The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA P...The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE4(RhSPL4)positively regulates flowering time in rose.Transient silencing or overexpression transgenic rose plants of RhSPL4 exhibited delayed or early flowering,respectively.Analysis of transcriptome data from transgenic lines overexpressing RhSPL4 compared to the wild type indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the circadian rhythm pathway.Among the proteins encoded by these genes,RhSPL4 binds to the promoter of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5-LIKE(RhPRR5L),as revealed in yeast one-hybrid,dual-Luciferase/Renilla luciferase reporter,chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Furthermore,RhSPL4 specifically binds to the478 to441 bp region of the RhPRR5L promoter and activates its transcription.The silencing of RhPRR5L delayed flowering time in rose,resembling the phenotype of RhSPL4-silenced plants.Together,these results indicate that the RhSPL4-RhPRR5L module positively regulates flowering time in rose,laying the foundation for the genetic improvement of flowering time in this important horticultural crop.展开更多
Fresh-cut roses(Rosa hybrida)are one of the most important ornamental crops worldwide,with annual trade in the billions of dollars.Gray mold disease caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the most serious fungal t...Fresh-cut roses(Rosa hybrida)are one of the most important ornamental crops worldwide,with annual trade in the billions of dollars.Gray mold disease caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the most serious fungal threat to cut roses,causing extensive postharvest losses.In this study,we optimized a detached petal disc assay(DPDA)for artificial B.cinerea inoculation and quantification of disease symptoms in rose petals.Furthermore,as the identification of rose genes involved in B.cinerea resistance could provide useful genetic and genomic resources,we devised a virusinduced gene silencing(VIGS)procedure for the functional analysis of B.cinerea resistance genes in rose petals.We used RhPR10.1 as a reporter of silencing efficiency and found that the rose cultivar‘Samantha’showed the greatest decrease in RhPR10.1 expression among the cultivars tested.To determine whether jasmonic acid and ethylene are required for B.cinerea resistance in rose petals,we used VIGS to silence the expression of RhLOX5 and RhEIN3(encoding a jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway protein and an ethylene regulatory protein,respectively)and found that petal susceptibility to B.cinerea was affected.Finally,a VIGS screen of B.cinerea-induced rose transcription factors demonstrated the potential benefits of this method for the high-throughput identification of gene function in B.cinerea resistance.Collectively,our data show that the combination of the DPDA and VIGS is a reliable and highthroughput method for studying B.cinerea resistance in rose.展开更多
Recognized as a pivotal developmental transition,flowering marks the continuation of a plant’s life cycle.Vernalization and pho-toperiod are two major flowering pathways orchestrating numerous florigenic signals.Meth...Recognized as a pivotal developmental transition,flowering marks the continuation of a plant’s life cycle.Vernalization and pho-toperiod are two major flowering pathways orchestrating numerous florigenic signals.Methylation,including histone,DNA and RNA methylation,is one of the recent foci in plant development.Considerable studies reveal that methylation seems to show an increasing potential regulatory role in plant flowering via altering relevant gene expression without altering the genetic basis.However,little has been reviewed about whether and how methylation acts on vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering before and after FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)reactivation,what role RNA methylation plays in vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering,how methylation participates simultaneously in both vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering,the heritability of methylation memory under the vernalization/photoperiod pathway,and whether and how methylation replaces vernalization/photoinduction to regulate flowering.Our review provides insight about the crosstalk among the genetic control of the flowering gene network,methylation(methyltransferases/demethylases)and external signals(cold,light,sRNA and phytohormones)in vernalization and photoperiod pathways.The existing evidence that RNA methylation may play a potential regulatory role in vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering has been gathered and represented for the first time.This review speculates about and discusses the possibility of substituting methylation for vernalization and photoinduction to promote flowering.Current evidence is utilized to discuss the possibility of future methylation reagents becoming flowering regulators at the molecular level.展开更多
In order to find out the situation of the innovation and development of the flower industry in Guangxi,the paper analyzed the development status of flower industry in Guangxi,summarized the achievements and experience...In order to find out the situation of the innovation and development of the flower industry in Guangxi,the paper analyzed the development status of flower industry in Guangxi,summarized the achievements and experience of technological innovation,and the prominent problems in the development of flower industry.On the basis of the analysis,it came up with some recommendations for the development of the flower industry in Guangxi,so as to provide theoretical reference for the development of the flower industry in Guangxi.展开更多
Lucetta,a cultivar of Eustoma grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners,was subjected to treatments of different light intensities( 100%,85%,70% and 55% of natural light intensity) and different light durations( 10-h natural light...Lucetta,a cultivar of Eustoma grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners,was subjected to treatments of different light intensities( 100%,85%,70% and 55% of natural light intensity) and different light durations( 10-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting+ 2-h LED lighting,12-h natural lighting + 4-h LED lighting),and then its plant height,crown width,stem thickness,stalk thickness,total flower number,flowering period and growth situation were analyzed. The results show that E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners is sensitive to the changes in light intensity. Under 85% of natural light intensity( 40 000-50 000 lux),E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners grew faster,bloomed earlier with more flowers,and was taller,thicker,more robust,higher in yield,larger in pedicel length,and better in cut flower quality,without rosette phenomenon. Long-term exposure to low-intensity light would led to slow growth,thin stalk,delayed flowering,low yield and reduced cut flower quality in E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The illumination duration of more than 12 h could promote the differentiation of flower buds,increase the plant height,increase the length of pedicels of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. Extending the light duration by 2-4 h at night,that is,14-16 h of illumination was the most ideal illumination time for the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.)Shinners. A longer photoperiod could promote the growth and bring forward the blooming of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The longer the illumination time,the higher the plant. The optimum illumination time was between 14 and 16 h. When the illumination duration was shorter than 12 h,the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners was retarded,and its flowering was also delayed.展开更多
Floral color and scent are crucial for plant-environment interactions,especially in reproduction by attracting pollinators for fertilization.They also have wide applications in cosmetic,pharmaceutical,and nutraceutica...Floral color and scent are crucial for plant-environment interactions,especially in reproduction by attracting pollinators for fertilization.They also have wide applications in cosmetic,pharmaceutical,and nutraceutical industries.Plant pigments are typically classified as chlorophylls,flavonoids,carotenoids,and betalains,while volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are grouped as terpenes,phenylpropanoids/benzenoids,and fatty acid derivatives.Significant progresses have been made in understanding the biosynthesis and regulation of these floral pigments and VOCs.Despite differences in their biosynthetic pathways,floral pigments and VOCs are biochemically connected and exhibit synergistic interactions during flower development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses,suggesting the existence of pleiotropic regulators or complex mechanisms co-regulating their biosynthesis.In this review,we summarize and outline the metabolite pathways mainly integrating flavonoids,carotenoids,terpenes,and phenylpropanoids/benzenoids.We also provide a series of scenarios illustrating the coordinated regulation of floral color and scent.Finally,we suggest areas for future research.We hope this review will spark interest in this research direction and stimulate further studies.展开更多
MIKC^(C)-type MADS-box(MIKC^(C))genes encode transcription factors that have crucial roles in controlling floral organogenesis and flowering time in plants.Although this gene family has been well characterized in many...MIKC^(C)-type MADS-box(MIKC^(C))genes encode transcription factors that have crucial roles in controlling floral organogenesis and flowering time in plants.Although this gene family has been well characterized in many plant species,its evolutionary and comprehensive functional analysis in rose is lacking.In this study,58 non-redundant MIKC^(C)uni-transcripts were extensively identified from rose transcriptomes.Phylogenetic analysis placed these genes into 12 clades with their Arabidopsis and strawberry counterparts,and revealed that ABCDE model(including AP1/FUL,AP3/PI,AG,and SEP clades),and SOC1 and AGL6 clade genes have remarkably expanded in Rosa chinensis,whereas genes from the FLC and AGL17 clades were undetectable.Sequence alignments suggest that the AP3/PI clade may contribute to more specific functions in rose due to a high variation of amino acid residues within its MADS-box domains.A comparative analysis of gene expression in specific floral organ differentiation stages and floral organs between R.chinensis cv.Old Blush and the closely related mutant genotype R.chinensis cv.Viridiflora(floral organs mutated into leaf-like structures)further revealed the roles of ABCDE model genes during floral organogenesis in rose.Analysis of co-expression networks provided an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of rose MIKC^(C)genes and shed light on both the prominent roles of AP3/PI clade genes in floral organogenesis and the roles of RcAGL19,RcAGL24,and RcSOC1 in regulating floral transition in rose.Our analyses provide an overall insight of MIKC^(C)genes in rose and their potential roles in floral organogenesis.展开更多
Yunnan Province of China is one of the important centers for origin and evolution of cultivated rice worldwide. Wild rice is the ancestor of the cultivated rice. Many elite traits of wild rice have widened the genetic...Yunnan Province of China is one of the important centers for origin and evolution of cultivated rice worldwide. Wild rice is the ancestor of the cultivated rice. Many elite traits of wild rice have widened the genetic basis in cultivated rice. However, many populations of wild rice species have disappeared in the past few years. Therefore, the current status of wild rice resources should be updated and the genetic diversity of wild rice species should be examined for further germplasm preservation and utilization. Our investigations showed that the number of natural wild rice populations declined sharply in Yunnan Province during the past few years due to various reasons. Fortunately, one population of Oryza rufipogon, three of O officinalis and ten of O. granulata have been newly found in different ecological sites, which were confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） marker analysis in this study. ISSR analysis and investigation of some important traits of nutritional values indicated that the genetic diversity of the currently existing wild rice resources in Yunnan is still rich. The demonstration of genetic diversity of wild rice by a combined use of geographical distribution, morphological traits, nutrition contents and ISSR markers would be helpful for the conservation and exploration of these important wild rice resources.展开更多
Gene flow between sympatric congeneric plants is thought to be very common and may pose serious threats to endangered species.In the present study,we evaluate the genetic diversity and divergence of three sympatric Rh...Gene flow between sympatric congeneric plants is thought to be very common and may pose serious threats to endangered species.In the present study,we evaluate the genetic diversity and divergence of three sympatric Rhododendron species in Jiaozi Mountain using newly developed microsatellites through the Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach.Genetic diversity of all three Rhododendron species studied was moderate in comparison to genetic parameters previously reported from species of this genus.Interestingly,genetic structure analysis of the three species identified a possible hybrid origin of the threatened Rh.pubicostatum.This sympatry should be considered a unimodal hybrid zone,since Rh.pubicostatum is predominant here.Unimodal hybrid zones are uncommon in Rhododendron,despite the fact that hybridization frequently occurs in the genus.Issues pertaining to the conservation of Rh.pubicostatum resulting from admixture of genetic material from its parental species are discussed.展开更多
Mutants lacking wild-type MLO(Mildew resistance Locus O)proteins show broad-spectrum resistance to the powdery mildew fungus,and dysregulated cell death control,with spontaneous cell death in response to developmental...Mutants lacking wild-type MLO(Mildew resistance Locus O)proteins show broad-spectrum resistance to the powdery mildew fungus,and dysregulated cell death control,with spontaneous cell death in response to developmental or abiotic stimuli.In order to understand the evolution and divergence patterns of the MLO gene family in Rosaceae plants,we analysed systematically genome-wide data from Fragaria vesca,Prunus persica,Prunus mume,Malus domestica,Pyrus bretschneideri and Rubus occidentalis based on bioinformatics methods.Using three phylogenetic methods(the neighbour-joining,maximum likelihood,and Bayesian methods),we identified 117 MLO genes from 6 Rosaceae species.The results of all three phylogenetic analysis methods supported that these genes were divided into six clades.Conserved motif analysis found that only motif 2 was present in all MLO proteins and had 3 nearly invariant amino acid residues.The findings indicated that motif 2 might be shared by the MLO gene family.The structural features of these genes showed large variations in sequence length among different species,although the lengths and the numbers of exons exhibited high degrees of similarity.Selective pressure analysis showed extremely significant differences in all 6 clades,with 2,1,and 1 site(s)under significant positive selection detected in clades III,IV,and VI,respectively.These positive selection sites were important driving forces for the promotion of the functional differentiation of the MLO genes.Functional divergence analysis showed that the significantly divergent sites were located within the domains of the MLO genes.Functional distance analysis showed that the clade V had more conservative functions and might have retained more original functions during the evolutionary process.However,clade I may have undergone extensive altered functional constraints as a specialised functional role.Moreover,the most original function of the MLO genes in Rosaceae could be related to the evolution of their resistance to powdery mildew,which then gradually evolved into functions such as the regulation of flower development,the control of root morphology,and seed evolution due to the different evolutionary rates after gene duplication.These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies of the molecular evolutionary patterns of the plant MLO gene family.展开更多
Plants of the genus Camellia are widely cultivated throughout the world as ornamentals because of their bright and large flowers.The widely cultivated varieties are mainly derived from the mutant lines and hybrid prog...Plants of the genus Camellia are widely cultivated throughout the world as ornamentals because of their bright and large flowers.The widely cultivated varieties are mainly derived from the mutant lines and hybrid progenies of Camellia japonica Linn.and Camellia reticulata Lindl.While their geographical distributions and environmental adaptabilities are significantly different,no systematic comparison has been conducted between these two species.To investigate differences in how these plants have adapted to their environments,we measured photosynthesis and 20 leaf functional traits of C.japonica and C.reticulata grown under the same conditions.Compared with C.japonica,C.reticulata showed higher values for light saturation point,light-saturated photo synthetic rate,leaf dry mass per unit area and stomatal area,but lower values for apparent quantum efficiency,leaf size,stomatal density and leaf nitrogen content per unit mass.Stomatal area was positively correlated with light-saturated photosynthetic rate and light saturation point,but negatively correlated with stomatal density.The differences between C.reticulata and C.japonica were mainly reflected in their adaptations to light intensity and leaf morphological traits.C.reticulata is better adapted to high light intensity than C.japonica.This difference is related to the two species’ differing life fo rms.Thus,leaf morphological traits have played an important role in the light adaptation of C.reticulata and C.japonica,and might be first noticed and selected during the breeding process.These findings will contribute to the cultivation of camellia plants.展开更多
Paphiopedilum dianthum and P.micranthum are two endangered orchid species,with high ornamental and conservation values.They are sympatric species,but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant ...Paphiopedilum dianthum and P.micranthum are two endangered orchid species,with high ornamental and conservation values.They are sympatric species,but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant differences.However,it is unclear whether the differences in leaf structure of the two species will affect their adaptabilities to temperature.Here,we investigated the leaf photosynthetic,anatomical,and flowering traits of these two species at three sites with different temperatures(Kunming,16.7±0.2°C;Puer,17.7±0.2°C;Menglun,23.3±0.2°C)in southwest China.Compared with those at Puer and Kunming,the values of light-saturated photosynthetic rate(Pmax).stomatai conductance(gs),leaf thickness(LT),and stomatai density(SD)in both species were lower at Menglun.The values of Pmax,gs,仃,adaxial cuticle thickness(CTad)and SD in P.dianthum were higher than those of P.micranthum at the three sites.Compared with P.dianthum,there were no flowering plants of P.micranthum at Menglun.These results indicated that both species were less resistance to high temperature,and P.dianthum had a stronger adaptability to high-temperature than P.micranthum.Our findings can provide valuable information for the conservation and cultivation of Paphiopedilum species.展开更多
Prickles are common structures in plants that play a key role in defense against herbivores.In the Rosa genus,prickles are widely present with great diversity in terms of form and density.For cut rose production,prick...Prickles are common structures in plants that play a key role in defense against herbivores.In the Rosa genus,prickles are widely present with great diversity in terms of form and density.For cut rose production,prickles represent an important issue,as they can damage the flower and injure workers.Our objectives were to precisely describe the types of prickles that exist in roses,their tissues of origin and their development.We performed a detailed histological analysis of prickle initiation and development in a rose F1 population.Based on the prickle investigation of 110 roses,we proposed the fi rst categorization of prickles in the Rosa genus.They are mainly divided into two categories,nonglandular prickles(NGPs)and glandular prickles(GPs),and subcategories were defined based on the presence/absence of hairs and branches.We demonstrated that NGPs and GPs both originate from multiple cells ofthe ground meristem beneath the protoderm.For GPs,the gland cells originate from the protoderm of the GP at the early developmental stage.Our findings clearly demonstrate that prickles are notmodified trichomes(which originate from the protoderm).These conclusions are different from the current mainstream hypothesis.These results provide a foundation for further studies on prickle initiation and development in plants.展开更多
Low temperature usually results in the developmental deformity of flower organs,immensely affecting the quality of rose flowers.However,it's largely unknown about the regulatory mechanisms activated by low tempera...Low temperature usually results in the developmental deformity of flower organs,immensely affecting the quality of rose flowers.However,it's largely unknown about the regulatory mechanisms activated by low temperature.Here,we used a low temperature-sensitive Rosa hybrida cv.‘Peach Avalanche’to screen a MADS-box gene RhAGL6 via conjoint analysis between RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing(WGBS).Furthermore,we found that low temperature induced the hypermethylation and elevated histone 3 lys-27 trimethylation(H3K27me3)level on the RhAGL6 promoter,leading to decreased RhAGL6 expression.In addition,RhAGL6 silencing resulted in the formation of abnormal receptacles.We also found that the levels of gibberellins(GA3)and abscisic acid(ABA)in the receptacle under low temperature were lower and higher,respectively,than under normal temperature.Promoter activity analysis revealed that GA3 significantly activated RhAGL6 promoter activity,whereas ABA inhibited it.Thus,we propose that RhAGL6 regulates rose receptacle development by integrating epigenetic regulation and phytohormones signaling at low temperature.展开更多
Rhododendron kuomeianum Y.H.Chang,J.Nielsen&Y.P.Ma,a new species of Rhododendron(Ericaceae)within subsect.Maddenia in sect.Rhododendron from Yiliang County,NE Yunnan,China,is described and illustrated.The new spec...Rhododendron kuomeianum Y.H.Chang,J.Nielsen&Y.P.Ma,a new species of Rhododendron(Ericaceae)within subsect.Maddenia in sect.Rhododendron from Yiliang County,NE Yunnan,China,is described and illustrated.The new species is similar to R.valentinianum,but it can be easily distinguished by its sparse scales on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade,fewer flowers per inflorescence and white corolla with pale red margins.There are also differences in the widths of calyx lobes,leaf blade shape and indumentum characteristics of the petiole between the new species and Rhododendron linearilobum.We confirmed that R.kuomeianum is a new species closely related to R.valentinianum and R.changii with phylogenomic studies of 10 species within this subsection based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing(RADseq)data.These phylogenomic analyses also clarified additional taxonomic problems in this subsection previously raised by morphological analysis.Our findings make a strong case for using next-generation sequencing to explore phylogenetic relationships and identify new species,especially in plants groups with complicated taxonomic problems.展开更多
Resistance to rice gall midge in rice germplasm 91-1A2 was identified and genetically analyzed F1s of rice population were derived from 91-1A2 which crossed with rice materials Jinggui, TN1, W1263 （Gm1）, IET2911 （...Resistance to rice gall midge in rice germplasm 91-1A2 was identified and genetically analyzed F1s of rice population were derived from 91-1A2 which crossed with rice materials Jinggui, TN1, W1263 （Gm1）, IET2911 （Gm2）, BG404-1 （gm3）, OB677 （Gm4）, ARC5984 （Gm5） and Duokang 1 （Gm6） as a male parent. The resistance of all parental lines and F1, BC1F1 and F2 populations to rice gall midge was identified. The results showed that 91-1A2 and all F1s were resistant to Chinese rice gall midge biotype IV. The segregation ratio of resistant plants to susceptible ones in BC1F1 and F2 were accorded with 1：3 and 9：7 rules by X2 test, suggesting that the resistance of 91-1A2 to Chinese rice gall midge biotype IV was controlled by two dominant genes which were new resistance genes, non-allelic to the known rice gall midge resistance genes.展开更多
Camellia nitidissima is a species of shrub or small tree whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. In recent years, C. nitidissima planting area has been increasing, resulting in the growing gap between the ...Camellia nitidissima is a species of shrub or small tree whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. In recent years, C. nitidissima planting area has been increasing, resulting in the growing gap between the supply and demand of C. nitidissima seedlings. At present, C. nitidissima can be propagated through seeding, cutting, grafting, plant tissue culture and air layering. Among them, cutting and tissue culture are the most commonly used methods for rapid propagation of C. nitidissima. Optimal rooting medium, type and concentration of hormones and environmental conditions are critical factors for C. nitidissima propagation by cuttings, while detoxification and optimization of medium composition are important for C. nitidissima propagation by tissue culture. This paper reviews recent pro- gress in propagation techniques for C. nitidissima, and finally puts forward some prospects and suggestions in C. nitidissima propagation.展开更多
Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic(growing on trees)and lithophytic(growing on rocks)orchids.Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas,orchid mycorrhizal fu...Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic(growing on trees)and lithophytic(growing on rocks)orchids.Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas,orchid mycorrhizal fungal compositions are correlated with the life form(i.e.,epiphytic,lithophytic,or terrestrial)of their host plants.We therefore tested if a similar correlation exists in an orchid distributed at higher elevations.Coelogyne corymbosa is an endangered ornamental orchid species that can be found as a lithophyte and epiphyte in subtropical to subalpine areas.Based on high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2)-rDNA region of mycorrhizae of C.corymbosa,we detected 73 putative mycorrhizal fungal Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs).The OTUs of two dominant lineages(Cantharellales and Sebacinales)detected from C.corymbosa are phylogenetically different from those of other species within the genus Coelogyne,indicating that different orchid species prefer specific mycorrhizal fungi.We also found that the Non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)plots of orchid mycorrhizal fungi were not clustered with life form,the variations among orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities of different life forms were not significant,and most of the OTUs detected from epiphytic individuals were shared by the lithophytic plants,suggesting that orchid mycorrhizal associations of C.corymbosa were not affected by life form.These findings provide novel insights into mycorrhizal associations with endangered ornamental orchids.展开更多
Basal bulb rot is the major factor restricting the production of lily,caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lilii.To systematically analyze the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of lily clones to F.oxysporum,we const...Basal bulb rot is the major factor restricting the production of lily,caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lilii.To systematically analyze the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of lily clones to F.oxysporum,we constructed six RNA-seq libraries and four iTRAQ proteomic libraries using lily resistant and susceptible clones sampled at 0,24 and 48 h post-inoculation(hpi)with F.oxysporum respectively.137,715 unigenes were generated,of which 7,667 were differentially expressed.1,679 and 4,051 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between resistant and susceptible clones were isolated from samples collected at 0 and 48 hpi.Four hundred and thirty three and 155 DEGs were identified in resistant clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi separately while 550 and 799 DEGs were isolated in the susceptible clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi respectively.The results of iTRAQ analysis revealed 7,482 proteins in resistant and susceptible clones.Data analysis of transcriptome and proteome indicated that 5,735 proteins corresponded to mRNAs.Three hundred and sixteen and 1,052 DEGs had corresponding DEPs.At 48 hpi,the resistant clones showed 155 DEGs and 108 corresponding DEPs,while the susceptible clones showed 799 DEGs and 316 corresponding DEPs.In general,these results enhance comprehension of the defense response of lily resistant clones to F.oxysporum infection and provide valuable sequence data for studying the resistance mechanism.展开更多
Longtan pearl plum, as a new dominant fruit industry in Guangxi, has developed rapidly in recent years and become one of the major economic sources of fruit growers in Guangxi. It has a positive effect on promoting ec...Longtan pearl plum, as a new dominant fruit industry in Guangxi, has developed rapidly in recent years and become one of the major economic sources of fruit growers in Guangxi. It has a positive effect on promoting economic development and helping farmers to get out of poverty in Guangxi. But there is almost nothing to do with the processing and utilization. Taking the route of processing and utilization is an inevitable trend of development of Longtan pearl plum industry with the increase of the planting area and yield year by year. In this paper, based on the analysis of edible value of Longtan pearl plum, the development direction of processing and utilization of Longtan pearl plum was expounded, and some suggestions on the problems existing in the processing and utilization were put forward to provide reference for the processing and utilization of Longtan pearl plum.展开更多
基金supported by Yunnan Province Agricultural Joint Key Project(Grant No.202401BD070001-016)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32202530)+3 种基金Talent Introduction and Training Project of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.2024RCYP-09)Fundamental Research Project(Grant No.202401CF070046)Xingdian Talent support program(XDYC-QNRC-2023-0457)Yunnan Technology Innovation Center of Flower Technique.
文摘The proper flowering time of rose(Rosa hybrida)is vital for the market value of this horticultural crop,but the mechanism regulating this trait is largely unclear.Here,we found that the transcription factor SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE4(RhSPL4)positively regulates flowering time in rose.Transient silencing or overexpression transgenic rose plants of RhSPL4 exhibited delayed or early flowering,respectively.Analysis of transcriptome data from transgenic lines overexpressing RhSPL4 compared to the wild type indicated that differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in the circadian rhythm pathway.Among the proteins encoded by these genes,RhSPL4 binds to the promoter of PSEUDO-RESPONSE REGULATOR 5-LIKE(RhPRR5L),as revealed in yeast one-hybrid,dual-Luciferase/Renilla luciferase reporter,chromatin immunoprecipitation-quantitative PCR and electrophoretic mobility shift assay.Furthermore,RhSPL4 specifically binds to the478 to441 bp region of the RhPRR5L promoter and activates its transcription.The silencing of RhPRR5L delayed flowering time in rose,resembling the phenotype of RhSPL4-silenced plants.Together,these results indicate that the RhSPL4-RhPRR5L module positively regulates flowering time in rose,laying the foundation for the genetic improvement of flowering time in this important horticultural crop.
基金Z.Z.is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31772344 and 31501791)funded in part by a grant from the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality(6162017)to Z.Z.
文摘Fresh-cut roses(Rosa hybrida)are one of the most important ornamental crops worldwide,with annual trade in the billions of dollars.Gray mold disease caused by the pathogen Botrytis cinerea is the most serious fungal threat to cut roses,causing extensive postharvest losses.In this study,we optimized a detached petal disc assay(DPDA)for artificial B.cinerea inoculation and quantification of disease symptoms in rose petals.Furthermore,as the identification of rose genes involved in B.cinerea resistance could provide useful genetic and genomic resources,we devised a virusinduced gene silencing(VIGS)procedure for the functional analysis of B.cinerea resistance genes in rose petals.We used RhPR10.1 as a reporter of silencing efficiency and found that the rose cultivar‘Samantha’showed the greatest decrease in RhPR10.1 expression among the cultivars tested.To determine whether jasmonic acid and ethylene are required for B.cinerea resistance in rose petals,we used VIGS to silence the expression of RhLOX5 and RhEIN3(encoding a jasmonic acid biosynthesis pathway protein and an ethylene regulatory protein,respectively)and found that petal susceptibility to B.cinerea was affected.Finally,a VIGS screen of B.cinerea-induced rose transcription factors demonstrated the potential benefits of this method for the high-throughput identification of gene function in B.cinerea resistance.Collectively,our data show that the combination of the DPDA and VIGS is a reliable and highthroughput method for studying B.cinerea resistance in rose.
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program(2018YFD1000800)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31160398,31560563,31860568,32072559,and 32102370)+2 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Gansu Province,China(21YF5WA096)the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China(1606RJZA073 and 1606RJZA077)the Research Fund of Higher Education of Gansu,China(2018C-14 and 2019B-082).We are grateful to members of our laboratory for helpful criticism and advice.
文摘Recognized as a pivotal developmental transition,flowering marks the continuation of a plant’s life cycle.Vernalization and pho-toperiod are two major flowering pathways orchestrating numerous florigenic signals.Methylation,including histone,DNA and RNA methylation,is one of the recent foci in plant development.Considerable studies reveal that methylation seems to show an increasing potential regulatory role in plant flowering via altering relevant gene expression without altering the genetic basis.However,little has been reviewed about whether and how methylation acts on vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering before and after FLOWERING LOCUS C(FLC)reactivation,what role RNA methylation plays in vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering,how methylation participates simultaneously in both vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering,the heritability of methylation memory under the vernalization/photoperiod pathway,and whether and how methylation replaces vernalization/photoinduction to regulate flowering.Our review provides insight about the crosstalk among the genetic control of the flowering gene network,methylation(methyltransferases/demethylases)and external signals(cold,light,sRNA and phytohormones)in vernalization and photoperiod pathways.The existing evidence that RNA methylation may play a potential regulatory role in vernalization-and photoperiod-induced flowering has been gathered and represented for the first time.This review speculates about and discusses the possibility of substituting methylation for vernalization and photoinduction to promote flowering.Current evidence is utilized to discuss the possibility of future methylation reagents becoming flowering regulators at the molecular level.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Major Project of Guangxi(Gui Ke AA17204046)Scientific Research and Technological Development Program Project of Nanning City(20175031-5)+3 种基金Project of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Gui Nong Ke 2015YT89 Gui Nong Ke 2017YZ05 Gui Nong Ke 2017YM44 Gui Nong Ke 2018JZ07)
文摘In order to find out the situation of the innovation and development of the flower industry in Guangxi,the paper analyzed the development status of flower industry in Guangxi,summarized the achievements and experience of technological innovation,and the prominent problems in the development of flower industry.On the basis of the analysis,it came up with some recommendations for the development of the flower industry in Guangxi,so as to provide theoretical reference for the development of the flower industry in Guangxi.
文摘Lucetta,a cultivar of Eustoma grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners,was subjected to treatments of different light intensities( 100%,85%,70% and 55% of natural light intensity) and different light durations( 10-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting+ 2-h LED lighting,12-h natural lighting + 4-h LED lighting),and then its plant height,crown width,stem thickness,stalk thickness,total flower number,flowering period and growth situation were analyzed. The results show that E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners is sensitive to the changes in light intensity. Under 85% of natural light intensity( 40 000-50 000 lux),E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners grew faster,bloomed earlier with more flowers,and was taller,thicker,more robust,higher in yield,larger in pedicel length,and better in cut flower quality,without rosette phenomenon. Long-term exposure to low-intensity light would led to slow growth,thin stalk,delayed flowering,low yield and reduced cut flower quality in E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The illumination duration of more than 12 h could promote the differentiation of flower buds,increase the plant height,increase the length of pedicels of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. Extending the light duration by 2-4 h at night,that is,14-16 h of illumination was the most ideal illumination time for the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.)Shinners. A longer photoperiod could promote the growth and bring forward the blooming of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The longer the illumination time,the higher the plant. The optimum illumination time was between 14 and 16 h. When the illumination duration was shorter than 12 h,the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners was retarded,and its flowering was also delayed.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.32272751,32272750,31972445)the Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province(Grant Nos.20220508112RC,20210101005JC)+1 种基金the“Pioneer”and“Leading Goose”R&D Program of Zhejiang(Grant No.2023C02028)the China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202006625007)。
文摘Floral color and scent are crucial for plant-environment interactions,especially in reproduction by attracting pollinators for fertilization.They also have wide applications in cosmetic,pharmaceutical,and nutraceutical industries.Plant pigments are typically classified as chlorophylls,flavonoids,carotenoids,and betalains,while volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are grouped as terpenes,phenylpropanoids/benzenoids,and fatty acid derivatives.Significant progresses have been made in understanding the biosynthesis and regulation of these floral pigments and VOCs.Despite differences in their biosynthetic pathways,floral pigments and VOCs are biochemically connected and exhibit synergistic interactions during flower development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses,suggesting the existence of pleiotropic regulators or complex mechanisms co-regulating their biosynthesis.In this review,we summarize and outline the metabolite pathways mainly integrating flavonoids,carotenoids,terpenes,and phenylpropanoids/benzenoids.We also provide a series of scenarios illustrating the coordinated regulation of floral color and scent.Finally,we suggest areas for future research.We hope this review will spark interest in this research direction and stimulate further studies.
基金This research was funded by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(KYYJ201706)the Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu Province(BE2016377)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2016M600425).
文摘MIKC^(C)-type MADS-box(MIKC^(C))genes encode transcription factors that have crucial roles in controlling floral organogenesis and flowering time in plants.Although this gene family has been well characterized in many plant species,its evolutionary and comprehensive functional analysis in rose is lacking.In this study,58 non-redundant MIKC^(C)uni-transcripts were extensively identified from rose transcriptomes.Phylogenetic analysis placed these genes into 12 clades with their Arabidopsis and strawberry counterparts,and revealed that ABCDE model(including AP1/FUL,AP3/PI,AG,and SEP clades),and SOC1 and AGL6 clade genes have remarkably expanded in Rosa chinensis,whereas genes from the FLC and AGL17 clades were undetectable.Sequence alignments suggest that the AP3/PI clade may contribute to more specific functions in rose due to a high variation of amino acid residues within its MADS-box domains.A comparative analysis of gene expression in specific floral organ differentiation stages and floral organs between R.chinensis cv.Old Blush and the closely related mutant genotype R.chinensis cv.Viridiflora(floral organs mutated into leaf-like structures)further revealed the roles of ABCDE model genes during floral organogenesis in rose.Analysis of co-expression networks provided an overview of the regulatory mechanisms of rose MIKC^(C)genes and shed light on both the prominent roles of AP3/PI clade genes in floral organogenesis and the roles of RcAGL19,RcAGL24,and RcSOC1 in regulating floral transition in rose.Our analyses provide an overall insight of MIKC^(C)genes in rose and their potential roles in floral organogenesis.
基金supported by the Yunnan Natural Science Foundation Project (Grant No. 2008C004)the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.31160067)Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (Grant No. 201003021)
文摘Yunnan Province of China is one of the important centers for origin and evolution of cultivated rice worldwide. Wild rice is the ancestor of the cultivated rice. Many elite traits of wild rice have widened the genetic basis in cultivated rice. However, many populations of wild rice species have disappeared in the past few years. Therefore, the current status of wild rice resources should be updated and the genetic diversity of wild rice species should be examined for further germplasm preservation and utilization. Our investigations showed that the number of natural wild rice populations declined sharply in Yunnan Province during the past few years due to various reasons. Fortunately, one population of Oryza rufipogon, three of O officinalis and ten of O. granulata have been newly found in different ecological sites, which were confirmed by inter-simple sequence repeat （ISSR） marker analysis in this study. ISSR analysis and investigation of some important traits of nutritional values indicated that the genetic diversity of the currently existing wild rice resources in Yunnan is still rich. The demonstration of genetic diversity of wild rice by a combined use of geographical distribution, morphological traits, nutrition contents and ISSR markers would be helpful for the conservation and exploration of these important wild rice resources.
基金Science and Technology Basic Resources Investigation Program of China(Grant No.2017FY100100)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP)Program(Grant No.2019QZKK0502)+2 种基金the Young Academic and Technical Leader Raising Foundation of Yunnan Province(No.2018HB066)Yunnan Innovation Team Program for Conservation and Utilization of PSESP(Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations)(Grant No.2019HC015)Applied Basic Research Project of Yunnan Province(Grant No.2018BB010).
文摘Gene flow between sympatric congeneric plants is thought to be very common and may pose serious threats to endangered species.In the present study,we evaluate the genetic diversity and divergence of three sympatric Rhododendron species in Jiaozi Mountain using newly developed microsatellites through the Illumina MiSeq sequencing approach.Genetic diversity of all three Rhododendron species studied was moderate in comparison to genetic parameters previously reported from species of this genus.Interestingly,genetic structure analysis of the three species identified a possible hybrid origin of the threatened Rh.pubicostatum.This sympatry should be considered a unimodal hybrid zone,since Rh.pubicostatum is predominant here.Unimodal hybrid zones are uncommon in Rhododendron,despite the fact that hybridization frequently occurs in the genus.Issues pertaining to the conservation of Rh.pubicostatum resulting from admixture of genetic material from its parental species are discussed.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2018YFD1000400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31860571 and 31560565)+1 种基金Major Science and Technology Projects Yunnan Province(Grant No.2016ZA005)Yunnan Youth Academic&Technical Leaders Reserve Talents Training Project(Grant No.2015HB078)。
文摘Mutants lacking wild-type MLO(Mildew resistance Locus O)proteins show broad-spectrum resistance to the powdery mildew fungus,and dysregulated cell death control,with spontaneous cell death in response to developmental or abiotic stimuli.In order to understand the evolution and divergence patterns of the MLO gene family in Rosaceae plants,we analysed systematically genome-wide data from Fragaria vesca,Prunus persica,Prunus mume,Malus domestica,Pyrus bretschneideri and Rubus occidentalis based on bioinformatics methods.Using three phylogenetic methods(the neighbour-joining,maximum likelihood,and Bayesian methods),we identified 117 MLO genes from 6 Rosaceae species.The results of all three phylogenetic analysis methods supported that these genes were divided into six clades.Conserved motif analysis found that only motif 2 was present in all MLO proteins and had 3 nearly invariant amino acid residues.The findings indicated that motif 2 might be shared by the MLO gene family.The structural features of these genes showed large variations in sequence length among different species,although the lengths and the numbers of exons exhibited high degrees of similarity.Selective pressure analysis showed extremely significant differences in all 6 clades,with 2,1,and 1 site(s)under significant positive selection detected in clades III,IV,and VI,respectively.These positive selection sites were important driving forces for the promotion of the functional differentiation of the MLO genes.Functional divergence analysis showed that the significantly divergent sites were located within the domains of the MLO genes.Functional distance analysis showed that the clade V had more conservative functions and might have retained more original functions during the evolutionary process.However,clade I may have undergone extensive altered functional constraints as a specialised functional role.Moreover,the most original function of the MLO genes in Rosaceae could be related to the evolution of their resistance to powdery mildew,which then gradually evolved into functions such as the regulation of flower development,the control of root morphology,and seed evolution due to the different evolutionary rates after gene duplication.These results provide a theoretical basis for further studies of the molecular evolutionary patterns of the plant MLO gene family.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China,China(31670342,31760229)the Scientific and Technological Leading Talent Project of Yunnan Province(2016HA005)project for Construction of International Flower Technology Innovation Center and Achievement Industrialization。
文摘Plants of the genus Camellia are widely cultivated throughout the world as ornamentals because of their bright and large flowers.The widely cultivated varieties are mainly derived from the mutant lines and hybrid progenies of Camellia japonica Linn.and Camellia reticulata Lindl.While their geographical distributions and environmental adaptabilities are significantly different,no systematic comparison has been conducted between these two species.To investigate differences in how these plants have adapted to their environments,we measured photosynthesis and 20 leaf functional traits of C.japonica and C.reticulata grown under the same conditions.Compared with C.japonica,C.reticulata showed higher values for light saturation point,light-saturated photo synthetic rate,leaf dry mass per unit area and stomatal area,but lower values for apparent quantum efficiency,leaf size,stomatal density and leaf nitrogen content per unit mass.Stomatal area was positively correlated with light-saturated photosynthetic rate and light saturation point,but negatively correlated with stomatal density.The differences between C.reticulata and C.japonica were mainly reflected in their adaptations to light intensity and leaf morphological traits.C.reticulata is better adapted to high light intensity than C.japonica.This difference is related to the two species’ differing life fo rms.Thus,leaf morphological traits have played an important role in the light adaptation of C.reticulata and C.japonica,and might be first noticed and selected during the breeding process.These findings will contribute to the cultivation of camellia plants.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970361)the Applied Basic Research Plan of Yunnan Province(2018EA016)+2 种基金the Science and Technology Plan of Yunnan(2018BB010)and the project for Construction of International Flower Technology Innovation Center and Achievement Industrialization(2019ZG006)and the Project for Innovation Team of Yunnan Province.Thanks to De John A Meadows for proofreading and editing.Thanks to Me Jianbo Yang for helping to make the map of species distribution.
文摘Paphiopedilum dianthum and P.micranthum are two endangered orchid species,with high ornamental and conservation values.They are sympatric species,but their leaf anatomical traits and flowering period have significant differences.However,it is unclear whether the differences in leaf structure of the two species will affect their adaptabilities to temperature.Here,we investigated the leaf photosynthetic,anatomical,and flowering traits of these two species at three sites with different temperatures(Kunming,16.7±0.2°C;Puer,17.7±0.2°C;Menglun,23.3±0.2°C)in southwest China.Compared with those at Puer and Kunming,the values of light-saturated photosynthetic rate(Pmax).stomatai conductance(gs),leaf thickness(LT),and stomatai density(SD)in both species were lower at Menglun.The values of Pmax,gs,仃,adaxial cuticle thickness(CTad)and SD in P.dianthum were higher than those of P.micranthum at the three sites.Compared with P.dianthum,there were no flowering plants of P.micranthum at Menglun.These results indicated that both species were less resistance to high temperature,and P.dianthum had a stronger adaptability to high-temperature than P.micranthum.Our findings can provide valuable information for the conservation and cultivation of Paphiopedilum species.
基金This work was supported by funding from the National Natural Scienee Foundation of China(31760585)the China Scholarship Council([2017]3109).
文摘Prickles are common structures in plants that play a key role in defense against herbivores.In the Rosa genus,prickles are widely present with great diversity in terms of form and density.For cut rose production,prickles represent an important issue,as they can damage the flower and injure workers.Our objectives were to precisely describe the types of prickles that exist in roses,their tissues of origin and their development.We performed a detailed histological analysis of prickle initiation and development in a rose F1 population.Based on the prickle investigation of 110 roses,we proposed the fi rst categorization of prickles in the Rosa genus.They are mainly divided into two categories,nonglandular prickles(NGPs)and glandular prickles(GPs),and subcategories were defined based on the presence/absence of hairs and branches.We demonstrated that NGPs and GPs both originate from multiple cells ofthe ground meristem beneath the protoderm.For GPs,the gland cells originate from the protoderm of the GP at the early developmental stage.Our findings clearly demonstrate that prickles are notmodified trichomes(which originate from the protoderm).These conclusions are different from the current mainstream hypothesis.These results provide a foundation for further studies on prickle initiation and development in plants.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31972438,31902054,32202530)the Postdoctoral Initiation Project of Shenzhen Polytechnic(Grant Nos.6021330012K0,6020330006K0,and 6022312017K)+1 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021A1515110368)Major Agricultural Science and Technology Projects in Yunnan Province(Grant No.202102AE090052).
文摘Low temperature usually results in the developmental deformity of flower organs,immensely affecting the quality of rose flowers.However,it's largely unknown about the regulatory mechanisms activated by low temperature.Here,we used a low temperature-sensitive Rosa hybrida cv.‘Peach Avalanche’to screen a MADS-box gene RhAGL6 via conjoint analysis between RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing(WGBS).Furthermore,we found that low temperature induced the hypermethylation and elevated histone 3 lys-27 trimethylation(H3K27me3)level on the RhAGL6 promoter,leading to decreased RhAGL6 expression.In addition,RhAGL6 silencing resulted in the formation of abnormal receptacles.We also found that the levels of gibberellins(GA3)and abscisic acid(ABA)in the receptacle under low temperature were lower and higher,respectively,than under normal temperature.Promoter activity analysis revealed that GA3 significantly activated RhAGL6 promoter activity,whereas ABA inhibited it.Thus,we propose that RhAGL6 regulates rose receptacle development by integrating epigenetic regulation and phytohormones signaling at low temperature.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31770418 and No.31760231)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2018428)the Reserve Talents for Academic and Technical Leaders of Middle-aged and Young People in Yunnan Province(Grant No.2018HB066).
文摘Rhododendron kuomeianum Y.H.Chang,J.Nielsen&Y.P.Ma,a new species of Rhododendron(Ericaceae)within subsect.Maddenia in sect.Rhododendron from Yiliang County,NE Yunnan,China,is described and illustrated.The new species is similar to R.valentinianum,but it can be easily distinguished by its sparse scales on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade,fewer flowers per inflorescence and white corolla with pale red margins.There are also differences in the widths of calyx lobes,leaf blade shape and indumentum characteristics of the petiole between the new species and Rhododendron linearilobum.We confirmed that R.kuomeianum is a new species closely related to R.valentinianum and R.changii with phylogenomic studies of 10 species within this subsection based on restriction site-associated DNA sequencing(RADseq)data.These phylogenomic analyses also clarified additional taxonomic problems in this subsection previously raised by morphological analysis.Our findings make a strong case for using next-generation sequencing to explore phylogenetic relationships and identify new species,especially in plants groups with complicated taxonomic problems.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province (Grant No.0007015)Science Research and Technology Development Program of Guangxi Province (Grant Nos.0012027 and 9939006)Foundation of New Century Ten-Hundred-Thous and Talents of Guangxi,China (Grant No. 2003213)
文摘Resistance to rice gall midge in rice germplasm 91-1A2 was identified and genetically analyzed F1s of rice population were derived from 91-1A2 which crossed with rice materials Jinggui, TN1, W1263 （Gm1）, IET2911 （Gm2）, BG404-1 （gm3）, OB677 （Gm4）, ARC5984 （Gm5） and Duokang 1 （Gm6） as a male parent. The resistance of all parental lines and F1, BC1F1 and F2 populations to rice gall midge was identified. The results showed that 91-1A2 and all F1s were resistant to Chinese rice gall midge biotype IV. The segregation ratio of resistant plants to susceptible ones in BC1F1 and F2 were accorded with 1：3 and 9：7 rules by X2 test, suggesting that the resistance of 91-1A2 to Chinese rice gall midge biotype IV was controlled by two dominant genes which were new resistance genes, non-allelic to the known rice gall midge resistance genes.
基金Supported by Guangxi Agricultural Comprehensive Development and Utilization Project from the International Fund for Agricultural Development(L-I-CN855)Science and Technology Development Project of Nanning City(20162090)+1 种基金Science and Technology Development Project of Fangchenggang City(Fang Ke AB17053004)the Fund of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Science(Gui Nong ke 2015YZ20,Gui Nong Ke 2015YT89)
文摘Camellia nitidissima is a species of shrub or small tree whose leaves and leaf buds are used to produce tea. In recent years, C. nitidissima planting area has been increasing, resulting in the growing gap between the supply and demand of C. nitidissima seedlings. At present, C. nitidissima can be propagated through seeding, cutting, grafting, plant tissue culture and air layering. Among them, cutting and tissue culture are the most commonly used methods for rapid propagation of C. nitidissima. Optimal rooting medium, type and concentration of hormones and environmental conditions are critical factors for C. nitidissima propagation by cuttings, while detoxification and optimization of medium composition are important for C. nitidissima propagation by tissue culture. This paper reviews recent pro- gress in propagation techniques for C. nitidissima, and finally puts forward some prospects and suggestions in C. nitidissima propagation.
基金We thank Jia-Lin Huang and Jia-Wei Li for their kind help with field work.John Meadows and Raymond Porter are acknowledged for improvements of the manuscript.This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.31670342 and 31700026)Yunnan Applied Basic Research Project(2019FB019)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Plan of Yunnan(2018BB010)the Scientific and Technological Leading Talent Project of Yunnan Province(2016HA005).
文摘Mycorrhizal fungi are essential for the growth and development of both epiphytic(growing on trees)and lithophytic(growing on rocks)orchids.Previous studies indicate that in lowland tropical areas,orchid mycorrhizal fungal compositions are correlated with the life form(i.e.,epiphytic,lithophytic,or terrestrial)of their host plants.We therefore tested if a similar correlation exists in an orchid distributed at higher elevations.Coelogyne corymbosa is an endangered ornamental orchid species that can be found as a lithophyte and epiphyte in subtropical to subalpine areas.Based on high-throughput sequencing of the fungal internal transcribed spacer 2(ITS2)-rDNA region of mycorrhizae of C.corymbosa,we detected 73 putative mycorrhizal fungal Operational Taxonomic Units(OTUs).The OTUs of two dominant lineages(Cantharellales and Sebacinales)detected from C.corymbosa are phylogenetically different from those of other species within the genus Coelogyne,indicating that different orchid species prefer specific mycorrhizal fungi.We also found that the Non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)plots of orchid mycorrhizal fungi were not clustered with life form,the variations among orchid mycorrhizal fungal communities of different life forms were not significant,and most of the OTUs detected from epiphytic individuals were shared by the lithophytic plants,suggesting that orchid mycorrhizal associations of C.corymbosa were not affected by life form.These findings provide novel insights into mycorrhizal associations with endangered ornamental orchids.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2019YFD1000400,2020YFD10004)Kunming Comprehensive test station of national Flower Industry system(CARS-23-G56)+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31260484)Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department(Grant No.2016BB009)the Green Food Brand-Build a Special Project(Floriculture)supported by Yunnan Provincial Finance Department(530000210000000013742).
文摘Basal bulb rot is the major factor restricting the production of lily,caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lilii.To systematically analyze the transcriptomic and proteomic responses of lily clones to F.oxysporum,we constructed six RNA-seq libraries and four iTRAQ proteomic libraries using lily resistant and susceptible clones sampled at 0,24 and 48 h post-inoculation(hpi)with F.oxysporum respectively.137,715 unigenes were generated,of which 7,667 were differentially expressed.1,679 and 4,051 differentially expressed genes(DEGs)between resistant and susceptible clones were isolated from samples collected at 0 and 48 hpi.Four hundred and thirty three and 155 DEGs were identified in resistant clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi separately while 550 and 799 DEGs were isolated in the susceptible clones sampled at 24 and 48 hpi respectively.The results of iTRAQ analysis revealed 7,482 proteins in resistant and susceptible clones.Data analysis of transcriptome and proteome indicated that 5,735 proteins corresponded to mRNAs.Three hundred and sixteen and 1,052 DEGs had corresponding DEPs.At 48 hpi,the resistant clones showed 155 DEGs and 108 corresponding DEPs,while the susceptible clones showed 799 DEGs and 316 corresponding DEPs.In general,these results enhance comprehension of the defense response of lily resistant clones to F.oxysporum infection and provide valuable sequence data for studying the resistance mechanism.
基金Supported by Special Project for Guangxi Science and Technology Bases and Talent(GK AD16380088,GK AD17195040)Key Research and Development Plan of Guangxi(GK AB18221070)+1 种基金Major Science and Technology Project of Guangxi(GK AA17202029,G AA17204058-19,G AA17204058-20)Project of Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences(2015YT87,2018YT29,2018YM05)
文摘Longtan pearl plum, as a new dominant fruit industry in Guangxi, has developed rapidly in recent years and become one of the major economic sources of fruit growers in Guangxi. It has a positive effect on promoting economic development and helping farmers to get out of poverty in Guangxi. But there is almost nothing to do with the processing and utilization. Taking the route of processing and utilization is an inevitable trend of development of Longtan pearl plum industry with the increase of the planting area and yield year by year. In this paper, based on the analysis of edible value of Longtan pearl plum, the development direction of processing and utilization of Longtan pearl plum was expounded, and some suggestions on the problems existing in the processing and utilization were put forward to provide reference for the processing and utilization of Longtan pearl plum.
