This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurem...This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurement range.Inspired by the structure of bamboo slips,we introduce a novel approach that utilises liquid metal to modulate the electrical pathways within a cracked platinum fabric electrode.The resulting sensor demonstrates a gauge factor greater than 108 and a strain measurement capability exceeding 100%.The integration of patterned liquid metal enables customisable tuning of the sensor’s response,while the porous fabric structure ensures superior comfort and air permeability for the wearer.Our design not only optimises the sensor’s performance but also enhances the electrical stability that is essential for practical applications.Through systematic investigation,we reveal the intrinsic mechanisms governing the sensor’s response,offering valuable insights for the design of wearable strain sensors.The sensor’s exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications,from micro-strain to large-strain detection,highlights its potential for a wide range of real-world uses,demonstrating a significant advancement in the field of flexible electronics.展开更多
Flexible zinc-ion batteries(FZIBs)have been acknowledged as a potential cornerstone for the future development of flexible energy storage,yet conventional FZIBs still encounter challenges,particularly concerning perfo...Flexible zinc-ion batteries(FZIBs)have been acknowledged as a potential cornerstone for the future development of flexible energy storage,yet conventional FZIBs still encounter challenges,particularly concerning performance failure at low temperatures.To address these challenges,a novel anti-freezing leather gel electrolyte(AFLGE-30)is designed,incorporating ethanol as a hydrogen bonding acceptor.The AFLGE-30 demonstrates exceptional frost resistance while maintaining favorable flexibility even at-30℃;accordingly,the battery can achieve a high specific capacity of about 70 m Ah/g.Cu//Zn battery exhibits remarkable stability at room temperature,retaining~96%efficiency after 120 plating/stripping cycles at1 m A/cm^(2).Concurrently,the Zn//Zn symmetric batteries demonstrate a lifespan of 4100 h at room temperature,which is attributed to the enhancement of Zn^(2+)deposition kinetics,restraining the formation of zinc dendrites.Furthermore,FZIBs exhibit minimal capacity loss even after bending,impacting,or burning.This work provides a promising strategy for designing low-temperature-resistant FZIBs.展开更多
Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylened...Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)is widely used in FECDs due to its excellent mechanical flexibility,tunable conductivity,and non-toxicity.However,the manufacturing process for patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices remains intricate,costly,and challenging to personalize.To address this challenge,we have developed a 3D-printable ink with controllable rheological properties through a concentration-tuning strategy,enabling programmable,patterned printing of PEDOT-based conductive polymer electrochromic layers.The 3D-printed FECDs exhibit outstanding electrochromic performance,including a high optical contrast(up to 47.9%at 635 nm),fast response times(t_(c)=1.6 s;t_(b)=0.6 s),high coloration efficiency(352 cm^(2) C^(-1)),and good cycling stability(with only a 9.3%decrease in optical contrast after 100 electrochemical cycles).Finally,we utilize 3D printing technology to construct flexible,patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices with bespoke butterfly designs.This work establishes the theoretical foundation for the application of 3D printing technology in PEDOT:PSS flexible electrochromic devices.展开更多
Wearable photodetectors have come under the limelight of optoelectronic technologies on account of multiple advantages spanning light weight,easy-portability,excellent bendability,outstanding conformability,etc.Among ...Wearable photodetectors have come under the limelight of optoelectronic technologies on account of multiple advantages spanning light weight,easy-portability,excellent bendability,outstanding conformability,etc.Among diverse candidate materials,low-dimensional van der Waals materials(LDvdWMs)have emerged to be preeminent owing to the dangling-bond-free surface,exceptional carrier mobility,nanoscale dimensionality,and excellent light-harvesting capability.However,to date,the majority of flexible LDvdWM photodetectors have been fabricated through exfoliation-,transfer-,or solution-processing methods,which are plagued by limitations such as low production yield,inadequate photosensitivity,and sluggish response rate.Thus far,constructing LDvdWM photodetectors in situ on flexible substrates remains quite challenging due to the irreconcilable contradiction between the weak robustness of flexible polymer substrates against high temperature and the large thermal budget required for crystallization.This study develops scalable preparation of Sb_(2)Se_(3)nanofilm directly on flexible polyimide substrates by exploiting pulsed-laser deposition(PLD),where highly energetic species can be generated to enable overcoming the reaction barrier for crystallization at a relatively low temperature.The corresponding Sb_(2)Se_(3)photodetectors have exhibited high responsivity of 1.15 A/W,exceptional external quantum efficiency of 269%,and impressive specific detectivity reaching 2.4×10^(11)Jones,coupled with swift switching characteristics.Importantly,excellent durability to repeated bending treatments has been confirmed by the consistent photoresponse over 500 convex/concave bending cycles.Furthermore,the device has showcased strong robustness against extrinsic impinging.In the end,by using Sb_(2)Se_(3)photodetectors as sensing components,wide-band imaging beyond human vision and heart rate monitoring have been realized.This study has underscored the high efficacy of PLD for reconciling the long-standing contradiction between the weak robustness of flexible polymer substrates against high temperature and the substantial thermal energy required for crystallization,opening new opportunities towards next-generation wearable optoelectronic industry.展开更多
Flexible electronics technology is considered as a revolutionary technology to unlock the bottleneck of traditional rigid electronics that prevalent for decades,thereby fueling the next-generation electronics.In the p...Flexible electronics technology is considered as a revolutionary technology to unlock the bottleneck of traditional rigid electronics that prevalent for decades,thereby fueling the next-generation electronics.In the past few decades,the research on flexible electronic devices based on organic materials has witnessed rapid development and substantial achievements,and inorganic semiconductors are also now beginning to shine in the field of flexible electronics.As validated by the latest research,some of the inorganic semiconductors,particularly those at low dimension,unexpectedly exhibited excellent mechanical flexibility on top of superior electrical properties.Herein,we bring together a comprehensive analysis on the recently burgeoning low-dimension inorganic semiconductor materials in flexible electronics,including one-dimensional(1D)inorganic semiconductor nanowires(NWs)and two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs).The fundamental electrical properties,optical properties,mechanical properties and strain engineering of materials,and their performance in flexible device applications are discussed in detail.We also propose current challenges and predict future development directions including material synthesis and device fabrication and integration.展开更多
Flexible perovskite solar cells(FPSCs) have attracted enormous interest in wearable and portable electronics due to their high power-per-weight and low cost. Flexible and efficient perovskite solar cells require the d...Flexible perovskite solar cells(FPSCs) have attracted enormous interest in wearable and portable electronics due to their high power-per-weight and low cost. Flexible and efficient perovskite solar cells require the development of flexible electrodes compatible with the optoelectronic properties of perovskite. In this review, the recent progress of flexible electrodes used in FPSCs is comprehensively reviewed. The major features of flexible transparent electrodes, including transparent conductive oxides, conductive polymer, carbon nanomaterials and nanostructured metallic materials are systematically compared. And the corresponding modification strategies and device performance are summarized. Moreover, flexible opaque electrodes including metal films, opaque carbon materials and metal foils are critically assessed. Finally, the development directions and difficulties of flexible electrodes are given.展开更多
Electrochromic technology has gained significant attention in various fields such as displays,smart windows,biomedical monitoring,military camouflage,human-machine interaction,and electronic skin due to its ability to...Electrochromic technology has gained significant attention in various fields such as displays,smart windows,biomedical monitoring,military camouflage,human-machine interaction,and electronic skin due to its ability to provide reversible and fast color changes under applied voltage.With the rapid development and increasing demand for flexible electronics,flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)that offer smarter and more controllable light modulation hold great promise for practical applications.The electrochromic material(ECM)undergoing color changes during the electrochemical reactions is one of the key components in electrochromic devices.Among the ECMs,viologens,a family of organic small molecules with 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-dipyridinium salts,have garnered extensive research interest,due to their well-reversible redox reactions,excellent electron acceptance ability,and the ability to produce multiple colors.Notably,viologen-based FECDs demonstrate color changes in the liquid or semisolid electrolyte layer,eliminating the need for two solid electrodes and thus simplifying the device structure.Consequently,viologens offer significant potential for the development of FECDs with high optical contrast,fast response speed,and excellent stability.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and perspectives of viologen-based FECDs.It begins by summarizing the typical structure and recent exciting developments in viologen-based FECDs,along with their advantages and disadvantages.Furthermore,the review discusses recent advancements in FECDs with additional functionalities such as sensing,photochromism,and energy storage.Finally,the remaining challenges and potential research directions for the future of viologen-based FECDs are addressed.展开更多
Visual reality(VR)health-monitoring by flexible electronics provides a new avenue to remote and wearable medicine.The combination of flexible electronics and VR could facilitate smart remote disease diagnosis by real-...Visual reality(VR)health-monitoring by flexible electronics provides a new avenue to remote and wearable medicine.The combination of flexible electronics and VR could facilitate smart remote disease diagnosis by real-time monitoring of the physiological signals and remote interaction between patient and physician.The flexible healthcare sensor is the most crucial unit in the flexible and wearable health-monitoring system,which has attracted much attention in recent years.This paper briefly reviews the progress in flexible healthcare sensors and VR healthcare devices.The flexible healthcare sensor is introduced with basic flexible materials,manufacturing techniques,and their applications in health-monitoring(such as blood/sweat detection and heart-rate tracking).VR healthcare devices for telemedicine diagnosis are discussed,and the smart remote diagnosis system using flexible and wearable healthcare sensors,and a VR device,is addressed.展开更多
As one of the essential components for flexible electronics,flexible electrochemical energy storage(EES)has garnered extensive interests at all levels of materials,devices,and systems.The successful implementation of ...As one of the essential components for flexible electronics,flexible electrochemical energy storage(EES)has garnered extensive interests at all levels of materials,devices,and systems.The successful implementation of high-performance flexible EES devices relies on exploring of suitable electrode/electrolyte materials that have both superior electrochemical and mechanical properties.For this function,one-dimensional electrospun nanofibers have emerged as a class of promising building blocks for the key components of flexible EES devices.In this overview,the fundamental principles and technical advances of electrospinning are examined,for both their successes and challenges in controllable fabrication of nanofibers with the desirable chemical compositions,micro/meso-/nanostructures,and therefore resultant properties.The advances in applications of electrospun nanofibers for various key flexible EES devices are critically looked into,including those in supercapacitors,metal-ion batteries,and metal-air batteries.The existing challenges and prospects of these electrospun nanofiber-based flexible EES are discussed,aiming to inspire continued efforts in developing the optimal high-performance and low cost flexible EES devices for long-awaited practical applications.展开更多
Vacancy engineering is a useful methodology in the development of catalysts and electrode materials.Herein,we report the introduction of Se-vacancy pairs in heteroatom-doped(N,B,and F)CoSe/Mo_(2)CT_(x) MXene(NBF-CoSe/...Vacancy engineering is a useful methodology in the development of catalysts and electrode materials.Herein,we report the introduction of Se-vacancy pairs in heteroatom-doped(N,B,and F)CoSe/Mo_(2)CT_(x) MXene(NBF-CoSe/Mo_(2)CT_(x))to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and supercapacitor activities via an ionic liquid-mediated method.Se vacancy pairs and heteroatom doping enable the reallocation of local electron states and add active sites,improving the electrochemical activity of NBF-CoSe/Mo_(2)CT_(x) with high HER activities over a broad range of pH.At a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),overvoltages of 70 and 81 mV are respectively produced in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4)and 1 M KOH.The optimal structure also exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance in an asymmetric supercapacitor with an energy density of 34.2 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 15989.6Wkg^(-1).This study opens new avenues for the introduction of Se vacancies and heteroatom doping to improve the application performance.展开更多
Flexible rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have attracted extensive attentions in the energy storage field due to their high safety,environmental friendliness,and outstanding electrochemical performance whi...Flexible rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have attracted extensive attentions in the energy storage field due to their high safety,environmental friendliness,and outstanding electrochemical performance while the exploration of high-voltage aqueous ZIBs with excellent rate capability is still a great challenge for the further application them in flexible and wearable electronics.Herein,we fabricated a 2.4 V high-voltage flexible aqueous ZIB,being among the highest voltage reported in aqueous ZIBs.Moreover,it exhibits extremely flat charging/discharging voltage platforms and the dropout voltage is only 0.1 V,which is the smallest gap in all aqueous batteries to our best knowledge.Furthermore,the prepared ZIB performs high rate capability of 25 C and energy density of 120 Wh kg?1 and exhibits excellent safety under various destructive conditions including hammering,sewing,punching,and soaking.These extraordinary results indicate the great application potential of our high-voltage flexible aqueous ZIB in wearable electronics.展开更多
With the extensive use of electronic communication technology in integrated circuit systems and wearable devices, electromagnetic interference(EMI) has increased dramatically. The shortcomings of conventional rigid EM...With the extensive use of electronic communication technology in integrated circuit systems and wearable devices, electromagnetic interference(EMI) has increased dramatically. The shortcomings of conventional rigid EMI shielding materials include high brittleness, poor comfort, and unsuitability for conforming and deformable applications. Hitherto, flexible(particularly elastic) nanocomposites have attracted enormous interest due to their excellent deformability. However, the current flexible shielding nanocomposites present low mechanical stability and resilience, relatively poor EMI shielding performance, and limited multifunctionality. Herein, the advances in low-dimensional EMI shielding nanomaterials-based elastomers are outlined and a selection of the most remarkable examples is discussed. And the corresponding modification strategies and deformability performance are summarized. Finally, expectations for this quickly increasing sector are discussed, as well as future challenges.展开更多
A series of large-area,flexible and transparent ultraviolet(UV)photodetectors(PDs)based on Ag nanowire(NW)@ZnO nanorods(NRs)are fabricated by an inexpensive,facile and effective approach.These Ag NW@ZnO NRs are succes...A series of large-area,flexible and transparent ultraviolet(UV)photodetectors(PDs)based on Ag nanowire(NW)@ZnO nanorods(NRs)are fabricated by an inexpensive,facile and effective approach.These Ag NW@ZnO NRs are successfully synthesized using a two-step method in an oil bath with a high surface-to-volume ratio and good crystallinity.The PDs are fabricated by drop-coating with different drop-coating times on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate(PET)coupled with Au electrodes.By optimizing the cross-linked network of Ag NW@ZnO NRs,PD2 with a size greater than 25 mm exhibits excellent photoresponse under UV light illumination of 365 nm(1.3 m W cm^(-2))with a bias of 5 V:a high sensitivity of over 10^(3),and a much shorter rise/decay time of 2.6 s/2.3 s.Simultaneously,the detector exhibits an average transmittance of more than 70%in the visible light region,as well as good flexibility and excellent mechanical stability under a bending angle of 120°over 1000 circles bending.These integral advantages have significant potential for practical applications and mass production.展开更多
Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have emerged as promising candidates for integrating with flexible electronics as self-powered systems owing to their intrinsic flexibility,biocompatibility,and miniaturization.In th...Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have emerged as promising candidates for integrating with flexible electronics as self-powered systems owing to their intrinsic flexibility,biocompatibility,and miniaturization.In this study,an improved flexible TENG with a tile-nanostructured MXene/polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)composite electrode(MP-TENG)is proposed for use in wireless human health monitor.The multifunctional tile-nanostructured MXene/PMMA film,which is self-assembled through vacuum filtration,exhibits good conductivity,excellent charge capacity,and high flexibility.Thus,the MXene/PMMA composite electrode can simultaneously function as a charge-generating,charge-trapping,and charge-collecting layer.Furthermore,the charge-trapping capacity of a tile nanostructure can be optimized on the basis of the PMMA concentration.At a mass fraction of 4%PMMA,the MP-TENG achieves the optimal output performance,with an output voltage of 37.8 V,an output current of 1.8μA,and transferred charge of 14.1 nC.The output power is enhanced over twofold compared with the pure MXene-based TENG.Moreover,the MP-TENG has sufficient power capacity and durability to power small electronic devices.Finally,a wireless human motion monitor based on the MP-TENG is utilized to detect physiological signals in various kinematic motions.Consequently,the proposed performance-enhanced MP-TENG proves a considerable potential for use in health monitoring,telemedicine,and self-powered systems.展开更多
Flexible micro-scale energy storage devices as the key component to power the flexible miniaturized electronic devices are attracting extensive attention. In this study, interdigitated asymmetric all-solidstate flexib...Flexible micro-scale energy storage devices as the key component to power the flexible miniaturized electronic devices are attracting extensive attention. In this study, interdigitated asymmetric all-solidstate flexible micro-supercapacitors（MSCs） were fabricated by a simple pencil drawing process followed by electrodepositing MnO_2 on one of the as-drawn graphite electrode as anode and the other as cathode.The as-prepared electrodes showed high areal specific capacitance of 220 μF/cm^2 at 2.5 μA/cm^2. The energy density and the corresponding power density of the resultant asymmetrical flexible MSCs were up to 110 μWh/cm^2 and 1.2 μW/cm^2, respectively. Furthermore, excellent cycling performance（91% retention of capacity after 1000 cycles） was achieved. The resultant devices also exhibited good electrochemical stability under bending conditions, demonstrating superior flexibility. This study provides a simple yet efficient methodology for designing and fabricating flexible supercapacitors applicable for portable and wearable electronics.展开更多
Compared with solid alkali metal anodes(Li, Na, K), liquid metal anodes(LMAs) could enable high-energy batteries due to their unique advantages, such as self-healing property and no dendrites. Among LMAs,liquid Na-K a...Compared with solid alkali metal anodes(Li, Na, K), liquid metal anodes(LMAs) could enable high-energy batteries due to their unique advantages, such as self-healing property and no dendrites. Among LMAs,liquid Na-K alloy anode has become a hotspot due to its high theoretical capacity, low redox potential and formation at room temperature(RT). However, it is challenging to utilize liquid Na-K alloy directly and independently as an electrode;and the high surface tension makes it more difficult to immerse into porous current collectors at RT. Herein, an amorphous hollow carbon film(AHCF) consisting of hollow spheres with significant surface defects has been designed to quickly infiltrate Na-K liquid alloy into the hollow carbon film at RT, forming a composite electrode(Na-K@AHCF). The symmetric cell with Na-K@AHCF could exhibit a cycle lifespan up to 400 h at 0.1 m A/cm^(2) and achieve stable stripping/deposition even at 5 mA/cm^(2). When matching with cathode material of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN), the obtained K-S full cell exhibits good cycle stability and rate performance.展开更多
To monitor, control and manage the work process of computer numerical control machine tools in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) effectively, the distributed numerical coutrol (distributed-NC) software should be i...To monitor, control and manage the work process of computer numerical control machine tools in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) effectively, the distributed numerical coutrol (distributed-NC) software should be innovated with the characteristics of modularization and reconfiguration. In this paper, firstly, distributed-NC functions in the FMS environment are described. Then, we present a design and development method of the real time distributed-NC that is on the basis of the re-coufigurable software and hardware platform and with an object-oriented model concept. Finally, to verify the proposed method, the distributed-NC software has been implemented in VC++ 6.0 and has been tested in connection with the different physical flexible manufacturing shops.展开更多
Biomass carbon and small redox biomolecules are attractive materials for green,sustainable energy storage devices owing to their environmentally friendly,low-cost,scalable,and novel sources.However,most devices manufa...Biomass carbon and small redox biomolecules are attractive materials for green,sustainable energy storage devices owing to their environmentally friendly,low-cost,scalable,and novel sources.However,most devices manufactured using these materials have low specific capacitance,poor cycle stability,short lifetime,complexity,and low precision of device fabrication.Herein,we report the directed self-assembly of mononuclear anthraquinone(MAQ)derivatives and porous lignin-based graphene oxide(PLGO)into a renewable colloidal gel through noncovalent interactions.These self-assembled gel electrode materials exhibited high capacitance(484.8 F g^(−1) at a current density of 1 A g^(−1))and could be further printed as flexible micro-supercapacitors(FMSCs)with arbitrary patterns and a relatively high resolution on specific substrates.The FMSCs exhibited excellent areal capacitance(43.6 mF cm^(−2)),energy and power densities(6.1μWh cm^(−2) and 50μW cm^(−2),respectively),and cycle stability(>10,000 cycles).Furthermore,the printed FMSCs and integrated FMSC arrays exhibited remarkable flexibility while maintaining a stable capacitance.The proposed approach can be applied to other quinone biomolecules and biomass-based carbon materials.This study provides a basis for fabricating green and sustainable energy storage device architectures with high capacitance,long-term cycling,high scalability,and high precision.展开更多
In recent years,the rapid advancement of digital technologies has precipitated a paradigm shift in global healthcare,heralding a new era of digital health methodologies.This transition underscores a universal consensu...In recent years,the rapid advancement of digital technologies has precipitated a paradigm shift in global healthcare,heralding a new era of digital health methodologies.This transition underscores a universal consensus on the imperative of digitalization and the application of sophisticated information and communication technologies to achieve universal health coverage,aimed at enhancing health outcomes and overall well-being.Central to this transformation is the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence(AI),big data analytics,wearable smart devices,and the Internet of Things(IoT),which have greatly enhanced data collection,analysis,storage,and transmission,laying the foundation for a comprehensive healthcare system[1,2].展开更多
Flexible high-temperature electronics is a compliant form of high-temperature electronics to expand the application areas of conventional flexible one.In aerospace applications,electronic devices are not only required...Flexible high-temperature electronics is a compliant form of high-temperature electronics to expand the application areas of conventional flexible one.In aerospace applications,electronic devices are not only required to be deformable but also to be able to withstand extreme temperatures.The disadvantages of current flexible electronics,such as high cost,large differences between components,and even requiring independent debugging,are acceptable.展开更多
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.0214100221,51925503).
文摘This study presents a breakthrough in flexible strain sensor technology with the development of an ultrahigh sensitivity and wide-range sensor,addressing the critical challenge of reconciling sensitivity with measurement range.Inspired by the structure of bamboo slips,we introduce a novel approach that utilises liquid metal to modulate the electrical pathways within a cracked platinum fabric electrode.The resulting sensor demonstrates a gauge factor greater than 108 and a strain measurement capability exceeding 100%.The integration of patterned liquid metal enables customisable tuning of the sensor’s response,while the porous fabric structure ensures superior comfort and air permeability for the wearer.Our design not only optimises the sensor’s performance but also enhances the electrical stability that is essential for practical applications.Through systematic investigation,we reveal the intrinsic mechanisms governing the sensor’s response,offering valuable insights for the design of wearable strain sensors.The sensor’s exceptional performance across a spectrum of applications,from micro-strain to large-strain detection,highlights its potential for a wide range of real-world uses,demonstrating a significant advancement in the field of flexible electronics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.22075139 and 62288102)。
文摘Flexible zinc-ion batteries(FZIBs)have been acknowledged as a potential cornerstone for the future development of flexible energy storage,yet conventional FZIBs still encounter challenges,particularly concerning performance failure at low temperatures.To address these challenges,a novel anti-freezing leather gel electrolyte(AFLGE-30)is designed,incorporating ethanol as a hydrogen bonding acceptor.The AFLGE-30 demonstrates exceptional frost resistance while maintaining favorable flexibility even at-30℃;accordingly,the battery can achieve a high specific capacity of about 70 m Ah/g.Cu//Zn battery exhibits remarkable stability at room temperature,retaining~96%efficiency after 120 plating/stripping cycles at1 m A/cm^(2).Concurrently,the Zn//Zn symmetric batteries demonstrate a lifespan of 4100 h at room temperature,which is attributed to the enhancement of Zn^(2+)deposition kinetics,restraining the formation of zinc dendrites.Furthermore,FZIBs exhibit minimal capacity loss even after bending,impacting,or burning.This work provides a promising strategy for designing low-temperature-resistant FZIBs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20232ACB204002&20232BAB202044)Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(20212BCD42004&20242BCC32010).
文摘Flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)demonstrate significant potential for applications in wearable elec-tronics,military camouflage,and flexible smart displays.As a crucial electrochromic material,poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate(PEDOT:PSS)is widely used in FECDs due to its excellent mechanical flexibility,tunable conductivity,and non-toxicity.However,the manufacturing process for patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices remains intricate,costly,and challenging to personalize.To address this challenge,we have developed a 3D-printable ink with controllable rheological properties through a concentration-tuning strategy,enabling programmable,patterned printing of PEDOT-based conductive polymer electrochromic layers.The 3D-printed FECDs exhibit outstanding electrochromic performance,including a high optical contrast(up to 47.9%at 635 nm),fast response times(t_(c)=1.6 s;t_(b)=0.6 s),high coloration efficiency(352 cm^(2) C^(-1)),and good cycling stability(with only a 9.3%decrease in optical contrast after 100 electrochemical cycles).Finally,we utilize 3D printing technology to construct flexible,patterned PEDOT:PSS electrochromic devices with bespoke butterfly designs.This work establishes the theoretical foundation for the application of 3D printing technology in PEDOT:PSS flexible electrochromic devices.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U2001215,52272175,12104517)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(Nos.2022A1515011487,2021A1515110403)+1 种基金Young Top Talents Program(No.2021QN02C068)State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies(Sun Yat-sen University).
文摘Wearable photodetectors have come under the limelight of optoelectronic technologies on account of multiple advantages spanning light weight,easy-portability,excellent bendability,outstanding conformability,etc.Among diverse candidate materials,low-dimensional van der Waals materials(LDvdWMs)have emerged to be preeminent owing to the dangling-bond-free surface,exceptional carrier mobility,nanoscale dimensionality,and excellent light-harvesting capability.However,to date,the majority of flexible LDvdWM photodetectors have been fabricated through exfoliation-,transfer-,or solution-processing methods,which are plagued by limitations such as low production yield,inadequate photosensitivity,and sluggish response rate.Thus far,constructing LDvdWM photodetectors in situ on flexible substrates remains quite challenging due to the irreconcilable contradiction between the weak robustness of flexible polymer substrates against high temperature and the large thermal budget required for crystallization.This study develops scalable preparation of Sb_(2)Se_(3)nanofilm directly on flexible polyimide substrates by exploiting pulsed-laser deposition(PLD),where highly energetic species can be generated to enable overcoming the reaction barrier for crystallization at a relatively low temperature.The corresponding Sb_(2)Se_(3)photodetectors have exhibited high responsivity of 1.15 A/W,exceptional external quantum efficiency of 269%,and impressive specific detectivity reaching 2.4×10^(11)Jones,coupled with swift switching characteristics.Importantly,excellent durability to repeated bending treatments has been confirmed by the consistent photoresponse over 500 convex/concave bending cycles.Furthermore,the device has showcased strong robustness against extrinsic impinging.In the end,by using Sb_(2)Se_(3)photodetectors as sensing components,wide-band imaging beyond human vision and heart rate monitoring have been realized.This study has underscored the high efficacy of PLD for reconciling the long-standing contradiction between the weak robustness of flexible polymer substrates against high temperature and the substantial thermal energy required for crystallization,opening new opportunities towards next-generation wearable optoelectronic industry.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51902101)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20201381)+1 种基金Science Foundation of Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications(No.NY219144)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.SJCX22_0254).
文摘Flexible electronics technology is considered as a revolutionary technology to unlock the bottleneck of traditional rigid electronics that prevalent for decades,thereby fueling the next-generation electronics.In the past few decades,the research on flexible electronic devices based on organic materials has witnessed rapid development and substantial achievements,and inorganic semiconductors are also now beginning to shine in the field of flexible electronics.As validated by the latest research,some of the inorganic semiconductors,particularly those at low dimension,unexpectedly exhibited excellent mechanical flexibility on top of superior electrical properties.Herein,we bring together a comprehensive analysis on the recently burgeoning low-dimension inorganic semiconductor materials in flexible electronics,including one-dimensional(1D)inorganic semiconductor nanowires(NWs)and two-dimensional(2D)transition metal dichalcogenides(TMDs).The fundamental electrical properties,optical properties,mechanical properties and strain engineering of materials,and their performance in flexible device applications are discussed in detail.We also propose current challenges and predict future development directions including material synthesis and device fabrication and integration.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52192610)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant 2021YFA0715600)+1 种基金the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(Grant 2020GY-310)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities and the Innovation Fund of Xidian University。
文摘Flexible perovskite solar cells(FPSCs) have attracted enormous interest in wearable and portable electronics due to their high power-per-weight and low cost. Flexible and efficient perovskite solar cells require the development of flexible electrodes compatible with the optoelectronic properties of perovskite. In this review, the recent progress of flexible electrodes used in FPSCs is comprehensively reviewed. The major features of flexible transparent electrodes, including transparent conductive oxides, conductive polymer, carbon nanomaterials and nanostructured metallic materials are systematically compared. And the corresponding modification strategies and device performance are summarized. Moreover, flexible opaque electrodes including metal films, opaque carbon materials and metal foils are critically assessed. Finally, the development directions and difficulties of flexible electrodes are given.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22105106)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province of China(BK20210603)+1 种基金the Nanjing Science and Technology Innovation Project for overseas Students(NJKCZYZZ2022–05)the Start-up Funding from NUPTSF(NY221003)。
文摘Electrochromic technology has gained significant attention in various fields such as displays,smart windows,biomedical monitoring,military camouflage,human-machine interaction,and electronic skin due to its ability to provide reversible and fast color changes under applied voltage.With the rapid development and increasing demand for flexible electronics,flexible electrochromic devices(FECDs)that offer smarter and more controllable light modulation hold great promise for practical applications.The electrochromic material(ECM)undergoing color changes during the electrochemical reactions is one of the key components in electrochromic devices.Among the ECMs,viologens,a family of organic small molecules with 1,1'-disubstituted-4,4'-dipyridinium salts,have garnered extensive research interest,due to their well-reversible redox reactions,excellent electron acceptance ability,and the ability to produce multiple colors.Notably,viologen-based FECDs demonstrate color changes in the liquid or semisolid electrolyte layer,eliminating the need for two solid electrodes and thus simplifying the device structure.Consequently,viologens offer significant potential for the development of FECDs with high optical contrast,fast response speed,and excellent stability.This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the progress and perspectives of viologen-based FECDs.It begins by summarizing the typical structure and recent exciting developments in viologen-based FECDs,along with their advantages and disadvantages.Furthermore,the review discusses recent advancements in FECDs with additional functionalities such as sensing,photochromism,and energy storage.Finally,the remaining challenges and potential research directions for the future of viologen-based FECDs are addressed.
基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3102019PY004),a start-up funding from Northwestern Polytechnical University.
文摘Visual reality(VR)health-monitoring by flexible electronics provides a new avenue to remote and wearable medicine.The combination of flexible electronics and VR could facilitate smart remote disease diagnosis by real-time monitoring of the physiological signals and remote interaction between patient and physician.The flexible healthcare sensor is the most crucial unit in the flexible and wearable health-monitoring system,which has attracted much attention in recent years.This paper briefly reviews the progress in flexible healthcare sensors and VR healthcare devices.The flexible healthcare sensor is introduced with basic flexible materials,manufacturing techniques,and their applications in health-monitoring(such as blood/sweat detection and heart-rate tracking).VR healthcare devices for telemedicine diagnosis are discussed,and the smart remote diagnosis system using flexible and wearable healthcare sensors,and a VR device,is addressed.
基金the financial supports by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51902265)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(No.2020KWZ-001)Project for graduate Innovation team of Northwestern Polytechnical University
文摘As one of the essential components for flexible electronics,flexible electrochemical energy storage(EES)has garnered extensive interests at all levels of materials,devices,and systems.The successful implementation of high-performance flexible EES devices relies on exploring of suitable electrode/electrolyte materials that have both superior electrochemical and mechanical properties.For this function,one-dimensional electrospun nanofibers have emerged as a class of promising building blocks for the key components of flexible EES devices.In this overview,the fundamental principles and technical advances of electrospinning are examined,for both their successes and challenges in controllable fabrication of nanofibers with the desirable chemical compositions,micro/meso-/nanostructures,and therefore resultant properties.The advances in applications of electrospun nanofibers for various key flexible EES devices are critically looked into,including those in supercapacitors,metal-ion batteries,and metal-air batteries.The existing challenges and prospects of these electrospun nanofiber-based flexible EES are discussed,aiming to inspire continued efforts in developing the optimal high-performance and low cost flexible EES devices for long-awaited practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21905069)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(JCYJ20180507183907224 and KQTD20170809110344233)the Economic,Trade and Information Commission of Shenzhen Municipality through the Graphene Manufacture Innovation Center(201901161514)。
文摘Vacancy engineering is a useful methodology in the development of catalysts and electrode materials.Herein,we report the introduction of Se-vacancy pairs in heteroatom-doped(N,B,and F)CoSe/Mo_(2)CT_(x) MXene(NBF-CoSe/Mo_(2)CT_(x))to enhance the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and supercapacitor activities via an ionic liquid-mediated method.Se vacancy pairs and heteroatom doping enable the reallocation of local electron states and add active sites,improving the electrochemical activity of NBF-CoSe/Mo_(2)CT_(x) with high HER activities over a broad range of pH.At a current density of 10 mA cm^(-2),overvoltages of 70 and 81 mV are respectively produced in 0.5 M H_(2)SO_(4)and 1 M KOH.The optimal structure also exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance in an asymmetric supercapacitor with an energy density of 34.2 Wh kg^(-1)at a power density of 15989.6Wkg^(-1).This study opens new avenues for the introduction of Se vacancies and heteroatom doping to improve the application performance.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21805063)the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province for Distinguished Young Scholars(No.2018B030306022)+1 种基金the Economic,Trade and Information Commission of Shenzhen Municipality through the Graphene Manufacture Innovation Center(No.201901161514)The authors also acknowledge the support from China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2018M641823).
文摘Flexible rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries(ZIBs)have attracted extensive attentions in the energy storage field due to their high safety,environmental friendliness,and outstanding electrochemical performance while the exploration of high-voltage aqueous ZIBs with excellent rate capability is still a great challenge for the further application them in flexible and wearable electronics.Herein,we fabricated a 2.4 V high-voltage flexible aqueous ZIB,being among the highest voltage reported in aqueous ZIBs.Moreover,it exhibits extremely flat charging/discharging voltage platforms and the dropout voltage is only 0.1 V,which is the smallest gap in all aqueous batteries to our best knowledge.Furthermore,the prepared ZIB performs high rate capability of 25 C and energy density of 120 Wh kg?1 and exhibits excellent safety under various destructive conditions including hammering,sewing,punching,and soaking.These extraordinary results indicate the great application potential of our high-voltage flexible aqueous ZIB in wearable electronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52192610, 62274127)National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2021YFA0715600, 2018YFB2202900)Foundation of Zhejiang Provincial Key Lab of Solar Energy Utilization & Energy Saving Technology (ZJS-OP-2020-11)。
文摘With the extensive use of electronic communication technology in integrated circuit systems and wearable devices, electromagnetic interference(EMI) has increased dramatically. The shortcomings of conventional rigid EMI shielding materials include high brittleness, poor comfort, and unsuitability for conforming and deformable applications. Hitherto, flexible(particularly elastic) nanocomposites have attracted enormous interest due to their excellent deformability. However, the current flexible shielding nanocomposites present low mechanical stability and resilience, relatively poor EMI shielding performance, and limited multifunctionality. Herein, the advances in low-dimensional EMI shielding nanomaterials-based elastomers are outlined and a selection of the most remarkable examples is discussed. And the corresponding modification strategies and deformability performance are summarized. Finally, expectations for this quickly increasing sector are discussed, as well as future challenges.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51775140)partially supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan(No.JCYJ20180507183511908)+2 种基金the National Science and Technology Major Project(No.2017-VⅠ-0009-0080)the Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province(No.2019B010935001)the Industry and Information Technology Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality(No.201806071354163490)。
文摘A series of large-area,flexible and transparent ultraviolet(UV)photodetectors(PDs)based on Ag nanowire(NW)@ZnO nanorods(NRs)are fabricated by an inexpensive,facile and effective approach.These Ag NW@ZnO NRs are successfully synthesized using a two-step method in an oil bath with a high surface-to-volume ratio and good crystallinity.The PDs are fabricated by drop-coating with different drop-coating times on the surface of polyethylene terephthalate(PET)coupled with Au electrodes.By optimizing the cross-linked network of Ag NW@ZnO NRs,PD2 with a size greater than 25 mm exhibits excellent photoresponse under UV light illumination of 365 nm(1.3 m W cm^(-2))with a bias of 5 V:a high sensitivity of over 10^(3),and a much shorter rise/decay time of 2.6 s/2.3 s.Simultaneously,the detector exhibits an average transmittance of more than 70%in the visible light region,as well as good flexibility and excellent mechanical stability under a bending angle of 120°over 1000 circles bending.These integral advantages have significant potential for practical applications and mass production.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52201043,T2125003,12174172)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian(Nos.2020J01857)+1 种基金the Fuzhou Institute of Oceanography project(No.2021F06)the Fuzhou City Science and Technology Cooperation Project(2021-S-091,2022-R-003)
文摘Triboelectric nanogenerators(TENGs)have emerged as promising candidates for integrating with flexible electronics as self-powered systems owing to their intrinsic flexibility,biocompatibility,and miniaturization.In this study,an improved flexible TENG with a tile-nanostructured MXene/polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA)composite electrode(MP-TENG)is proposed for use in wireless human health monitor.The multifunctional tile-nanostructured MXene/PMMA film,which is self-assembled through vacuum filtration,exhibits good conductivity,excellent charge capacity,and high flexibility.Thus,the MXene/PMMA composite electrode can simultaneously function as a charge-generating,charge-trapping,and charge-collecting layer.Furthermore,the charge-trapping capacity of a tile nanostructure can be optimized on the basis of the PMMA concentration.At a mass fraction of 4%PMMA,the MP-TENG achieves the optimal output performance,with an output voltage of 37.8 V,an output current of 1.8μA,and transferred charge of 14.1 nC.The output power is enhanced over twofold compared with the pure MXene-based TENG.Moreover,the MP-TENG has sufficient power capacity and durability to power small electronic devices.Finally,a wireless human motion monitor based on the MP-TENG is utilized to detect physiological signals in various kinematic motions.Consequently,the proposed performance-enhanced MP-TENG proves a considerable potential for use in health monitoring,telemedicine,and self-powered systems.
基金financial support from the National Key Basic Research Program of China(Nos.2014CB648300,2017YFB0404501)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21422402,21674050)+7 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BK20140060,BK20140865,BM2012010)Program for Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professors(No.RK030STP15001)the NUPT“1311 Project”and Scientific Foundation(Nos.NY213119,NY213169)the Leading Talent of Technological Innovation of National Ten-Thousands Talents Program of Chinathe Excellent Scientific and Technological Innovative Teams of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(No.TJ217038)the Synergetic Innovation Center for Organic Electronics and Information Displaysthe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)the 333 Project of Jiangsu Province(Nos.BRA2017402,BRA2015374)
文摘Flexible micro-scale energy storage devices as the key component to power the flexible miniaturized electronic devices are attracting extensive attention. In this study, interdigitated asymmetric all-solidstate flexible micro-supercapacitors（MSCs） were fabricated by a simple pencil drawing process followed by electrodepositing MnO_2 on one of the as-drawn graphite electrode as anode and the other as cathode.The as-prepared electrodes showed high areal specific capacitance of 220 μF/cm^2 at 2.5 μA/cm^2. The energy density and the corresponding power density of the resultant asymmetrical flexible MSCs were up to 110 μWh/cm^2 and 1.2 μW/cm^2, respectively. Furthermore, excellent cycling performance（91% retention of capacity after 1000 cycles） was achieved. The resultant devices also exhibited good electrochemical stability under bending conditions, demonstrating superior flexibility. This study provides a simple yet efficient methodology for designing and fabricating flexible supercapacitors applicable for portable and wearable electronics.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51702155)。
文摘Compared with solid alkali metal anodes(Li, Na, K), liquid metal anodes(LMAs) could enable high-energy batteries due to their unique advantages, such as self-healing property and no dendrites. Among LMAs,liquid Na-K alloy anode has become a hotspot due to its high theoretical capacity, low redox potential and formation at room temperature(RT). However, it is challenging to utilize liquid Na-K alloy directly and independently as an electrode;and the high surface tension makes it more difficult to immerse into porous current collectors at RT. Herein, an amorphous hollow carbon film(AHCF) consisting of hollow spheres with significant surface defects has been designed to quickly infiltrate Na-K liquid alloy into the hollow carbon film at RT, forming a composite electrode(Na-K@AHCF). The symmetric cell with Na-K@AHCF could exhibit a cycle lifespan up to 400 h at 0.1 m A/cm^(2) and achieve stable stripping/deposition even at 5 mA/cm^(2). When matching with cathode material of sulfurized polyacrylonitrile(SPAN), the obtained K-S full cell exhibits good cycle stability and rate performance.
基金Project supported by the National High-Tech. R&D Program for CIMS, China (Grant No. 2003AA414120) Shanghai Science & Technology development Project, China (Grant No. 02FK04)
文摘To monitor, control and manage the work process of computer numerical control machine tools in a flexible manufacturing system (FMS) effectively, the distributed numerical coutrol (distributed-NC) software should be innovated with the characteristics of modularization and reconfiguration. In this paper, firstly, distributed-NC functions in the FMS environment are described. Then, we present a design and development method of the real time distributed-NC that is on the basis of the re-coufigurable software and hardware platform and with an object-oriented model concept. Finally, to verify the proposed method, the distributed-NC software has been implemented in VC++ 6.0 and has been tested in connection with the different physical flexible manufacturing shops.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.21905069 and U21A20307)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Innovation Committee(Grant Nos.ZDSYS20190902093220279,KQTD20170809110344233,GXWD20201230155427003-20200821181245001,GXWD20201230155427003-20200821181809001,and ZX20200151)+1 种基金the Department of Science and Technology of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020A1515110879)University Stable Support Foundation of Shenzhen(Grant No.GXWD20201230155427003-20200821181809001).
文摘Biomass carbon and small redox biomolecules are attractive materials for green,sustainable energy storage devices owing to their environmentally friendly,low-cost,scalable,and novel sources.However,most devices manufactured using these materials have low specific capacitance,poor cycle stability,short lifetime,complexity,and low precision of device fabrication.Herein,we report the directed self-assembly of mononuclear anthraquinone(MAQ)derivatives and porous lignin-based graphene oxide(PLGO)into a renewable colloidal gel through noncovalent interactions.These self-assembled gel electrode materials exhibited high capacitance(484.8 F g^(−1) at a current density of 1 A g^(−1))and could be further printed as flexible micro-supercapacitors(FMSCs)with arbitrary patterns and a relatively high resolution on specific substrates.The FMSCs exhibited excellent areal capacitance(43.6 mF cm^(−2)),energy and power densities(6.1μWh cm^(−2) and 50μW cm^(−2),respectively),and cycle stability(>10,000 cycles).Furthermore,the printed FMSCs and integrated FMSC arrays exhibited remarkable flexibility while maintaining a stable capacitance.The proposed approach can be applied to other quinone biomolecules and biomass-based carbon materials.This study provides a basis for fabricating green and sustainable energy storage device architectures with high capacitance,long-term cycling,high scalability,and high precision.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC 62288102 and 82302356)Innovation team of Photoelectric functional materials and devices for biomedical theranostics of Fujian Normal University(Y07204080K13)the Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province(2023J01529).
文摘In recent years,the rapid advancement of digital technologies has precipitated a paradigm shift in global healthcare,heralding a new era of digital health methodologies.This transition underscores a universal consensus on the imperative of digitalization and the application of sophisticated information and communication technologies to achieve universal health coverage,aimed at enhancing health outcomes and overall well-being.Central to this transformation is the integration of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence(AI),big data analytics,wearable smart devices,and the Internet of Things(IoT),which have greatly enhanced data collection,analysis,storage,and transmission,laying the foundation for a comprehensive healthcare system[1,2].
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2021YFB3200700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52205593 and 51925503)Xplorer Prize (2020-1036)。
文摘Flexible high-temperature electronics is a compliant form of high-temperature electronics to expand the application areas of conventional flexible one.In aerospace applications,electronic devices are not only required to be deformable but also to be able to withstand extreme temperatures.The disadvantages of current flexible electronics,such as high cost,large differences between components,and even requiring independent debugging,are acceptable.
