The extensive use of polymeric materials in single-use packaging has driven the need to develop biodegradable alternatives.This study investigates the incorporation of graphene oxide(GO)and Moringa oleifera seed oil(M...The extensive use of polymeric materials in single-use packaging has driven the need to develop biodegradable alternatives.This study investigates the incorporation of graphene oxide(GO)and Moringa oleifera seed oil(MOSO)into a gelatin matrix to create polymer films and evaluate their potential as active packaging materials.The properties of these films were evaluated using structural,thermal,mechanical,optical,and physicochemical methods to determine their suitability for food packaging applications.The results showed that GO and MOSO were homogeneously dispersed in the gelatin matrix,forming colloidal particles(around 5μm in diameter).The addition of GO increased opacity by approximately 20 times the base value while MOSO affected light transmittance without impacting opacity.Mechanical properties were affected differently,GO acted as a crosslinking agent reducing elongation and increasing tensile strength at break,on the other hand MOSO acted as a plasticizer,making films more plastic increasing elongation a 30%.These effects counteracted each other,and similar behavior was recorded in differential scanning calorimetry.The films exhibited an improved water vapor resistance,which is crucial for food packaging.These findings indicate that the incorporation of GO and MOSO into a gelatin matrix may produce biodegradable polymer films with enhanced properties,suitable for active packaging in the food industry.展开更多
The objective of this work was to estimate the antioxidant potential of the extracts from pink shrimp residue and red grape pomaces (Merlot and Syrah varietals), evaluated according to its antioxidant activity with di...The objective of this work was to estimate the antioxidant potential of the extracts from pink shrimp residue and red grape pomaces (Merlot and Syrah varietals), evaluated according to its antioxidant activity with different analytical methods, associating these properties with the chemical composition of the extract and, as a consequence, with the extraction procedure. The shrimp residue was pre-treated combining cooking, drying, and milling, whereas the grape pomaces were dried and ground. The shrimp residue extracts were obtained by Soxhlet (SOX) and by maceration using hexane (Hx), hexane: isopropanol (50:50) (Hx:IPA), isopropanol, ethanol (EtOH) and acetone as solvents;by ultrasonic maceration (UME) with EtOH;by cold and hot oil extraction with soy and sunflower oils;and by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) with pure CO2 (100 -?300 bar;313.15 -?333.15 K) and with co-solvent (Hx: IPA and sunflower oil at 2%). The grape pomaces extracts were obtained by SOX using EtOH, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and Hx;UME with water (H2O), EtOH, EtOAc and Hx;and by SFE performed with pure CO2 (150 -?300 bar;323.15 -?333.15 K) and with cosolvent (EtOH at 15%). The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging procedure and by the β-carotene bleaching method. Higher antioxidant activities in shrimp residue extracts were observed by the β-carotene bleaching method in alcoholic and cetonic extracts, among the low pressure extraction methods, while for the SFE, the higher activities were achieved by the extracts obtained at elevated pressures. For the grape pomaces extracts, the best results were obtained by the DPPH method from the low pressure extractions proceeded with EtOH. The SFE with Merlot pomace at 323.15 K/150 bar (the lowest temperature and pressures tested) presented the best antioxidant activity by the β-carotene bleaching.展开更多
This study aimed to determine the antibiotic and bacteriocin sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from animal derived foods. With disc diffusion assay, all fourteen L. monocytogenes strains were susc...This study aimed to determine the antibiotic and bacteriocin sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from animal derived foods. With disc diffusion assay, all fourteen L. monocytogenes strains were suscepti-ble to the antibiotics, including penicillin G, vancomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, erythromycin, gentamicin and trime- thoprim. However, the percentages of fosfomycin and streptomycin resistances were 92.9% and 7.1%, respectively. Multiple resistances were not observed among the tested strains. The results of well diffusion assays showed that all strains were inhibited by the cell-free supernatant of a bacteriocin-producing strain, Pediococcus acidilactici 13, with the inhibition zones ranging from 16.00 to 24.50 mm. These results provide useful information on antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from foods, and can potentially be used to develop bacteriocin-based interventions to guard against the hazards associated with L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products.展开更多
Pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum)is one of the major millets with high nutritional properties.This crop exhibits exceptional resilience to drought and high temperatures.However,the processing of pearl millet poses a si...Pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum)is one of the major millets with high nutritional properties.This crop exhibits exceptional resilience to drought and high temperatures.However,the processing of pearl millet poses a significant challenge due to its high lipid content,enzyme activity,and presence of antinutrients.Consequently,it becomes imperative to enhance the quality and prolong the shelf life of pearl millet flour by employing suitable technologies.Hydrothermal treatment in the food industry has long been seen as promising due to its potential to reduce microbial load,inactivate enzymes,and improve nutrient retention.This study aims to investigate the effects of hydrothermal treatment on the quality characteristics of pearl millet.The independent variables of the study were soaking temperature(35,45,55℃),soaking time(2,3,4 h),and steaming time(5,10,15 min).Treatment conditions had a statistically significant effect on nutrient retention.Major antinutrients like tannins and phytates were reduced by 0.99% to 5.94% and 0.36% to 6.00%,respectively,after the treatment.Lipase activity decreased significantly up to 10% with the treatment conditions.The findings of this study could potentially encourage the use of pearl millet flour in the production of various food items and promote the application of hydrothermal treatment in the field of food processing.展开更多
Millets are widely recognized for their nutritional significance;however, the methods employed for their processing are currently lacking. This article primarily focuses on the advanced technologies and progressions i...Millets are widely recognized for their nutritional significance;however, the methods employed for their processing are currently lacking. This article primarily focuses on the advanced technologies and progressions in millet dehulling and polishing. These technologies operate based on the fundamental principles of compression-shearing, abrasion-friction, and centrifugal-impact forces. Processing of millets can be challenging because of the physical characteristics and tight attachment of hull and bran to the endosperm. However, several dehullers have been designed to solve this problem for different kinds of millets. In addition, the nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics undergo alterations due to both dehulling and polishing processes. These alterations are thoroughly examined and discussed in this article. Specifically, anti-nutrients such as tannins and phytate are predominantly found in the outer pericarp of the grain and experience a reduction after undergoing dehulling and polishing. The nutritional properties are also subjected to a reduction;however, this reduction can be mitigated by subjecting the grains to certain pretreatments before dehulling and polishing. These treatments serve to enhance dehulling efficiency and nutrient digestibility while simultaneously reducing the presence of anti-nutrients. Novel thermal and non-thermal methodologies such as microwave, hydrothermal, high-pressure processing, and ohmic heating can be employed for processing millets, thereby diminishing the loss of nutrients. Additional research can be carried out to investigate their impact on the dehulling and polishing of millets.展开更多
Machine learning and artificial intelligence continue to evolve at a rapid pace, with many potential applications related to soil science. Even so, human experience and perception play an invaluable role in characteri...Machine learning and artificial intelligence continue to evolve at a rapid pace, with many potential applications related to soil science. Even so, human experience and perception play an invaluable role in characterizing soil properties, especially qualitative properties that may elude sensing/computer-based modeling approaches. The elegant solution to this conundrum relies on the synthesis of computer-aided predictive modeling with human insight and knowledge.As global population surpasses 8 billion, the importance of optimized agronomic production to feed a hungry world has never been more important.展开更多
Millets,which are small-seeded grains,are classified under the Poaceae family and are known for their high nutritive content.Millets are a viable option for the global population in light of growing concerns about cli...Millets,which are small-seeded grains,are classified under the Poaceae family and are known for their high nutritive content.Millets are a viable option for the global population in light of growing concerns about climate change due to their exceptional tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses,such as drought,salinity,light,and heat.They have short growing periods and can be sustained in adverse weather conditions with less irrigation requirements.They encompass morpho-physiological,molecular,and biochemical characteristics that confer superior resilience to environmental stress.The millet grains have the potential to contribute to health and nutrition,rural employment,household incomes,rural and national economies,and sustainable environmental management.They are a rich source of both macro and micro nutrients.They contain a significant amount of bioactive substances,along with minerals such as iron,calcium,phosphorus,and zinc.Millets need to be processed for consumption and preparation to improve its nutritional and sensory properties.The major challenge in millet processing is due to the lack of proper processing machineries,presence of antinutritional factors and the poor shelf life of the flour due to high lipase activity.This limitation can be mitigated by using the appropriate processing methods.This article gives an insight into millet processing and value addition and its role in ensuring nutritional security through climate-smart agriculture.展开更多
Awareness on nutritive value and health benefits of rice is of vital importance in order to increase the consumption of rice in daily diet of the human beings. In this study, a total of six aromatic and two non-aromat...Awareness on nutritive value and health benefits of rice is of vital importance in order to increase the consumption of rice in daily diet of the human beings. In this study, a total of six aromatic and two non-aromatic rice accessions grown in India were analysed for their nutritional quality attributes including proximate composition, mineral contents and fatty acids. Data with three replications were used to measure Pearson＇s simple correlation co-efficient in order to establish the relationship among various nutritional quality attributes. The result on proximate composition showed that Govind Bhog had the highest moisture（13.57%） and fat（0.92%） content, which signifies its tasty attribute. Badshah Bhog exhibited the highest fibre content（0.85%）, carbohydrate content（82.70%） and food energy（365.23 k Cal per 100 g）. Among the minerals, the higher Ca（98.75 mg/kg）, Zn（17.00 mg/kg） and Fe（31.50 mg/kg） were in Gopal Bhog, whereas the highest Na（68.85 mg/kg） was in Badshah Bhog, the highest K（500.00 mg/kg） was in Swetganga, Khushboo and Sarbati. The highest contents of unsaturated fatty acids viz. oleic acid（49.14%）, linoleic acid（46.99%） and linolenic acid（1.27%） were found in Sarbati, whereas the highest content of saturated fatty acids viz. myristic acid（4.60%） and palmitic acid（31.91%） were found in Govind Bhog and stearic acid（6.47%） in Todal. The identified aromatic rice accessions Gopal Bhog, Govind Bhog and Badshah Bhog and non-aromatic rice accession Sarbati were found nutritionally superior among all eight tested accessions. The nutritional quality oriented attributes in this study were competent with recognized prominent aromatic and non-aromatic rice accessions as an index of their nutritional worth and recommend to farmers and consumers which may be graded as export quality rice with good unique nutritional values in international market.展开更多
The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated [CO_2] with varying nutrient management on rice–rice production system. The experiment was conducted in the open field and inside open-top chamb...The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated [CO_2] with varying nutrient management on rice–rice production system. The experiment was conducted in the open field and inside open-top chambers(OTCs) of ambient [CO_2](≈ 390 μmol L-1) and elevated [CO_2] environment(25% above ambient) during wet and dry seasons in 2011–2013at Kharagpur, India. The nutrient management included recommended doses of N, P, and K as chemical fertilizer(CF), integration of chemical and organic sources, and application of increased(25% higher) doses of CF. The higher [CO_2] level in the OTC increased aboveground biomass but marginally decreased filled grains per panicle and grain yield of rice, compared to the ambient environment. However, crop root biomass was increased significantly under elevated [CO_2]. With respect to nutrient management, increasing the dose of CF increased grain yield significantly in both seasons. At the recommended dose of nutrients, integrated nutrient management was comparable to CF in the wet season, but significantly inferior in the dry season, in its effect on growth and yield of rice. The [CO_2] elevation in OTC led to a marginal increase in organic C and available P content of soil, but a decrease in available N content. It was concluded that increased doses of nutrients via integration of chemical and organic sources in the wet season and chemical sources alone in the dry season will minimize the adverse effect of future climate on rice production in subtropical India.展开更多
Projected changes in weather parameters, mainly temperature and rainfall, have already started to show their effect on agricultural production. To cope with the changing scenarios, adoption of appropriate management s...Projected changes in weather parameters, mainly temperature and rainfall, have already started to show their effect on agricultural production. To cope with the changing scenarios, adoption of appropriate management strategies is of paramount importance. A study was undertaken to evaluate the most appropriate combination of sowing date and phosphorus fertilization level for peanut crops grown in sandy loam soil in a subhumid region of eastern India. Field experiments were conducted during the summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 on peanut crops at the farm of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. The DSSAT v4.5 CROPGRO-Peanut model was used to predict the phenology, growth, and yield of peanut crop under combinations of four sowing dates and four phosphorus fertilization levels. The model was calibrated with a 2012 dataset of growth, phenology, and yield parameters for estimating the genetic coefficients of cultivar TMV-2 and was validated with a 2013 dataset of the same parameters. Simulations of pod yield and other yield parameters using the calibrated model were found to be quite accurate. The model was able to reasonably simulate pod yield and final biomass with low normalized root mean square error (RMSE_n), low absolute root mean square error (RMSE_a) and high coefficient of determination (R^2> 0.7) over a wide range of sowing dates and different phosphorus fertilization levels sensitivity analysis indicated that sowing from the second week of January to the end of February with 30–50 kg P_2O_5 ha^(-1)would give the highest pod yield.展开更多
A uniform and effective heat distribution inside the canned milk is very crucial for achieving effective sterilization. It is extremely difficult to establish the temperature profile inside the canned milk during cont...A uniform and effective heat distribution inside the canned milk is very crucial for achieving effective sterilization. It is extremely difficult to establish the temperature profile inside the canned milk during continuous industrial scale operation. Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulation can be a useful tool to determine the temperature distribution of the fluid inside the can during the sterilization process. A CFD model was developed for the sterilization of canned milk at 121 ~C. The simulation results were validated with the experimental measurements of temperatures. The formation and movement of slowest heating zone （SHZ） during the sterilization process was tracked. Moreover, effect of can position （vertical and horizontal） during processing on milk temperature distribution inside the can was also investigated. Higher Grashof and Rayleigh numbers were obtained for vertical positioning of can compared to horizontal can processing. Further, effectiveness of the process was calculated based on F-value and these results reinforced the positive effect of horizontal position of can during the sterilization process.展开更多
Full use of residues from industrial processes is a fundamental necessity of contemporary society, since it avoids impacts to the environment by using residues as inputs for other products of high economic and social ...Full use of residues from industrial processes is a fundamental necessity of contemporary society, since it avoids impacts to the environment by using residues as inputs for other products of high economic and social importance. In this study, lipase production of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Aspergillus niger using cassava peel as substrate and sunflower oil as an inductor was investigated. The optimized cultivation temperature and concentration of inductor were determined using the response surface methodology. The two variables studied exercised influence in the production of lipase in the 95% level of confidence. The response surface obtained indicated that the conditions that maximize lipase activity production were 30.5 ~C and initial concentration of sunflower oil was 2.5% （w/w）. Through this analysis, it is evident that extremes in temperature and concentration of inductor tend to decrease lipase production, since low temperatures decrease metabolism and high temperatures may inactivate the lipase. Optimum lipase yield was 59.8 U/g of dry peel which was fermented for 60 h. Lipase production presents a peak of 61.3 U/g, at 72 h of fermentation. However, this value is statistically equal （p 〉 0.05） of the value of lipase activity obtained for 60 h and 84 h of fermentation.展开更多
This study was conducted to test the concept of fresh cut banana slices with the effects of chemical treatments on the surface appearance and selected quality indexes of banana samples right after cutting and during 2...This study was conducted to test the concept of fresh cut banana slices with the effects of chemical treatments on the surface appearance and selected quality indexes of banana samples right after cutting and during 2-week of storage at refrigeration conditions(0-4°C).Banana slices were treated with an ascorbic acid,sodium chloride,citric acid,calcium chloride,and sodium carbonate,water(room temperature),and hot water(65°C).Quality attributes,e.g.color,PPO(polyphenol oxidase)activities,surface appearance of the cut bananas were compared.Banana slices immersed in sodium chloride,calcium chloride,citric acid and sodium ascorbate showed visual traces of browning during storage at 4°C.After 14 days of storage,only ascorbic acid treated banana samples showed moderate browning,while all other treatments were severely affected.Browning was more severe for the samples immersed in water for all storage times.The browning measurement(a value)became increasingly positive from first to fourteenth day storage.It was observed that the inactivation of PPO enzyme was achieved for the ascorbic acid treated sample most.Rather than ascorbic acid treatment,cut banana samples showed less PPO enzyme activity for sodium chloride,citric acid,calcium chloride,sodium carbonate,hot water,and water(room temperature)treatments,subsequently.There were no significant changes observed on the different chemical treatments(sodium chloride,citric acid,calcium chloride,and sodium carbonate)except ascorbic acid.In overall,ascorbic acid was found to be the most efficient treatment on the inactivation of PPO enzyme activity among all the treatments.Beside the inactivation of the enzyme,ascorbic acid showed a better success to prevent color degradation of bananas.This study showed that ascorbic acid treatment is an effective chemical agent on the inactivation of browning enzymes.展开更多
This research aims to produce Arabic bread enriched with iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and protein by the addition of ingredients such as parsley powder, oats, grape seeds, soybean meal, wheat germ, and milk powder. I...This research aims to produce Arabic bread enriched with iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and protein by the addition of ingredients such as parsley powder, oats, grape seeds, soybean meal, wheat germ, and milk powder. In this study, for enriched bread samples sensory evaluation, chemical and mineral composition determination and microbiological tests were carried out. The sensory evaluation of breads showed that both mixtures, which were enriched with grape seeds, oats, and wheat germs, have excellent quality. The chemical tests showed that the enriched breads have high fat, ash, fiber, and protein when compared with normal Arabic bread. It was noticed that the consumption of three enriched Arabic bread loaves gives us about 78.9% from our daily need of zinc, whereas the unenriched bread gives us only 48.8%, about 82.2% from our daily needs of copper, whereas the normal bread gives us only 58.8%, and 93.9% from our daily need of iron, whereas the normal bread gives us only 71.2%.展开更多
The aim of this study was to develop a new bread formulation from different amounts of acai powder and polydextrose incorporated into wheat flour on bread technological properties. The formulations were developed usin...The aim of this study was to develop a new bread formulation from different amounts of acai powder and polydextrose incorporated into wheat flour on bread technological properties. The formulations were developed using the central composite rotational design and having as dependent variables specific volume, hardness, crumb color and image analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple regression and response surface. The results showed that the inclusion of powdered acai and polydextrose in bread formulations reduces the specific volume and alveoli number and increases the browning and hardness of the bread. However, values of this addition （30 g/100 g） were found that did not promote significant quality reduction and the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） showed minimal damage to the gluten network at this level of incorporation.展开更多
Wastewaters from slaughterhouses are characterized by a high concentration of oils and greases that can cause problems in conventional treatments. The degradation of difficult pollutants in more easily degradable prod...Wastewaters from slaughterhouses are characterized by a high concentration of oils and greases that can cause problems in conventional treatments. The degradation of difficult pollutants in more easily degradable products can be mediated by enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis facilitates the biodegradation because it makes the organic material is made available as compounds of lower molecular weight, the lipids being made available in the form of free fatty acids. The application of enzymes as processing aids in wastewater treatment has some advantages, such as the specificity that allows control of the products, which leads to increased income generation for the non-toxic byproducts and moderate conditions of operation. The objective of this work was optimizing the conditions for lipids enzymatic hydrolysis present in swine slaughterhouse wastewaters using lipolytic enzymes and subsequent biological treatment study. Temperature, pH and enzyme concentration were the variables tested. The enzymes showed good activity and could therefore be used for the hydrolysis process proposed here. The optimized conditions to maximize the release of fatty acids were： temperature of 36 ℃, pH 8.5 and enzyme concentration of 1.1%, yielding fatty acids in the order of 31.50μmol/mL for lipase and 31.13 μmol/mL for phospholipase. All variables influenced the release of fatty acids. The maximum yield of biogas was 89.65 mL in the reactor added the sludge, raw wastewater and phospholipase in the conditions optimized the hydrolysis step, obtaining a chemical oxygen demand （COD） reduction of 90.01% in relation to the value of the COD of the raw wastewater.展开更多
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are plants, animals or microorganisms that have been altered using genetic insertion or deletion via technology (also called genetic engineering or GE). Corn is one of the main in...Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are plants, animals or microorganisms that have been altered using genetic insertion or deletion via technology (also called genetic engineering or GE). Corn is one of the main inputs of both food and feed production. Also it is a major commodity of which many transgenic varieties are commercially available. In this study, the aflatoxin and GMO analyses of corn were made in two different years (2013 and 2014). Corn samples were collected between August and October in 2013 and 2014 around Turkey from non-neighboring fields representing each 10 thousand tons production and blending. After the analyses, which were performed by using LC-MS/MS technique, 38 of 538 corn samples (7.06%) were found to contain aflatoxin in 2013. 17 of these were collected from the first harvest, 21 were from the second harvest period. Aflatoxin limits were exceeded in samples from only 2 regions in 2014. This study also reports results of GMO screening tests with 0.05% detection limit in two marketing years. 35D promoter, NOS terminator and FMV promoter are sought with the tests. None of the samples shows positive results, that is, samples do not contain GMO.展开更多
Lokum （Turkish delight） is a high sugar and starch containing food. Since the major deterioration factor affecting the storability of lokum is moisture gain or loss, the effect of the possible ambient conditions （3...Lokum （Turkish delight） is a high sugar and starch containing food. Since the major deterioration factor affecting the storability of lokum is moisture gain or loss, the effect of the possible ambient conditions （32%, 53%, 75% RH and 15, 25, 35 ℃） on weight change and firmness of tokum was determined to estimate its structural changes. The variations in thermal properties of lokurn samples stored at different RH （32, 53, 65, 75, and 85% RH） were also determined. Increasing RH decreased glass transition of lokum samples, and two glass transitions （Tg） were observed at 75 and 85% RH. The presence of the second Tg could be related with phase separation which was increased with increasing moisture content and RH. Lokum should be kept at around 50% RH and 15℃, higher storage RH＇s and temperatures will cause the product to become unacceptable by the consumer within 20 days.展开更多
The climate change due to mingled effect of rising[CO2]level and temperature will influence crop production by affecting various components of the production system.In the present study,Open Top Chamber(OTC)facility h...The climate change due to mingled effect of rising[CO2]level and temperature will influence crop production by affecting various components of the production system.In the present study,Open Top Chamber(OTC)facility has been used to realize the consequence of rising[CO2]with nutrient management on rice crop.The experiment was organized in open field and inside OTC with ambient[CO2](400 ppm)and elevated[CO2](25%,50%and 75%higher than ambient)in wet season of the year 2017-18 at Kharagpur,India.Increase in[CO2]level resulted decreasing trend in growth,yield attributes(filled grains number)and grain yield.The nutrient management with use of only chemical fertilizer at recommended dose gave highest grain yield,which was comparable with integrated management using chemical and biofertilizer.Post-harvest processing quality such as head rice percentage and the head rice yield decreased significantly with CO2 elevation.The elevated[CO2]with 25 to 75%higher than ambient,reduced the head rice percentage by 13 to 21%.The research stated that investigations on climate change adaptations should be made to avoid the negative impact of rising[CO2]level and temperature on crop yield and processing quality.展开更多
基金the University of Cartagena for funding through the Strengthening Project Acta 048-2023.
文摘The extensive use of polymeric materials in single-use packaging has driven the need to develop biodegradable alternatives.This study investigates the incorporation of graphene oxide(GO)and Moringa oleifera seed oil(MOSO)into a gelatin matrix to create polymer films and evaluate their potential as active packaging materials.The properties of these films were evaluated using structural,thermal,mechanical,optical,and physicochemical methods to determine their suitability for food packaging applications.The results showed that GO and MOSO were homogeneously dispersed in the gelatin matrix,forming colloidal particles(around 5μm in diameter).The addition of GO increased opacity by approximately 20 times the base value while MOSO affected light transmittance without impacting opacity.Mechanical properties were affected differently,GO acted as a crosslinking agent reducing elongation and increasing tensile strength at break,on the other hand MOSO acted as a plasticizer,making films more plastic increasing elongation a 30%.These effects counteracted each other,and similar behavior was recorded in differential scanning calorimetry.The films exhibited an improved water vapor resistance,which is crucial for food packaging.These findings indicate that the incorporation of GO and MOSO into a gelatin matrix may produce biodegradable polymer films with enhanced properties,suitable for active packaging in the food industry.
文摘The objective of this work was to estimate the antioxidant potential of the extracts from pink shrimp residue and red grape pomaces (Merlot and Syrah varietals), evaluated according to its antioxidant activity with different analytical methods, associating these properties with the chemical composition of the extract and, as a consequence, with the extraction procedure. The shrimp residue was pre-treated combining cooking, drying, and milling, whereas the grape pomaces were dried and ground. The shrimp residue extracts were obtained by Soxhlet (SOX) and by maceration using hexane (Hx), hexane: isopropanol (50:50) (Hx:IPA), isopropanol, ethanol (EtOH) and acetone as solvents;by ultrasonic maceration (UME) with EtOH;by cold and hot oil extraction with soy and sunflower oils;and by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) with pure CO2 (100 -?300 bar;313.15 -?333.15 K) and with co-solvent (Hx: IPA and sunflower oil at 2%). The grape pomaces extracts were obtained by SOX using EtOH, ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and Hx;UME with water (H2O), EtOH, EtOAc and Hx;and by SFE performed with pure CO2 (150 -?300 bar;323.15 -?333.15 K) and with cosolvent (EtOH at 15%). The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH free radical scavenging procedure and by the β-carotene bleaching method. Higher antioxidant activities in shrimp residue extracts were observed by the β-carotene bleaching method in alcoholic and cetonic extracts, among the low pressure extraction methods, while for the SFE, the higher activities were achieved by the extracts obtained at elevated pressures. For the grape pomaces extracts, the best results were obtained by the DPPH method from the low pressure extractions proceeded with EtOH. The SFE with Merlot pomace at 323.15 K/150 bar (the lowest temperature and pressures tested) presented the best antioxidant activity by the β-carotene bleaching.
文摘This study aimed to determine the antibiotic and bacteriocin sensitivity of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from animal derived foods. With disc diffusion assay, all fourteen L. monocytogenes strains were suscepti-ble to the antibiotics, including penicillin G, vancomycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, rifampicin, erythromycin, gentamicin and trime- thoprim. However, the percentages of fosfomycin and streptomycin resistances were 92.9% and 7.1%, respectively. Multiple resistances were not observed among the tested strains. The results of well diffusion assays showed that all strains were inhibited by the cell-free supernatant of a bacteriocin-producing strain, Pediococcus acidilactici 13, with the inhibition zones ranging from 16.00 to 24.50 mm. These results provide useful information on antibiotic resistance of L. monocytogenes strains isolated from foods, and can potentially be used to develop bacteriocin-based interventions to guard against the hazards associated with L. monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat and poultry products.
基金the Ministry of Human Resource Development,Govt.of India,for providing scholarship grants to the authors.
文摘Pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum)is one of the major millets with high nutritional properties.This crop exhibits exceptional resilience to drought and high temperatures.However,the processing of pearl millet poses a significant challenge due to its high lipid content,enzyme activity,and presence of antinutrients.Consequently,it becomes imperative to enhance the quality and prolong the shelf life of pearl millet flour by employing suitable technologies.Hydrothermal treatment in the food industry has long been seen as promising due to its potential to reduce microbial load,inactivate enzymes,and improve nutrient retention.This study aims to investigate the effects of hydrothermal treatment on the quality characteristics of pearl millet.The independent variables of the study were soaking temperature(35,45,55℃),soaking time(2,3,4 h),and steaming time(5,10,15 min).Treatment conditions had a statistically significant effect on nutrient retention.Major antinutrients like tannins and phytates were reduced by 0.99% to 5.94% and 0.36% to 6.00%,respectively,after the treatment.Lipase activity decreased significantly up to 10% with the treatment conditions.The findings of this study could potentially encourage the use of pearl millet flour in the production of various food items and promote the application of hydrothermal treatment in the field of food processing.
基金the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, for providing technical and financial support for the research。
文摘Millets are widely recognized for their nutritional significance;however, the methods employed for their processing are currently lacking. This article primarily focuses on the advanced technologies and progressions in millet dehulling and polishing. These technologies operate based on the fundamental principles of compression-shearing, abrasion-friction, and centrifugal-impact forces. Processing of millets can be challenging because of the physical characteristics and tight attachment of hull and bran to the endosperm. However, several dehullers have been designed to solve this problem for different kinds of millets. In addition, the nutritional and anti-nutritional characteristics undergo alterations due to both dehulling and polishing processes. These alterations are thoroughly examined and discussed in this article. Specifically, anti-nutrients such as tannins and phytate are predominantly found in the outer pericarp of the grain and experience a reduction after undergoing dehulling and polishing. The nutritional properties are also subjected to a reduction;however, this reduction can be mitigated by subjecting the grains to certain pretreatments before dehulling and polishing. These treatments serve to enhance dehulling efficiency and nutrient digestibility while simultaneously reducing the presence of anti-nutrients. Novel thermal and non-thermal methodologies such as microwave, hydrothermal, high-pressure processing, and ohmic heating can be employed for processing millets, thereby diminishing the loss of nutrients. Additional research can be carried out to investigate their impact on the dehulling and polishing of millets.
文摘Machine learning and artificial intelligence continue to evolve at a rapid pace, with many potential applications related to soil science. Even so, human experience and perception play an invaluable role in characterizing soil properties, especially qualitative properties that may elude sensing/computer-based modeling approaches. The elegant solution to this conundrum relies on the synthesis of computer-aided predictive modeling with human insight and knowledge.As global population surpasses 8 billion, the importance of optimized agronomic production to feed a hungry world has never been more important.
文摘Millets,which are small-seeded grains,are classified under the Poaceae family and are known for their high nutritive content.Millets are a viable option for the global population in light of growing concerns about climate change due to their exceptional tolerance to a variety of abiotic stresses,such as drought,salinity,light,and heat.They have short growing periods and can be sustained in adverse weather conditions with less irrigation requirements.They encompass morpho-physiological,molecular,and biochemical characteristics that confer superior resilience to environmental stress.The millet grains have the potential to contribute to health and nutrition,rural employment,household incomes,rural and national economies,and sustainable environmental management.They are a rich source of both macro and micro nutrients.They contain a significant amount of bioactive substances,along with minerals such as iron,calcium,phosphorus,and zinc.Millets need to be processed for consumption and preparation to improve its nutritional and sensory properties.The major challenge in millet processing is due to the lack of proper processing machineries,presence of antinutritional factors and the poor shelf life of the flour due to high lipase activity.This limitation can be mitigated by using the appropriate processing methods.This article gives an insight into millet processing and value addition and its role in ensuring nutritional security through climate-smart agriculture.
基金financially supported by Department of Science and Technology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Government of India for an individual research fellowship(Grant No.IF120725 2012/686)
文摘Awareness on nutritive value and health benefits of rice is of vital importance in order to increase the consumption of rice in daily diet of the human beings. In this study, a total of six aromatic and two non-aromatic rice accessions grown in India were analysed for their nutritional quality attributes including proximate composition, mineral contents and fatty acids. Data with three replications were used to measure Pearson＇s simple correlation co-efficient in order to establish the relationship among various nutritional quality attributes. The result on proximate composition showed that Govind Bhog had the highest moisture（13.57%） and fat（0.92%） content, which signifies its tasty attribute. Badshah Bhog exhibited the highest fibre content（0.85%）, carbohydrate content（82.70%） and food energy（365.23 k Cal per 100 g）. Among the minerals, the higher Ca（98.75 mg/kg）, Zn（17.00 mg/kg） and Fe（31.50 mg/kg） were in Gopal Bhog, whereas the highest Na（68.85 mg/kg） was in Badshah Bhog, the highest K（500.00 mg/kg） was in Swetganga, Khushboo and Sarbati. The highest contents of unsaturated fatty acids viz. oleic acid（49.14%）, linoleic acid（46.99%） and linolenic acid（1.27%） were found in Sarbati, whereas the highest content of saturated fatty acids viz. myristic acid（4.60%） and palmitic acid（31.91%） were found in Govind Bhog and stearic acid（6.47%） in Todal. The identified aromatic rice accessions Gopal Bhog, Govind Bhog and Badshah Bhog and non-aromatic rice accession Sarbati were found nutritionally superior among all eight tested accessions. The nutritional quality oriented attributes in this study were competent with recognized prominent aromatic and non-aromatic rice accessions as an index of their nutritional worth and recommend to farmers and consumers which may be graded as export quality rice with good unique nutritional values in international market.
基金National Agricultural Innovation ProjectIndian Council of Agricultural Research New Delhi is gratefully acknowledged for providing a financial grant(NAIP/COMP-4/C-30023/2008-09Dated 06-01-2009)for execution of the research project
文摘The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of elevated [CO_2] with varying nutrient management on rice–rice production system. The experiment was conducted in the open field and inside open-top chambers(OTCs) of ambient [CO_2](≈ 390 μmol L-1) and elevated [CO_2] environment(25% above ambient) during wet and dry seasons in 2011–2013at Kharagpur, India. The nutrient management included recommended doses of N, P, and K as chemical fertilizer(CF), integration of chemical and organic sources, and application of increased(25% higher) doses of CF. The higher [CO_2] level in the OTC increased aboveground biomass but marginally decreased filled grains per panicle and grain yield of rice, compared to the ambient environment. However, crop root biomass was increased significantly under elevated [CO_2]. With respect to nutrient management, increasing the dose of CF increased grain yield significantly in both seasons. At the recommended dose of nutrients, integrated nutrient management was comparable to CF in the wet season, but significantly inferior in the dry season, in its effect on growth and yield of rice. The [CO_2] elevation in OTC led to a marginal increase in organic C and available P content of soil, but a decrease in available N content. It was concluded that increased doses of nutrients via integration of chemical and organic sources in the wet season and chemical sources alone in the dry season will minimize the adverse effect of future climate on rice production in subtropical India.
基金The authors are thankful to the Agricultural and Food Engineering Department of the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India for providing facilities to conduct experiments.The authors acknowledge the India Meteorological Department, India for installing an automatic weather stationat the institute.
文摘Projected changes in weather parameters, mainly temperature and rainfall, have already started to show their effect on agricultural production. To cope with the changing scenarios, adoption of appropriate management strategies is of paramount importance. A study was undertaken to evaluate the most appropriate combination of sowing date and phosphorus fertilization level for peanut crops grown in sandy loam soil in a subhumid region of eastern India. Field experiments were conducted during the summer seasons of 2012 and 2013 on peanut crops at the farm of the Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur. The DSSAT v4.5 CROPGRO-Peanut model was used to predict the phenology, growth, and yield of peanut crop under combinations of four sowing dates and four phosphorus fertilization levels. The model was calibrated with a 2012 dataset of growth, phenology, and yield parameters for estimating the genetic coefficients of cultivar TMV-2 and was validated with a 2013 dataset of the same parameters. Simulations of pod yield and other yield parameters using the calibrated model were found to be quite accurate. The model was able to reasonably simulate pod yield and final biomass with low normalized root mean square error (RMSE_n), low absolute root mean square error (RMSE_a) and high coefficient of determination (R^2> 0.7) over a wide range of sowing dates and different phosphorus fertilization levels sensitivity analysis indicated that sowing from the second week of January to the end of February with 30–50 kg P_2O_5 ha^(-1)would give the highest pod yield.
文摘A uniform and effective heat distribution inside the canned milk is very crucial for achieving effective sterilization. It is extremely difficult to establish the temperature profile inside the canned milk during continuous industrial scale operation. Computational fluid dynamics （CFD） simulation can be a useful tool to determine the temperature distribution of the fluid inside the can during the sterilization process. A CFD model was developed for the sterilization of canned milk at 121 ~C. The simulation results were validated with the experimental measurements of temperatures. The formation and movement of slowest heating zone （SHZ） during the sterilization process was tracked. Moreover, effect of can position （vertical and horizontal） during processing on milk temperature distribution inside the can was also investigated. Higher Grashof and Rayleigh numbers were obtained for vertical positioning of can compared to horizontal can processing. Further, effectiveness of the process was calculated based on F-value and these results reinforced the positive effect of horizontal position of can during the sterilization process.
文摘Full use of residues from industrial processes is a fundamental necessity of contemporary society, since it avoids impacts to the environment by using residues as inputs for other products of high economic and social importance. In this study, lipase production of the crude enzymatic extracts obtained by Aspergillus niger using cassava peel as substrate and sunflower oil as an inductor was investigated. The optimized cultivation temperature and concentration of inductor were determined using the response surface methodology. The two variables studied exercised influence in the production of lipase in the 95% level of confidence. The response surface obtained indicated that the conditions that maximize lipase activity production were 30.5 ~C and initial concentration of sunflower oil was 2.5% （w/w）. Through this analysis, it is evident that extremes in temperature and concentration of inductor tend to decrease lipase production, since low temperatures decrease metabolism and high temperatures may inactivate the lipase. Optimum lipase yield was 59.8 U/g of dry peel which was fermented for 60 h. Lipase production presents a peak of 61.3 U/g, at 72 h of fermentation. However, this value is statistically equal （p 〉 0.05） of the value of lipase activity obtained for 60 h and 84 h of fermentation.
文摘This study was conducted to test the concept of fresh cut banana slices with the effects of chemical treatments on the surface appearance and selected quality indexes of banana samples right after cutting and during 2-week of storage at refrigeration conditions(0-4°C).Banana slices were treated with an ascorbic acid,sodium chloride,citric acid,calcium chloride,and sodium carbonate,water(room temperature),and hot water(65°C).Quality attributes,e.g.color,PPO(polyphenol oxidase)activities,surface appearance of the cut bananas were compared.Banana slices immersed in sodium chloride,calcium chloride,citric acid and sodium ascorbate showed visual traces of browning during storage at 4°C.After 14 days of storage,only ascorbic acid treated banana samples showed moderate browning,while all other treatments were severely affected.Browning was more severe for the samples immersed in water for all storage times.The browning measurement(a value)became increasingly positive from first to fourteenth day storage.It was observed that the inactivation of PPO enzyme was achieved for the ascorbic acid treated sample most.Rather than ascorbic acid treatment,cut banana samples showed less PPO enzyme activity for sodium chloride,citric acid,calcium chloride,sodium carbonate,hot water,and water(room temperature)treatments,subsequently.There were no significant changes observed on the different chemical treatments(sodium chloride,citric acid,calcium chloride,and sodium carbonate)except ascorbic acid.In overall,ascorbic acid was found to be the most efficient treatment on the inactivation of PPO enzyme activity among all the treatments.Beside the inactivation of the enzyme,ascorbic acid showed a better success to prevent color degradation of bananas.This study showed that ascorbic acid treatment is an effective chemical agent on the inactivation of browning enzymes.
文摘This research aims to produce Arabic bread enriched with iron, zinc, copper, magnesium and protein by the addition of ingredients such as parsley powder, oats, grape seeds, soybean meal, wheat germ, and milk powder. In this study, for enriched bread samples sensory evaluation, chemical and mineral composition determination and microbiological tests were carried out. The sensory evaluation of breads showed that both mixtures, which were enriched with grape seeds, oats, and wheat germs, have excellent quality. The chemical tests showed that the enriched breads have high fat, ash, fiber, and protein when compared with normal Arabic bread. It was noticed that the consumption of three enriched Arabic bread loaves gives us about 78.9% from our daily need of zinc, whereas the unenriched bread gives us only 48.8%, about 82.2% from our daily needs of copper, whereas the normal bread gives us only 58.8%, and 93.9% from our daily need of iron, whereas the normal bread gives us only 71.2%.
文摘The aim of this study was to develop a new bread formulation from different amounts of acai powder and polydextrose incorporated into wheat flour on bread technological properties. The formulations were developed using the central composite rotational design and having as dependent variables specific volume, hardness, crumb color and image analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple regression and response surface. The results showed that the inclusion of powdered acai and polydextrose in bread formulations reduces the specific volume and alveoli number and increases the browning and hardness of the bread. However, values of this addition （30 g/100 g） were found that did not promote significant quality reduction and the scanning electron microscopy （SEM） showed minimal damage to the gluten network at this level of incorporation.
文摘Wastewaters from slaughterhouses are characterized by a high concentration of oils and greases that can cause problems in conventional treatments. The degradation of difficult pollutants in more easily degradable products can be mediated by enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis facilitates the biodegradation because it makes the organic material is made available as compounds of lower molecular weight, the lipids being made available in the form of free fatty acids. The application of enzymes as processing aids in wastewater treatment has some advantages, such as the specificity that allows control of the products, which leads to increased income generation for the non-toxic byproducts and moderate conditions of operation. The objective of this work was optimizing the conditions for lipids enzymatic hydrolysis present in swine slaughterhouse wastewaters using lipolytic enzymes and subsequent biological treatment study. Temperature, pH and enzyme concentration were the variables tested. The enzymes showed good activity and could therefore be used for the hydrolysis process proposed here. The optimized conditions to maximize the release of fatty acids were： temperature of 36 ℃, pH 8.5 and enzyme concentration of 1.1%, yielding fatty acids in the order of 31.50μmol/mL for lipase and 31.13 μmol/mL for phospholipase. All variables influenced the release of fatty acids. The maximum yield of biogas was 89.65 mL in the reactor added the sludge, raw wastewater and phospholipase in the conditions optimized the hydrolysis step, obtaining a chemical oxygen demand （COD） reduction of 90.01% in relation to the value of the COD of the raw wastewater.
文摘Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) are plants, animals or microorganisms that have been altered using genetic insertion or deletion via technology (also called genetic engineering or GE). Corn is one of the main inputs of both food and feed production. Also it is a major commodity of which many transgenic varieties are commercially available. In this study, the aflatoxin and GMO analyses of corn were made in two different years (2013 and 2014). Corn samples were collected between August and October in 2013 and 2014 around Turkey from non-neighboring fields representing each 10 thousand tons production and blending. After the analyses, which were performed by using LC-MS/MS technique, 38 of 538 corn samples (7.06%) were found to contain aflatoxin in 2013. 17 of these were collected from the first harvest, 21 were from the second harvest period. Aflatoxin limits were exceeded in samples from only 2 regions in 2014. This study also reports results of GMO screening tests with 0.05% detection limit in two marketing years. 35D promoter, NOS terminator and FMV promoter are sought with the tests. None of the samples shows positive results, that is, samples do not contain GMO.
文摘Lokum （Turkish delight） is a high sugar and starch containing food. Since the major deterioration factor affecting the storability of lokum is moisture gain or loss, the effect of the possible ambient conditions （32%, 53%, 75% RH and 15, 25, 35 ℃） on weight change and firmness of tokum was determined to estimate its structural changes. The variations in thermal properties of lokurn samples stored at different RH （32, 53, 65, 75, and 85% RH） were also determined. Increasing RH decreased glass transition of lokum samples, and two glass transitions （Tg） were observed at 75 and 85% RH. The presence of the second Tg could be related with phase separation which was increased with increasing moisture content and RH. Lokum should be kept at around 50% RH and 15℃, higher storage RH＇s and temperatures will cause the product to become unacceptable by the consumer within 20 days.
文摘The climate change due to mingled effect of rising[CO2]level and temperature will influence crop production by affecting various components of the production system.In the present study,Open Top Chamber(OTC)facility has been used to realize the consequence of rising[CO2]with nutrient management on rice crop.The experiment was organized in open field and inside OTC with ambient[CO2](400 ppm)and elevated[CO2](25%,50%and 75%higher than ambient)in wet season of the year 2017-18 at Kharagpur,India.Increase in[CO2]level resulted decreasing trend in growth,yield attributes(filled grains number)and grain yield.The nutrient management with use of only chemical fertilizer at recommended dose gave highest grain yield,which was comparable with integrated management using chemical and biofertilizer.Post-harvest processing quality such as head rice percentage and the head rice yield decreased significantly with CO2 elevation.The elevated[CO2]with 25 to 75%higher than ambient,reduced the head rice percentage by 13 to 21%.The research stated that investigations on climate change adaptations should be made to avoid the negative impact of rising[CO2]level and temperature on crop yield and processing quality.
