the skin with an individually packaged type of ethanol-containing wipe, 2) collecting blood 1 minute after cleaning the skin with an individually packaged type of ethanol-containing wipe, 3) collecting immediately (within 5 seconds) after cleaning the skin with a traditional cleaning method (thoroughly ethanol-impregnated wipe, and 4) collecting 1 minute after cleaning the skin with a traditional cleaning method. Each sequential procedure was p</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">erformed with and without the ethanol-containing wipe used for sk</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in cleaning on the puncture site on their right and left arms at the time the needle was withdrawn, respectively. The collected specimens were subjected to the determination of ethanol by using headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In every 80 blood specimens obtained from 40 participants, ethanol was undetectable (<0.001 mg/mL). This study demonstrates that disinfection using ethanol-containing skin antiseptics is unlikely to cause ethanol contamination through blood collection regardless of skin preparation technique according to the guidelines for blood sampling. This may have implications in forensic science.
文摘Aims and Objectives:The plan of study was the evaluation of genetic diversity in the tribal populations of Northern West Bengal,tribal populations of southern West Bengal and the Muslim population of West Bengal,India,using 15 autosomal STR markers.Further investigation was done to find out the genetic relatedness of the studied populations with other previously documented Indian populations.Result:The studied tribal population of Northern West Bengal and Southern West Bengal showed a wide range of observed heterozygosity values,viz,from 0.667 to 0.878 and 0.699 to 0.863 respectively.Same was the case with the tribal population of Southern Bengal where the observed heterozygosity values ranged between 0.699 to 0.863.For the Muslim population the observed heterozygosity value was in the range of 0.742 to 0.885.The combined value of non-exclusion probability for all the studied loci was 0.00000550 for the tribal population of Northern West Bengal,0.00004445 for the Muslim population of West Bengal and 0.00000806 for the tribal population of Southern West Bengal.The neighbor joining(NJ)tree and principal component analysis(PCA)resulted in the clustering of our studied populations with other previously studied Indian populations.Conclusion:The data thus obtained demonstrated high forensic efficacy and will be therefore helpful in several population genetics studies and forensic applications.
基金the University Grants Commission(UGC),Ministry of EducationGovernment of India,for providing financial assistance(UGC-JRF vide Letter No.190521040928)to the first author(AH).
文摘Gunshot Residue(GSR)has been a subject of interest for the forensic fraternity.Numerous analytical contributions towards the GSR analysis have been reported.Sensitivity,portability,cost-effectiveness,speed,etc.are such factors of electrochemical methods that have attracted the researchers across the globe to test the applicability of these as a potential analytical tool for forensic evaluation of GSR.With the development of scientific technology,efforts have been made towards the handheld device for the on-field analysis of GSR.Recently,chemometric treatment of data generated from the electrochemical analysis of GSR has offered more effective approach.It makes the analysis more conclusive and minimizes the chances of false-positive detection.It will be very fruitful to anticipate the analytical potential of electrochemical tools for GSR analysis.This article reviews the research progress towards the development of electrochemical sensor for GSR detection reported during 2013-2020 along with challenges and future perspectives.
文摘Human identification using forensic DNA profiling has made enormous advancement over the past two‑and‑half decades.Forensic DNA profiling provides enormous genetic data from a variety of biological materials and individualsto help solve many important criminal and civil cases that confront society.Under certain environmental conditions,the total deterioration of soft-tissue leaves skeletal remains as the only available sample for DNA testing to identify missing persons,victims of natural disasters,or exonerate suspect(s)in a criminal case.We report the findings of a case involving the human remains of a missing person submitted to the Forensic Science Laboratory of the Ghana Police Service for forensic DNA profiling in comparison to an alleged living relative of the deceased.DNA from the femur bone and buccal swabs of alleged relative of the deceased were extracted,quantified,and short tandem repeat(STR)profiled using Qiagen’s Investigator kit,Applied Biosystem’s Quantifiler trio,and GlobalFiler kits.Full STR profiles were generated for both the femur bone from the salty environment and the buccal swabs from the alleged relative.The femur bone was genetically identified to be that of the missing person.The remains were thus handed over to the relatives for final funeral rites and burial to bring closure to the long search for the missing person.
文摘Among different endangered animal species,snakes are the most neglected creature looked at with apathy and therefore,are ruthlessly killed,illegally trafficked,and poached for their venom,lucrative skin,meat,and bones for manufacturing of medicines,accessories,and food items.Establishing the identity of the endangered snake species is important for punishing the offenders under Wildlife Protection Act(WPA)(1972)but morphological characters fail to establish identity as they are often altered.The technique of identification of snake species at molecular level holds very effective conclusion in punishing offender.Here,we have constructed and demonstrated a novel multiplexing polymerase chain reaction technique,using 16S rRNA and C-mos gene for identification of four Indian snake species,namely Ptyas mucosa,Daboia russellii,Naja naja,and Xenochrophis piscator.They are listed in Appendix-II and III of convention on international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora and Schedule II;Part II of Indian WPA,1972.Therefore,it may be considered a functional tool for establishing species-specific identity of four Indian snake species and promising to be useful for their conservation.
文摘Crocodiles,gharials and alligators(order Crocodilia),are aquatic reptiles that live in the tropics of Asia,America,Africa,and Australia.Asian countries such as India,Indonesia,Malaysia,and tropics of Australia are the stronghold of the family Crocodylidae.Among all 23 crocodile species,nine species occur in Asia and its surroundings,including the only member of Gavialidae and Alligatoridae family.They are“mugger”or“Crocodylus palustris,”“saltwater crocodile”or“Crocodylus porosus,”“Philippine crocodile”or“Crocodylus mindorensis,”“New Guinea crocodile”or“Crocodylus novaeguineae,”“Siamese crocodile”or“Crocodylus siamensis,”“gharials”or“Gavialis gangeticus,”“false gharial”or“Tomistoma schlegelii,”and“Chinese alligator”or“Alligator sinensis.”All of these species have been encompassed in“Appendix I”and“Appendix II”of the“Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora,”which prevents any kind of trade involving crocodilian species.However,it has been observed that these crocodiles are illegally poached and trafficked for their lucrative skin,meats,eggs,snouts,and bones in medicinal and cosmetic industries.Although many molecular biologists have come forward for the conservation of these species,lack of knowledge about the available,fast,and dependable techniques makes it difficult for forensic identification of seized or confiscated.It has been a major problem for the implementation of the“Wildlife Protection Law”on illegal trade.This article focuses on molecular techniques developed till date for the rapid and reliable species identification and conservation study of them.
文摘Wildlife DNAForensic isthe application of regular DNAforensic methodsfor proper identification of wildlife parts and their products.Recent advances in molecular genetic studies have generated a new and exciting range of possible applications of genetic methods to wildlife research,conservation,and management.These advances have led to an explosion in genetic research on wildlife for their identification at molecular level and have increased interest among researchers working in other scientific disciplines for application of genetic technology in wildlife DNAforensic field.Different molecular markers have been developed and being routinely used for analysis,such as nuclear markers(variable number of tandem repeats,single-nucleotide polymorphisms),mitochondrial markers(cytochrome b,cytochrome c oxidase subunit I,16S rRNA,12S rRNA,and D‑Loop)and microsatellites.As soon as,a case is reported under Wildlife Protection Act(1972)the case exhibits are sent to forensic laboratories for proper analysis of species for appropriate application of law.
文摘Background:The genetic representation of various population groups has been successfully attempted by studying hypervariable regions of human mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA)for forensic purposes.In this view of the fact,there are very few studies in the northern region of India focusing on mtDNA variations.The usage of mtDNA typing for forensic purposes has however been delayed in most states,especially Haryana,due to lack of mtDNA pool database for Haryana populations.Aims and Objectives:Since,there has been no elaborated mtDNA study on Jat population of Haryana,thus,the genetic variability of Jat population of Haryana was estimated by examining the hypervariable regions(HVI,HVII,and HVIII)of mtDNA.Materials and Methods:Blood samples of maternally unrelated individuals have been collected.Statistical Analysis Used:Different parameters and molecular diversity indices were computed.Results:The polymorphism has been observed with their corresponding haplogroups.The phylogenetic relationship was inferred between different haplogroups.Conclusion:A high level of variation and a low random match probability was observed in all the three hypervariable regions of mtDNA,indicating its utility for forensic purposes.
文摘Introduction:Storage of specimens sampled from human remains for pathological testing,embalming for burial purposes,and for human identification often requires formalin fixation and/or paraffin embedding.Current knowledge in molecular biology techniques and forensic DNA analysis makes it possible to optimize the extraction of amplifiable DNA from formalin-fixed tissues by improving the pre-treatment,optimizing the digestion condition of proteinase K,simplifying the extraction protocol and purifying the extracted DNA with optimized volumes of alcohol.Aim:This research sought to extract amplifiable DNA from thirteen brain,bone marrow and cartilage samples from four formalin embalmed human cadavers.Materials and Methods:Brain,cartilage and bone marrow samples were taken from four different cadavers at autopsy at the Ghana Police Hospital mortuary in Accra,Ghana sixty-two days after embalming.An optimized preparation and DNA extraction protocol was carried out on all the samples.Brain samples were also taken from a non-formalin treated fifth cadaver of known STR profile,and standard DNA extraction performed to serve as positive control.Results:Our optimized protocol yielded detectable quantities of DNA from the samples when quantified with the 7500 Real-Time PCR equipment.The extracted DNA also yielded full STR profiles with varying peak heights for forensic identification purposes.The measured degradation indexes of the DNA samples were greater than 1.0,with peak heights of generated STR profiles above the limits of detection of the 3500 genetic analyzer.Conclusion:Our current study demonstrated an optimized method of DNA extraction from tissues(brain,cartilage and bone marrow)sampled from formalin embalmed human cadavers.The optimized protocol reduced the concentration of formalin fixation residues in extracted DNA from formalin-fixed tissues,thereby improving the amplification efficiency for STR profiling.Brain,bone marrow and cartilages can be a good source of DNA from embalmed and degraded human remains,though for skeletonized human remains together with teeth and long bones.
