Cave lion(Panthera spelaea)remains have been described in all the Holarctic domain,however,its records in China are very rare.Here we describe an almost complete cranium from Salawusu,Northern China.Even though the de...Cave lion(Panthera spelaea)remains have been described in all the Holarctic domain,however,its records in China are very rare.Here we describe an almost complete cranium from Salawusu,Northern China.Even though the dentition is largely broken or missing,the cranium shows key characters with clear cave lion affinity,particularly from the basicranium region.These features include wide and short nasals,wide rostrum without post-canine constriction,enlarged ectotympanic,flatted entotympanic,separated stylomastoid foramen and hyoid fossa and medially located hypoglossal foramen.The cranium is larger than the known cranial size range of Beringia cave lion P.spelaea vereshchagini,suggesting that the geographical delimitation of cave lion subspecies may be more complex than previously understood.The coexistence of cave lion with Palaeoloxodon in Salawusu indicates a high plasticity in diet and environmental adaptation for this species.展开更多
Background:Pistacia chinensis Bunge has been traditionally used to manage various conditions,including asthma,pain,inflammation,hepatoprotection,and diabetes.The study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and ...Background:Pistacia chinensis Bunge has been traditionally used to manage various conditions,including asthma,pain,inflammation,hepatoprotection,and diabetes.The study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-lipoxygenase(LOX)properties of the isolated compound 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one from Pistacia chinensis.Methods:LOX assay and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)assay were performed.Molecular docking studies were conducted using a molecular operating environment.Results:The LOX assay revealed significant inhibitory effects at 0.2µM concentration,with an IC50 value of 37.80µM.The antioxidant effect demonstrated dose-dependency across 5 to 100µg/mL concentrations,reaching 93.09%at 100µg/mL,comparable to ascorbic acid’s 95.43%effect.Molecular docking studies highlighted strong interactions with the lipoxygenase enzyme,presenting an excellent docking score of-10.98 kcal/mol.Conclusion:These findings provide valuable insights into Pistacia chinensis’chemical components and biological effects,reinforcing its traditional medicinal applications.展开更多
Passive-roof duplexes accommodate shortening at the mountain front of many fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.These structures typically manifest at the surface by hinterland-verging backthrusts that decouple thin-skinne...Passive-roof duplexes accommodate shortening at the mountain front of many fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.These structures typically manifest at the surface by hinterland-verging backthrusts that decouple thin-skinned thrust sheets from underlying foreland-verging duplexes.Although the main fac-tors controlling the development of passive-roof duplexes have mostly been identified,some of their intrinsic characteristics are still poorly defined.These relate to their spatio-temporal relationships to thrust faults located further inland in orogens,and their ability to transport younger rocks over older ones.This study explores these issues in the Casentino-Romagna axial sector of the Northern Apennines,which expose regional forethrusts and backthrusts.Detailed field mapping and analysis of superposed tectonic structures were integrated with apatite fission-track dating for constraining the tim-ing of rock exhumation and correlated tectonic events.Collectively,the results have allowed us to inter-pret the evolution of the study area in terms of two main deformation stages.Specifically,a first,long phase(D_(1))progressed from NE-directed,in-sequence thrusting(∼18 to∼10-9 Ma)to late out-of-sequence thrusting(∼8-5 Ma).A successive deformation phase,that we refer to as D_(2)(∼4-2 Ma),con-sisted of backthrusts and associated folds that were ubiquitous and systematically overprinted onto the foreland-verging D_(1)structures.Such retrovergent structures identify a late deformation phase dom-inated by the development of passive-roof duplexes that propagated hinterlandward into the orogen up to beyond the primary watershed ridge.Orogen-scale processes controlled the evolution of forelandward D_(1)-phase thrusts,although late erosion could have played a major role by bringing the Apennine thrust wedge toward an undercritical state.The latter conditions could have contributed to keeping the out-of-sequence thrusts active,and eventually promoted the development of the D_(2)passive-roof duplexes.展开更多
Given an open bounded subset Ω of ℝ^(n) we consider the eigenvalue problem{Δu-(■u,■V)=-λvu,u>0inΩ,u=0 onδΩ,where V is a given function defined inΩandλV is the relevant eigenvalue.We determine sufficient c...Given an open bounded subset Ω of ℝ^(n) we consider the eigenvalue problem{Δu-(■u,■V)=-λvu,u>0inΩ,u=0 onδΩ,where V is a given function defined inΩandλV is the relevant eigenvalue.We determine sufficient conditions on V such that ifΩis convex,the solution u is log-concave.We also determine sufficient conditions ensuring that λ_(V),as a function of the setΩ,verifies a convexity inequality with respect to the Minkowski addition of sets.展开更多
The 110-mining method,a rising and revolutionary non-pillar longwall mining method,can obviously expand coal extraction ratio and minimize roadway incidents.However,in case of composite hard roof,problems such as diff...The 110-mining method,a rising and revolutionary non-pillar longwall mining method,can obviously expand coal extraction ratio and minimize roadway incidents.However,in case of composite hard roof,problems such as difficulty in commanding the entry steadiness and insufficient fragmentation and bulking of the goaf gangue are prevalent.In this study,a 110-mining method for roadway surrounding rock stability control technology based on a compensation mechanism was proposed.First,the composite hard roof cutting short cantilever beam(SCB)model was built and the compensation mechanism including stress and space dual compensation was studied.Subsequently,the controllable elements influencing the roadway steadiness were confirmed to consequently put forward a control technology based on stress compensation for entry support and space compensation for the fragmentation and bulking of goaf gangue.The control technology was finally verified through onsite engineering experiments in terms of composite hard roof.The adoption of the 110-mining method with compensation control technology indicated good support effect on the roadway.The initial and residual expansion coefficients of the goaf gangue increased by 0.6 and 0.6,respectively,and the maximum and average working resistances of the working face support decreased by 10.9%and 13.8%,respectively.Consequently,the deformations of reserved entry decreased,and entry steadiness was enhanced.The presented technique and effects got probably have practical values for non-pillar mining functions in comparable field.展开更多
Images and videos play an increasingly vital role in daily life and are widely utilized as key evidentiary sources in judicial investigations and forensic analysis.Simultaneously,advancements in image and video proces...Images and videos play an increasingly vital role in daily life and are widely utilized as key evidentiary sources in judicial investigations and forensic analysis.Simultaneously,advancements in image and video processing technologies have facilitated the widespread availability of powerful editing tools,such as Deepfakes,enabling anyone to easily create manipulated or fake visual content,which poses an enormous threat to social security and public trust.To verify the authenticity and integrity of images and videos,numerous approaches have been proposed,which are primarily based on content analysis and their effectiveness is susceptible to interference from various image or video post-processing operations.Recent research has highlighted the potential of file containers analysis as a promising forensic approach that offers efficient and interpretable results.However,there is still a lack of review articles on this kind of approach.In order to fill this gap,we present a comprehensive review of file containers-based image and video forensics in this paper.Specifically,we categorize the existing methods into two distinct stages,qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.In addition,an overall framework is proposed to organize the exiting approaches.Then,the advantages and disadvantages of the schemes used across different forensic tasks are provided.Finally,we outline the trends in this research area,aiming to provide valuable insights and technical guidance for future research.展开更多
The Suizhou meteorite is a heavily shock-met-amorphosed L6 chondrite which contains thin shock melt veins.So far,26 high-pressure phases have been identified from the meteorite.Among the high-pressure phases,ten of th...The Suizhou meteorite is a heavily shock-met-amorphosed L6 chondrite which contains thin shock melt veins.So far,26 high-pressure phases have been identified from the meteorite.Among the high-pressure phases,ten of them were approved as new minerals which include tuite,xieite,wangdaodeite,chenmingite,hemleyite,poirierite,asimowite,hiroseite,elgoresyite,and ohtaniite,by the Commission on New Minerals,Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association.Other high-pressure phases identified from the meteorite are ahrensite,akimotoite,bridgmanite,lingunite,magnesiowüstite,majorite,majorite-pyrope_(ss),maskelynite,riesite,ringwoodite,wadsleyite,and 5 other phases including phase A,vitrified phase B and phase C,phase D(Ca-rich majorite),and partly inverted ringwoodite.The occurrence and abundance of high-pressure phases makes this meteorite the one with the richest variety of high-pressure minerals to date.展开更多
Cupressus sempervirens is a relevant species in the Mediterranean for its cultural,economic and landscape value.This species is threatened by Seiridium cardinale,the causal agent of the cypress canker disease(CCD).The...Cupressus sempervirens is a relevant species in the Mediterranean for its cultural,economic and landscape value.This species is threatened by Seiridium cardinale,the causal agent of the cypress canker disease(CCD).The effects of biotic stressors on O_(3)risk assessment are unknown and a comprehensive O_(3)risk assessment in C.sempervirens is missing.To fill these gaps,two clones of C.sempervirens,one resistant(Clone R)and one susceptible to CCD(Clone S),were subjected to three levels of O_(3)(Ambient Air-AA;1.5×AA;2.0×AA)for two consecutive years in an O_(3)-free-air controlled exposure facility and artificially inoculated with S.cardinale.Both the exposure-(AOT40)and flux-based(PODy)indices were tested.We found that PODy performed better than AOT40 to assess O_(3)effects on biomass and the critical level for a 4%biomass loss was 2.51 mmol/m^(2)POD2.However,significant O_(3)dose-response relationships were not found for the inoculated cypresses because the combination of middle level O_(3)(1.5×AA)and inoculation stimulated a biomass growth in Clone S as hormetic response.Moreover,we found a different inter-clonal response to both stressors with a statistically significant reduction of total and belowground biomass following O_(3),and lower root biomass in Clone S than in Clone R following pathogen infection.In summary,Clone R was more resistant to O_(3),and inoculation altered O_(3)risk via an hormetic effect on biomass.These results warrant further studies on how biotic stressors affect O_(3)responses and risk assessment.展开更多
Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;...Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;however,the mechanisms behind these activities,particularly in C.capitata,remain largely unexplored.This study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical screening,antioxidant activity,anti-diabetic potential,and antimicrobial profiling of different extracts(i.e.,leaves,bark,and fruit)from C.capitata to evaluate its potential pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay,Ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,and Superoxide Anion Scavenging assay.The anti-diabetic potential was assessed usingα-Glucosidase,α-Amylase,and Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay.The anti-microbial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC).According to the quantitative investigation,the most substantial quantities of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified in the leaves of C.capitata.Antioxidant activity results corroborated this conclusion,demonstrating that methanolic leaf extract had strong antioxidant activity,with the lowest IC_(50) values recorded for the DPPH(32.4±0.19µg/mL)and Superoxide Radical Scavenging(37.10±0.21µg/mL)assays.Furthermore,the methanolic leaf extract displayed the highestα-Glucosidase inhibitory potential(IC_(50)=6.09±0.52µg/mL),while the methanolic bark extract exhibited the highestα-Amylase inhibitory activity(IC_(50)=49.10±0.38µg/mL).Regarding antimicrobial potential,the paper disc diffusion assay showed that none of the extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against E.coli.However,the MIC assay revealed that the leaves and bark extracts exhibited antibacterial properties with MIC values of 80 and 500µg/mL against E.coli,respectively.The paper disc diffusion assay against C.albicans indicated the antimicrobial potency of all three extracts.The crude methanolic extract of C.capitata shows strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential,highlighting its therapeutic value.This is the first comparative investigation of leaf,bark,and fruit extracts of C.capitata to orchestrate the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant,antidiabetic,and antimicrobial activities.Nevertheless,further studies are needed to understand its biological implications.展开更多
The increasing interest in the study of spontaneous(SY)and contagious yawning(CY)was so far focused on several taxa,especially primates.Here,we focused on SY and CY in horses,a suitable species due to their complex so...The increasing interest in the study of spontaneous(SY)and contagious yawning(CY)was so far focused on several taxa,especially primates.Here,we focused on SY and CY in horses,a suitable species due to their complex social dynamics that has been largely overlooked in research on these phenomena.By analyzing videos of 48 horses on pasture,we identified 2 yawning morphologies:Covered(Y_(CT))and Uncovered Teeth(Y_(UCT)).Using EquiFACS,we quantitatively demonstrated that Y_(CT) and Y_(UCT) differ in terms of muscle recruitment.Moreover,we provide the first evidence for the presence of CY by comparing 2 different conditions:chewing-yawn-chewing versus chewing-chewing-chewing.Supporting the Social Modulation hypothesis,in our mares,CY was more prominent among subjects sharing good relationships.Moreover,subjects responded more rapidly to kin compared with non-kin and kin frequently grooming each other responded even more rapidly to each other yawns.The high familiar yawn sensitivity can provide selective advantages increasing behavioral synchronization and group cohesion.展开更多
The Eurasian beaver(Castor fiber Linnaeus,1758)can be considered a hydrological ecosystem engineer as it shapes environmental characteristics through its building activities and feeding behaviour.Even if several studi...The Eurasian beaver(Castor fiber Linnaeus,1758)can be considered a hydrological ecosystem engineer as it shapes environmental characteristics through its building activities and feeding behaviour.Even if several studies have so far reported beaver impact on multi-taxon biodiversity and forest regeneration,there is a lack of research on forest stand structure evolution following beaver direct activity on trees.This represents a pivotal topic for predicting restoration outcomes and reccommending sound silvicultural and management practices to maintain specific forest conditions.Specifically,the study aims at investigating forest stand structure and tree species diversity changes considering river variability,distance from the riverbank and beaver's gnawing activity intensity.The Eurasian beaver is only recently recolonising the three analysed Mediterranean rivers,but stand structure seems to be already significantly impacted by the species.The number of trees was reduced,increasing mean diameter at breast height at stand level,as most of the youngest and/or smaller trees are entirely cut down.Strongest structural variations can be detected in intensively impacted stands and in the forest portions closer to the riverbank.The absence of a significant effect on most of the diversity indices is likely due to the initially homogeneous composition of the tree layer in each stand and to the limited variety of beaver's diet within the sites.Future resprouting of secondary tree shoots,as well as beaver gnawing activity changes in intensity over time and space,can further produce variations in structural parameters and woody species diversity in the medium-and long-term period.Therefore,it will be crucial to further monitor the long-term effects,as structural shifts can produce significant effects on riparian ecosystem functions.展开更多
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization defined long coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)as the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 inf...BACKGROUND The World Health Organization defined long coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)as the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanation.AIM To evaluate the potential laboratory and instrumental findings(short-term and long-term)resulting from COVID-19.METHODS This longitudinal observational COVID-19 cohort study(March 1,2020-March 1,2021)was carried out on patients≥18 years old who were admitted to the University Hospitals of Pisa,Siena and Careggi and the Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest,Sud Est and USL Centro Toscana and were subjected to follow-up.Follow-up was conducted between 0 day and 89 days,90 days and 179 days,180 days and 269 days,270 days and 359 days,and more than 360 days after hospitalization.RESULTS Of 2887 patients(58.5%males,average age 66.2 years)hospitalized in the study period(March 1,2020-March 1,2021)carrying out at least one follow-up examination within 12 months of discharge,a total of 1739 patients(705 males,average age 66 years)underwent laboratory tests,of whom 714 patients(470 males,average age 63 years)underwent spirometry.Some laboratory test results remained above the threshold even at follow-up beyond 360 days(C-reactive protein:36%,fibrin degradation fragment:48.8%,gamma-glutamyl transferase:16.8%),while others showed a return to normal range more quickly in almost all patients.Alterations in liver enzymes,hematocrit,hemoglobin,lymphocytes and neutrophils were associated with the risk of requiring oxygen therapy or forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity alterations at follow-up.CONCLUSION Alterations in liver enzymes,hematocrit or hemoglobin,lymphocytes and neutrophils were associated with risk outcomes(need for oxygen therapy or spirometry alterations).These imbalanced conditions may contribute to pulmonary dysfunction.展开更多
Background:Pistacia integerrima,a cornerstone of traditional medicine,is renowned for its therapeutic applications against various health conditions,including cancer and hepatitis.This study investigates the pharmacol...Background:Pistacia integerrima,a cornerstone of traditional medicine,is renowned for its therapeutic applications against various health conditions,including cancer and hepatitis.This study investigates the pharmacological potential of bioactive compounds derived from Pistacia integerrima in inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX),a key enzyme implicated in inflammation and cancer progression.The current study aimed to evaluate the lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds from Pistacia integerrima and assess their potential for therapeutic development in the context of inflammation and cancer treatment.Methods:Three major compounds-spinacetin(1),patuletin(2),and pistagremic acid(3)-were isolated from Pistacia integerrima and analyzed for their lipoxygenase inhibitory activity.Biochemical assays and molecular docking studies were performed to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting 5-LOX.Results:All three compounds demonstrated significant inhibition of lipoxygenase activity.Spinacetin(1)and patuletin(2)exhibited the most potent inhibitory effects,with IC_(50)values of 40.34μM and 45.04μM,respectively.Molecular docking studies revealed that patuletin(2)had the highest binding affinity(−7.717 kcal/mol)against 5-LOX,followed by spinacetin(1)with a binding affinity of−6.074 kcal/mol.In-depth in silico analysis highlighted the drug-likeness of spinacetin(1)and its favorable toxicological profile,suggesting its suitability for therapeutic development.Conclusion:The study demonstrates that compounds from Pistacia integerrima,particularly spinacetin and patuletin,have significant lipoxygenase inhibitory activity,with spinacetin showing promise as a lead candidate for lipoxygenase-targeted therapies.The findings reinforce the therapeutic relevance of Pistacia integerrima and suggest that its bioactive compounds may serve as safer,plant-based alternatives to conventional anti-inflammatory and anticancer treatments.展开更多
High levels of sperm DNA fragmentation(SDF)are associated with reduced assisted reproductive technology(ART)outcomes.Currently,SDF is not included in routine clinical assessment of male partners of infertile couples,b...High levels of sperm DNA fragmentation(SDF)are associated with reduced assisted reproductive technology(ART)outcomes.Currently,SDF is not included in routine clinical assessment of male partners of infertile couples,but the 6th edition of the World Health Organization(WHO)manual for semen analysis included the SDF assessment in the chapter on extended semen examinations.展开更多
The magnetic fields and dynamical processes in the solar polar regions play a crucial role in the solar magnetic cycle and in supplying mass and energy to the fast solar wind,ultimately being vital in controlling sola...The magnetic fields and dynamical processes in the solar polar regions play a crucial role in the solar magnetic cycle and in supplying mass and energy to the fast solar wind,ultimately being vital in controlling solar activities and driving space weather.Despite numerous efforts to explore these regions,to date no imaging observations of the Sun's poles have been achieved from vantage points out of the ecliptic plane,leaving their behavior and evolution poorly understood.This observation gap has left three top-level scientific questions unanswered:How does the solar dynamo work and drive the solar magnetic cycle?What drives the fast solar wind?How do space weather processes globally originate from the Sun and propagate throughout the solar system?The Solar Polarorbit Observatory(SPO)mission,a solar polar exploration spacecraft,is proposed to address these three unanswered scientific questions by imaging the Sun's poles from high heliolatitudes.In order to achieve its scientific goals,SPO will carry six remote-sensing and four in-situ instruments to measure the vector magnetic fields and Doppler velocity fields in the photosphere,to observe the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet,X-ray,and radio wavelengths,to image the corona and the heliosphere up to 45 R_(s),and to perform in-situ detection of magnetic fields,and low-and high-energy particles in the solar wind.The SPO mission is capable of providing critical vector magnetic fields and Doppler velocities of the polar regions to advance our understanding of the origin of the solar magnetic cycle,providing unprecedented imaging observations of the solar poles alongside in-situ measurements of charged particles and magnetic fields from high heliolatitudes to unveil the mass and energy supply that drive the fast solar wind,and providing observational constraints for improving our ability to model and predict the three-dimensional(3D)structures and propagation of space weather events.展开更多
To overcome large deformation of deep phosphate rock roadways and pillar damage,a new type of constant-resistance large-deformation negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt that can withstand a high prestress of at least 13...To overcome large deformation of deep phosphate rock roadways and pillar damage,a new type of constant-resistance large-deformation negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt that can withstand a high prestress of at least 130 KN was developed.In the conducted tests,the amount of deformation was 200-2000 mm,the breaking force reached 350 KN,and a high constant-resistance pre-stress was maintained during the deformation process.A stress compensation theory of phosphate rock excavation based on NPR bolts is proposed together with a balance system for bolt compensation of the time-space effect and high NPR pre-stress.Traditional split-set rock bolts are unable to maintain the stability of roadway roofs and pillars.To verify the support effect of the proposed bolt,field tests were conducted using both the proposed NPR bolts and split-set rock bolts as support systems on the same mining face.In addition,the stress compensation mechanism of roadway mining was simulated using the particle flow code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))-fast Lagrangian analysis of continua(FLAC^(3D))particle-flow coupling numerical model.On-site monitoring and numerical simulations showed that the NPR excavation compensation support scheme effectively improves the stress state of the bolts and reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock.Compared to the original support scheme,the final deformation of the surrounding rock was reduced by approximately 70%.These results significantly contribute to domestic and foreign research on phosphate-rock NPR compensation support technology,theoretical systems,and engineering practices,and further promote technological innovation in the phosphate rock mining industry.展开更多
There is considerable interest devoted to oldgrowth forests and their capacity to store carbon(C)in biomass and soil.Inventories of C stocks in old-growth forests are carried out worldwide,although there is a lack of ...There is considerable interest devoted to oldgrowth forests and their capacity to store carbon(C)in biomass and soil.Inventories of C stocks in old-growth forests are carried out worldwide,although there is a lack of information on their actual potential for C sequestration.To further understand this,soil organic carbon(SOC)was measured in one of Italy's best-preserved old-growth forests,the Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reserve.This reserve is on the World Heritage List along with other ancient beech forests of Europe,and it is virtually untouched due to the steepness of the terrain,even before legal constraints were imposed.Although the sandstone-derived soils are often shallow,they are rich in organic matter.However,no quantification had been carried out.By systematically sampling the topsoil across the forest,we accurately determined the average amount of SOC(62.0±16.9 Mg ha^(–1))and nitrogen(4.0±1.2 Mg ha^(–1))in the top 20 cm.Using the CENTURY model,future dynamics of SOC stocks were predicted to 2050 according to two climate scenarios,A1F1 and B2,the first of high concern and the second more optimistic.The model projected an increase of 0.2 and 0.3 Mg ha^(–1)a^(–1)by 2030 under the A1F1 and B2 scenarios,respectively,suggesting that the topsoil in old-growth forests does not reach equilibrium but continues accumulating SOC.However,from 2030 to 2050,a decline in SOC accumulation is predicted,indicating SOC net loss at high altitudes under the worst-case scenario.This study confirms that soils in oldgrowth forests play a significant role in carbon sequestration.It also suggests that climate change may affect the potential of these forests to store SOC not only in the long term but also in the coming years.展开更多
Natural regeneration after disturbances is a key phase of forest development,which determines the trajectory of successional changes in tree species composition and diversity.Regenerating trees can originate from eith...Natural regeneration after disturbances is a key phase of forest development,which determines the trajectory of successional changes in tree species composition and diversity.Regenerating trees can originate from either seeds or sprouts produced by disturbed trees with sprouting ability.Although both regeneration strategies often develop and co-occur after a disturbance,they tend to affect forest development differently due to significant functional differences.However,the origin of tree regeneration is rarely distinguished in post-disturbance forest surveys and ecological studies,and the differential roles of seed and sprout regeneration in forest productivity and diversity remain poorly understood.To address these research gaps,we explored the role of sprout and seed regeneration in the formation of woody species diversity and above-ground biomass(AGB)productivity in early-stage forest development.Data were collected in two experimental forest stands in the Czech Republic,where trees were cut with varying intensities with the density of residual(uncut)trees ranging from 0 to 275 trees per hectare.All trees were mapped and their sizes were measured before cutting and then,either as a stump with sprouts or a residual tree,remeasured 11 years later.In addition,all tree saplings were mapped and measured 11 years after logging,and their origin(sprout or seed)was identified.To assess abundances and productivity,we estimated AGB of all2,685 sprouting stumps of 19 woody species and 504 generative(i.e.,seed origin)individuals of 16 woody species,using allometric equations.Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the effects of each regeneration strategy on woody species diversity and the total AGB under varying densities of residual trees.Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to evaluate the effect of regeneration strategies on species composition.AGB and diversity of sprouts were significantly higher than those of seed regeneration.Sprouts formed on average97.1%of the total regeneration AGB in H ady and 98.6%in Sobe s ice.The average species richness of sprouts was4.7 in H ady and 2.2 in Sob e sice,while the species richness of seed regeneration averaged 2.1 and 1.1 in H ady and Sob e sice,respectively.Increasing density of residual trees reduced AGB and diversity of both sprouts and seed regeneration,but seed regeneration was affected to a greater extent.Residual trees had an especially strong inhibitory effect on the establishment of seed regeneration.Consequently,seed-originated saplings were nearly absent in plots with high residual tree density,and abundant sprouts accounted for most of the AGB and diversity.However,unlike sprouts whose species composition resembled that of the original stand,seed regeneration brought in new species,enriching the stand?s overall species pool and beta diversity.Our results demonstrated differential roles of sprout and seed regeneration in the early stage of forest succession.Sprout regeneration was the main source of woody AGB productivity as well as species diversity,and its importance increased with the increasing density of standing mature trees.The results indicate the crucial yet previously underestimated role of sprout regeneration in post-disturbance forest dynamics.They suggest that the presence of residual mature trees,whether retained after partial cutting or undisturbed,can substantially suppress seed regeneration while the role of sprout regeneration in early succession becomes more distinctly evident.展开更多
Fluorescence-based imaging has found application in several fields of elective surgery,but there is still a lack of evidence in the literature about its use in the emergency setting.Clinical trials have consistently s...Fluorescence-based imaging has found application in several fields of elective surgery,but there is still a lack of evidence in the literature about its use in the emergency setting.Clinical trials have consistently shown that indocyanine green(ICG)-guided surgery can dramatically reduce the risk of postoperative complic-ations,length of in-hospital stay and total healthcare costs in the elective setting.It is well-known that emergency surgery has a higher complication rate than its elective counterpart,therefore an impelling need for research studies to explore,validate and develop this issue has been highlighted.The present editorial aims to provide a critical overview of currently available applications and pitfalls of ICG fluorescence in abdominal emergencies.Furthermore,we evidenced how the experience of ICG-fluorescence in elective surgery might be of great help in implementing its use in acute situations.In the first paragraph we analyzed the tips and tricks of ICG-guided cancer surgery that might be exploited in acute cases.We then deepened the two most described topics in ICG-guided emergency surgery:Acute cholecystitis and intestinal ischemia,focusing on both the advantages and limitations of green-fluorescence application in these two fields.In emergency situations,ICG fluorescence demonstrates a promising role in preventing undue intestinal resections or their entity,facilitating the detection of intestinal ischemic zones,identifying biliary tree anatomy,reducing post-operative complications,and mitigating high mortality rates.The need to improve its application still exists,therefore we strongly believe that the elective and routinary use of the dye is the best way to acquire the necessary skills for emer-gency procedures.展开更多
Multivisceral resection and/or pelvic exenteration represents the only potential curative treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC);however,it poses significant technical challenges,which account for the high...Multivisceral resection and/or pelvic exenteration represents the only potential curative treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC);however,it poses significant technical challenges,which account for the high risk of morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure.As complete histopathologic resection is the most important determinant of patient outcomes,LARC often requires an extended resection beyond the total mesorectal excision plane to obtain clear re-section margins.In an era when laparoscopic surgery and robot-assisted surgery are becoming commonplace,the optimal approach to extensive pelvic inter-ventions remains controversial.However,acceptance of the suitability of mini-mally invasive surgery is slowly gaining traction.Nonetheless,there is still a lack of evidence in the literature about minimally invasive approaches in multiple and extensive surgical resections,highlighting the need for research studies to explore,validate,and develop this issue.This editorial aims to provide a critical overview of the currently available applications and challenges of minimally invasive abdo-minopelvic surgery for LARC.Furthermore,we discuss recent developments in the field of robotic surgery for LARC,with a specific focus on new innovations and emerging frontiers.展开更多
文摘Cave lion(Panthera spelaea)remains have been described in all the Holarctic domain,however,its records in China are very rare.Here we describe an almost complete cranium from Salawusu,Northern China.Even though the dentition is largely broken or missing,the cranium shows key characters with clear cave lion affinity,particularly from the basicranium region.These features include wide and short nasals,wide rostrum without post-canine constriction,enlarged ectotympanic,flatted entotympanic,separated stylomastoid foramen and hyoid fossa and medially located hypoglossal foramen.The cranium is larger than the known cranial size range of Beringia cave lion P.spelaea vereshchagini,suggesting that the geographical delimitation of cave lion subspecies may be more complex than previously understood.The coexistence of cave lion with Palaeoloxodon in Salawusu indicates a high plasticity in diet and environmental adaptation for this species.
文摘Background:Pistacia chinensis Bunge has been traditionally used to manage various conditions,including asthma,pain,inflammation,hepatoprotection,and diabetes.The study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and anti-lipoxygenase(LOX)properties of the isolated compound 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one from Pistacia chinensis.Methods:LOX assay and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)assay were performed.Molecular docking studies were conducted using a molecular operating environment.Results:The LOX assay revealed significant inhibitory effects at 0.2µM concentration,with an IC50 value of 37.80µM.The antioxidant effect demonstrated dose-dependency across 5 to 100µg/mL concentrations,reaching 93.09%at 100µg/mL,comparable to ascorbic acid’s 95.43%effect.Molecular docking studies highlighted strong interactions with the lipoxygenase enzyme,presenting an excellent docking score of-10.98 kcal/mol.Conclusion:These findings provide valuable insights into Pistacia chinensis’chemical components and biological effects,reinforcing its traditional medicinal applications.
文摘Passive-roof duplexes accommodate shortening at the mountain front of many fold-and-thrust belts worldwide.These structures typically manifest at the surface by hinterland-verging backthrusts that decouple thin-skinned thrust sheets from underlying foreland-verging duplexes.Although the main fac-tors controlling the development of passive-roof duplexes have mostly been identified,some of their intrinsic characteristics are still poorly defined.These relate to their spatio-temporal relationships to thrust faults located further inland in orogens,and their ability to transport younger rocks over older ones.This study explores these issues in the Casentino-Romagna axial sector of the Northern Apennines,which expose regional forethrusts and backthrusts.Detailed field mapping and analysis of superposed tectonic structures were integrated with apatite fission-track dating for constraining the tim-ing of rock exhumation and correlated tectonic events.Collectively,the results have allowed us to inter-pret the evolution of the study area in terms of two main deformation stages.Specifically,a first,long phase(D_(1))progressed from NE-directed,in-sequence thrusting(∼18 to∼10-9 Ma)to late out-of-sequence thrusting(∼8-5 Ma).A successive deformation phase,that we refer to as D_(2)(∼4-2 Ma),con-sisted of backthrusts and associated folds that were ubiquitous and systematically overprinted onto the foreland-verging D_(1)structures.Such retrovergent structures identify a late deformation phase dom-inated by the development of passive-roof duplexes that propagated hinterlandward into the orogen up to beyond the primary watershed ridge.Orogen-scale processes controlled the evolution of forelandward D_(1)-phase thrusts,although late erosion could have played a major role by bringing the Apennine thrust wedge toward an undercritical state.The latter conditions could have contributed to keeping the out-of-sequence thrusts active,and eventually promoted the development of the D_(2)passive-roof duplexes.
基金supported by the project Disuguaglianze analitiche e geometriche,funded by the Gruppo per Analisi Matematica la Probabilitàe le loro Applicazioni.
文摘Given an open bounded subset Ω of ℝ^(n) we consider the eigenvalue problem{Δu-(■u,■V)=-λvu,u>0inΩ,u=0 onδΩ,where V is a given function defined inΩandλV is the relevant eigenvalue.We determine sufficient conditions on V such that ifΩis convex,the solution u is log-concave.We also determine sufficient conditions ensuring that λ_(V),as a function of the setΩ,verifies a convexity inequality with respect to the Minkowski addition of sets.
基金This work described herein was supported by the Program of China Scholarship Council(202206430008)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52074300 and 52304111)+1 种基金the Yueqi Young Scholars Project of China University of Mining and Technology Beijing(2602021RC84)the Guizhou province science and technology planning project([2020]3007 and[2020]2Y019).
文摘The 110-mining method,a rising and revolutionary non-pillar longwall mining method,can obviously expand coal extraction ratio and minimize roadway incidents.However,in case of composite hard roof,problems such as difficulty in commanding the entry steadiness and insufficient fragmentation and bulking of the goaf gangue are prevalent.In this study,a 110-mining method for roadway surrounding rock stability control technology based on a compensation mechanism was proposed.First,the composite hard roof cutting short cantilever beam(SCB)model was built and the compensation mechanism including stress and space dual compensation was studied.Subsequently,the controllable elements influencing the roadway steadiness were confirmed to consequently put forward a control technology based on stress compensation for entry support and space compensation for the fragmentation and bulking of goaf gangue.The control technology was finally verified through onsite engineering experiments in terms of composite hard roof.The adoption of the 110-mining method with compensation control technology indicated good support effect on the roadway.The initial and residual expansion coefficients of the goaf gangue increased by 0.6 and 0.6,respectively,and the maximum and average working resistances of the working face support decreased by 10.9%and 13.8%,respectively.Consequently,the deformations of reserved entry decreased,and entry steadiness was enhanced.The presented technique and effects got probably have practical values for non-pillar mining functions in comparable field.
基金supported in part by Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China under Grant 2023AFB016the 2022 Opening Fund for Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering under Grant 2022SDSJ02the Construction Fund for Hubei Key Laboratory of Intelligent Vision Based Monitoring for Hydroelectric Engineering under Grant 2019ZYYD007.
文摘Images and videos play an increasingly vital role in daily life and are widely utilized as key evidentiary sources in judicial investigations and forensic analysis.Simultaneously,advancements in image and video processing technologies have facilitated the widespread availability of powerful editing tools,such as Deepfakes,enabling anyone to easily create manipulated or fake visual content,which poses an enormous threat to social security and public trust.To verify the authenticity and integrity of images and videos,numerous approaches have been proposed,which are primarily based on content analysis and their effectiveness is susceptible to interference from various image or video post-processing operations.Recent research has highlighted the potential of file containers analysis as a promising forensic approach that offers efficient and interpretable results.However,there is still a lack of review articles on this kind of approach.In order to fill this gap,we present a comprehensive review of file containers-based image and video forensics in this paper.Specifically,we categorize the existing methods into two distinct stages,qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis.In addition,an overall framework is proposed to organize the exiting approaches.Then,the advantages and disadvantages of the schemes used across different forensic tasks are provided.Finally,we outline the trends in this research area,aiming to provide valuable insights and technical guidance for future research.
基金Science and Technology Planning Project of Guangdong Province(2023B1212060048).
文摘The Suizhou meteorite is a heavily shock-met-amorphosed L6 chondrite which contains thin shock melt veins.So far,26 high-pressure phases have been identified from the meteorite.Among the high-pressure phases,ten of them were approved as new minerals which include tuite,xieite,wangdaodeite,chenmingite,hemleyite,poirierite,asimowite,hiroseite,elgoresyite,and ohtaniite,by the Commission on New Minerals,Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association.Other high-pressure phases identified from the meteorite are ahrensite,akimotoite,bridgmanite,lingunite,magnesiowüstite,majorite,majorite-pyrope_(ss),maskelynite,riesite,ringwoodite,wadsleyite,and 5 other phases including phase A,vitrified phase B and phase C,phase D(Ca-rich majorite),and partly inverted ringwoodite.The occurrence and abundance of high-pressure phases makes this meteorite the one with the richest variety of high-pressure minerals to date.
基金supported by the Italian Integrated Environmental Research Infrastructures Systems(ITINERIS)(Nos.IR0000032 and CUP B53C22002150006).
文摘Cupressus sempervirens is a relevant species in the Mediterranean for its cultural,economic and landscape value.This species is threatened by Seiridium cardinale,the causal agent of the cypress canker disease(CCD).The effects of biotic stressors on O_(3)risk assessment are unknown and a comprehensive O_(3)risk assessment in C.sempervirens is missing.To fill these gaps,two clones of C.sempervirens,one resistant(Clone R)and one susceptible to CCD(Clone S),were subjected to three levels of O_(3)(Ambient Air-AA;1.5×AA;2.0×AA)for two consecutive years in an O_(3)-free-air controlled exposure facility and artificially inoculated with S.cardinale.Both the exposure-(AOT40)and flux-based(PODy)indices were tested.We found that PODy performed better than AOT40 to assess O_(3)effects on biomass and the critical level for a 4%biomass loss was 2.51 mmol/m^(2)POD2.However,significant O_(3)dose-response relationships were not found for the inoculated cypresses because the combination of middle level O_(3)(1.5×AA)and inoculation stimulated a biomass growth in Clone S as hormetic response.Moreover,we found a different inter-clonal response to both stressors with a statistically significant reduction of total and belowground biomass following O_(3),and lower root biomass in Clone S than in Clone R following pathogen infection.In summary,Clone R was more resistant to O_(3),and inoculation altered O_(3)risk via an hormetic effect on biomass.These results warrant further studies on how biotic stressors affect O_(3)responses and risk assessment.
文摘Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;however,the mechanisms behind these activities,particularly in C.capitata,remain largely unexplored.This study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical screening,antioxidant activity,anti-diabetic potential,and antimicrobial profiling of different extracts(i.e.,leaves,bark,and fruit)from C.capitata to evaluate its potential pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay,Ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,and Superoxide Anion Scavenging assay.The anti-diabetic potential was assessed usingα-Glucosidase,α-Amylase,and Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay.The anti-microbial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC).According to the quantitative investigation,the most substantial quantities of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified in the leaves of C.capitata.Antioxidant activity results corroborated this conclusion,demonstrating that methanolic leaf extract had strong antioxidant activity,with the lowest IC_(50) values recorded for the DPPH(32.4±0.19µg/mL)and Superoxide Radical Scavenging(37.10±0.21µg/mL)assays.Furthermore,the methanolic leaf extract displayed the highestα-Glucosidase inhibitory potential(IC_(50)=6.09±0.52µg/mL),while the methanolic bark extract exhibited the highestα-Amylase inhibitory activity(IC_(50)=49.10±0.38µg/mL).Regarding antimicrobial potential,the paper disc diffusion assay showed that none of the extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against E.coli.However,the MIC assay revealed that the leaves and bark extracts exhibited antibacterial properties with MIC values of 80 and 500µg/mL against E.coli,respectively.The paper disc diffusion assay against C.albicans indicated the antimicrobial potency of all three extracts.The crude methanolic extract of C.capitata shows strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential,highlighting its therapeutic value.This is the first comparative investigation of leaf,bark,and fruit extracts of C.capitata to orchestrate the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant,antidiabetic,and antimicrobial activities.Nevertheless,further studies are needed to understand its biological implications.
文摘The increasing interest in the study of spontaneous(SY)and contagious yawning(CY)was so far focused on several taxa,especially primates.Here,we focused on SY and CY in horses,a suitable species due to their complex social dynamics that has been largely overlooked in research on these phenomena.By analyzing videos of 48 horses on pasture,we identified 2 yawning morphologies:Covered(Y_(CT))and Uncovered Teeth(Y_(UCT)).Using EquiFACS,we quantitatively demonstrated that Y_(CT) and Y_(UCT) differ in terms of muscle recruitment.Moreover,we provide the first evidence for the presence of CY by comparing 2 different conditions:chewing-yawn-chewing versus chewing-chewing-chewing.Supporting the Social Modulation hypothesis,in our mares,CY was more prominent among subjects sharing good relationships.Moreover,subjects responded more rapidly to kin compared with non-kin and kin frequently grooming each other responded even more rapidly to each other yawns.The high familiar yawn sensitivity can provide selective advantages increasing behavioral synchronization and group cohesion.
基金support of the National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC) to the University of Padova,the Research Centre for Plant ProtectionCertification (CREA),and the National Research Council (CNR),funded under the National Recovery and Resilience Plan (NRRP)+2 种基金Mission 4 Component 2 Investment 1.4-Call for tender No.3138 of 16 December 2021,rectified by Decree n.3175 of 18 December 2021 of Italian Ministry of University and Research funded by the European Union–NextGenerationEUProject code CN_00000033,Concession Decree No.1034 of 17 June 2022adopted by the Italian Ministry of University and Research,CUP:C93C22002810006,CUP:B83D21014060006,CUP:B83C22002930006,Project title“National Biodiversity Future CenterNBFC”support by Beaver Trust,grant number:1185451
文摘The Eurasian beaver(Castor fiber Linnaeus,1758)can be considered a hydrological ecosystem engineer as it shapes environmental characteristics through its building activities and feeding behaviour.Even if several studies have so far reported beaver impact on multi-taxon biodiversity and forest regeneration,there is a lack of research on forest stand structure evolution following beaver direct activity on trees.This represents a pivotal topic for predicting restoration outcomes and reccommending sound silvicultural and management practices to maintain specific forest conditions.Specifically,the study aims at investigating forest stand structure and tree species diversity changes considering river variability,distance from the riverbank and beaver's gnawing activity intensity.The Eurasian beaver is only recently recolonising the three analysed Mediterranean rivers,but stand structure seems to be already significantly impacted by the species.The number of trees was reduced,increasing mean diameter at breast height at stand level,as most of the youngest and/or smaller trees are entirely cut down.Strongest structural variations can be detected in intensively impacted stands and in the forest portions closer to the riverbank.The absence of a significant effect on most of the diversity indices is likely due to the initially homogeneous composition of the tree layer in each stand and to the limited variety of beaver's diet within the sites.Future resprouting of secondary tree shoots,as well as beaver gnawing activity changes in intensity over time and space,can further produce variations in structural parameters and woody species diversity in the medium-and long-term period.Therefore,it will be crucial to further monitor the long-term effects,as structural shifts can produce significant effects on riparian ecosystem functions.
基金Supported by Regione Toscana,No.D55H20000210002.
文摘BACKGROUND The World Health Organization defined long coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)as the continuation or development of new symptoms 3 months after the initial severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection,with these symptoms lasting for at least 2 months with no other explanation.AIM To evaluate the potential laboratory and instrumental findings(short-term and long-term)resulting from COVID-19.METHODS This longitudinal observational COVID-19 cohort study(March 1,2020-March 1,2021)was carried out on patients≥18 years old who were admitted to the University Hospitals of Pisa,Siena and Careggi and the Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest,Sud Est and USL Centro Toscana and were subjected to follow-up.Follow-up was conducted between 0 day and 89 days,90 days and 179 days,180 days and 269 days,270 days and 359 days,and more than 360 days after hospitalization.RESULTS Of 2887 patients(58.5%males,average age 66.2 years)hospitalized in the study period(March 1,2020-March 1,2021)carrying out at least one follow-up examination within 12 months of discharge,a total of 1739 patients(705 males,average age 66 years)underwent laboratory tests,of whom 714 patients(470 males,average age 63 years)underwent spirometry.Some laboratory test results remained above the threshold even at follow-up beyond 360 days(C-reactive protein:36%,fibrin degradation fragment:48.8%,gamma-glutamyl transferase:16.8%),while others showed a return to normal range more quickly in almost all patients.Alterations in liver enzymes,hematocrit,hemoglobin,lymphocytes and neutrophils were associated with the risk of requiring oxygen therapy or forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity alterations at follow-up.CONCLUSION Alterations in liver enzymes,hematocrit or hemoglobin,lymphocytes and neutrophils were associated with risk outcomes(need for oxygen therapy or spirometry alterations).These imbalanced conditions may contribute to pulmonary dysfunction.
文摘Background:Pistacia integerrima,a cornerstone of traditional medicine,is renowned for its therapeutic applications against various health conditions,including cancer and hepatitis.This study investigates the pharmacological potential of bioactive compounds derived from Pistacia integerrima in inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase(5-LOX),a key enzyme implicated in inflammation and cancer progression.The current study aimed to evaluate the lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of bioactive compounds from Pistacia integerrima and assess their potential for therapeutic development in the context of inflammation and cancer treatment.Methods:Three major compounds-spinacetin(1),patuletin(2),and pistagremic acid(3)-were isolated from Pistacia integerrima and analyzed for their lipoxygenase inhibitory activity.Biochemical assays and molecular docking studies were performed to assess their effectiveness in inhibiting 5-LOX.Results:All three compounds demonstrated significant inhibition of lipoxygenase activity.Spinacetin(1)and patuletin(2)exhibited the most potent inhibitory effects,with IC_(50)values of 40.34μM and 45.04μM,respectively.Molecular docking studies revealed that patuletin(2)had the highest binding affinity(−7.717 kcal/mol)against 5-LOX,followed by spinacetin(1)with a binding affinity of−6.074 kcal/mol.In-depth in silico analysis highlighted the drug-likeness of spinacetin(1)and its favorable toxicological profile,suggesting its suitability for therapeutic development.Conclusion:The study demonstrates that compounds from Pistacia integerrima,particularly spinacetin and patuletin,have significant lipoxygenase inhibitory activity,with spinacetin showing promise as a lead candidate for lipoxygenase-targeted therapies.The findings reinforce the therapeutic relevance of Pistacia integerrima and suggest that its bioactive compounds may serve as safer,plant-based alternatives to conventional anti-inflammatory and anticancer treatments.
文摘High levels of sperm DNA fragmentation(SDF)are associated with reduced assisted reproductive technology(ART)outcomes.Currently,SDF is not included in routine clinical assessment of male partners of infertile couples,but the 6th edition of the World Health Organization(WHO)manual for semen analysis included the SDF assessment in the chapter on extended semen examinations.
文摘The magnetic fields and dynamical processes in the solar polar regions play a crucial role in the solar magnetic cycle and in supplying mass and energy to the fast solar wind,ultimately being vital in controlling solar activities and driving space weather.Despite numerous efforts to explore these regions,to date no imaging observations of the Sun's poles have been achieved from vantage points out of the ecliptic plane,leaving their behavior and evolution poorly understood.This observation gap has left three top-level scientific questions unanswered:How does the solar dynamo work and drive the solar magnetic cycle?What drives the fast solar wind?How do space weather processes globally originate from the Sun and propagate throughout the solar system?The Solar Polarorbit Observatory(SPO)mission,a solar polar exploration spacecraft,is proposed to address these three unanswered scientific questions by imaging the Sun's poles from high heliolatitudes.In order to achieve its scientific goals,SPO will carry six remote-sensing and four in-situ instruments to measure the vector magnetic fields and Doppler velocity fields in the photosphere,to observe the Sun in the extreme ultraviolet,X-ray,and radio wavelengths,to image the corona and the heliosphere up to 45 R_(s),and to perform in-situ detection of magnetic fields,and low-and high-energy particles in the solar wind.The SPO mission is capable of providing critical vector magnetic fields and Doppler velocities of the polar regions to advance our understanding of the origin of the solar magnetic cycle,providing unprecedented imaging observations of the solar poles alongside in-situ measurements of charged particles and magnetic fields from high heliolatitudes to unveil the mass and energy supply that drive the fast solar wind,and providing observational constraints for improving our ability to model and predict the three-dimensional(3D)structures and propagation of space weather events.
基金funding support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant Nos.41941018 and 52304111)the Program of China Scholarship Council(Grant No.202206430007).
文摘To overcome large deformation of deep phosphate rock roadways and pillar damage,a new type of constant-resistance large-deformation negative Poisson’s ratio(NPR)bolt that can withstand a high prestress of at least 130 KN was developed.In the conducted tests,the amount of deformation was 200-2000 mm,the breaking force reached 350 KN,and a high constant-resistance pre-stress was maintained during the deformation process.A stress compensation theory of phosphate rock excavation based on NPR bolts is proposed together with a balance system for bolt compensation of the time-space effect and high NPR pre-stress.Traditional split-set rock bolts are unable to maintain the stability of roadway roofs and pillars.To verify the support effect of the proposed bolt,field tests were conducted using both the proposed NPR bolts and split-set rock bolts as support systems on the same mining face.In addition,the stress compensation mechanism of roadway mining was simulated using the particle flow code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))-fast Lagrangian analysis of continua(FLAC^(3D))particle-flow coupling numerical model.On-site monitoring and numerical simulations showed that the NPR excavation compensation support scheme effectively improves the stress state of the bolts and reduces the deformation of the surrounding rock.Compared to the original support scheme,the final deformation of the surrounding rock was reduced by approximately 70%.These results significantly contribute to domestic and foreign research on phosphate-rock NPR compensation support technology,theoretical systems,and engineering practices,and further promote technological innovation in the phosphate rock mining industry.
基金Open access funding provided by Universitàdegli Studi di Firenze within the CRUI-CARE Agreement。
文摘There is considerable interest devoted to oldgrowth forests and their capacity to store carbon(C)in biomass and soil.Inventories of C stocks in old-growth forests are carried out worldwide,although there is a lack of information on their actual potential for C sequestration.To further understand this,soil organic carbon(SOC)was measured in one of Italy's best-preserved old-growth forests,the Sasso Fratino Integral Nature Reserve.This reserve is on the World Heritage List along with other ancient beech forests of Europe,and it is virtually untouched due to the steepness of the terrain,even before legal constraints were imposed.Although the sandstone-derived soils are often shallow,they are rich in organic matter.However,no quantification had been carried out.By systematically sampling the topsoil across the forest,we accurately determined the average amount of SOC(62.0±16.9 Mg ha^(–1))and nitrogen(4.0±1.2 Mg ha^(–1))in the top 20 cm.Using the CENTURY model,future dynamics of SOC stocks were predicted to 2050 according to two climate scenarios,A1F1 and B2,the first of high concern and the second more optimistic.The model projected an increase of 0.2 and 0.3 Mg ha^(–1)a^(–1)by 2030 under the A1F1 and B2 scenarios,respectively,suggesting that the topsoil in old-growth forests does not reach equilibrium but continues accumulating SOC.However,from 2030 to 2050,a decline in SOC accumulation is predicted,indicating SOC net loss at high altitudes under the worst-case scenario.This study confirms that soils in oldgrowth forests play a significant role in carbon sequestration.It also suggests that climate change may affect the potential of these forests to store SOC not only in the long term but also in the coming years.
基金supported by an Internal Grant Agency CULS project No.A_21_06by the grant INTER-TRANSFER LTT20017 provided by the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic.
文摘Natural regeneration after disturbances is a key phase of forest development,which determines the trajectory of successional changes in tree species composition and diversity.Regenerating trees can originate from either seeds or sprouts produced by disturbed trees with sprouting ability.Although both regeneration strategies often develop and co-occur after a disturbance,they tend to affect forest development differently due to significant functional differences.However,the origin of tree regeneration is rarely distinguished in post-disturbance forest surveys and ecological studies,and the differential roles of seed and sprout regeneration in forest productivity and diversity remain poorly understood.To address these research gaps,we explored the role of sprout and seed regeneration in the formation of woody species diversity and above-ground biomass(AGB)productivity in early-stage forest development.Data were collected in two experimental forest stands in the Czech Republic,where trees were cut with varying intensities with the density of residual(uncut)trees ranging from 0 to 275 trees per hectare.All trees were mapped and their sizes were measured before cutting and then,either as a stump with sprouts or a residual tree,remeasured 11 years later.In addition,all tree saplings were mapped and measured 11 years after logging,and their origin(sprout or seed)was identified.To assess abundances and productivity,we estimated AGB of all2,685 sprouting stumps of 19 woody species and 504 generative(i.e.,seed origin)individuals of 16 woody species,using allometric equations.Mixed-effects models were used to analyze the effects of each regeneration strategy on woody species diversity and the total AGB under varying densities of residual trees.Nonmetric multidimensional scaling was used to evaluate the effect of regeneration strategies on species composition.AGB and diversity of sprouts were significantly higher than those of seed regeneration.Sprouts formed on average97.1%of the total regeneration AGB in H ady and 98.6%in Sobe s ice.The average species richness of sprouts was4.7 in H ady and 2.2 in Sob e sice,while the species richness of seed regeneration averaged 2.1 and 1.1 in H ady and Sob e sice,respectively.Increasing density of residual trees reduced AGB and diversity of both sprouts and seed regeneration,but seed regeneration was affected to a greater extent.Residual trees had an especially strong inhibitory effect on the establishment of seed regeneration.Consequently,seed-originated saplings were nearly absent in plots with high residual tree density,and abundant sprouts accounted for most of the AGB and diversity.However,unlike sprouts whose species composition resembled that of the original stand,seed regeneration brought in new species,enriching the stand?s overall species pool and beta diversity.Our results demonstrated differential roles of sprout and seed regeneration in the early stage of forest succession.Sprout regeneration was the main source of woody AGB productivity as well as species diversity,and its importance increased with the increasing density of standing mature trees.The results indicate the crucial yet previously underestimated role of sprout regeneration in post-disturbance forest dynamics.They suggest that the presence of residual mature trees,whether retained after partial cutting or undisturbed,can substantially suppress seed regeneration while the role of sprout regeneration in early succession becomes more distinctly evident.
文摘Fluorescence-based imaging has found application in several fields of elective surgery,but there is still a lack of evidence in the literature about its use in the emergency setting.Clinical trials have consistently shown that indocyanine green(ICG)-guided surgery can dramatically reduce the risk of postoperative complic-ations,length of in-hospital stay and total healthcare costs in the elective setting.It is well-known that emergency surgery has a higher complication rate than its elective counterpart,therefore an impelling need for research studies to explore,validate and develop this issue has been highlighted.The present editorial aims to provide a critical overview of currently available applications and pitfalls of ICG fluorescence in abdominal emergencies.Furthermore,we evidenced how the experience of ICG-fluorescence in elective surgery might be of great help in implementing its use in acute situations.In the first paragraph we analyzed the tips and tricks of ICG-guided cancer surgery that might be exploited in acute cases.We then deepened the two most described topics in ICG-guided emergency surgery:Acute cholecystitis and intestinal ischemia,focusing on both the advantages and limitations of green-fluorescence application in these two fields.In emergency situations,ICG fluorescence demonstrates a promising role in preventing undue intestinal resections or their entity,facilitating the detection of intestinal ischemic zones,identifying biliary tree anatomy,reducing post-operative complications,and mitigating high mortality rates.The need to improve its application still exists,therefore we strongly believe that the elective and routinary use of the dye is the best way to acquire the necessary skills for emer-gency procedures.
文摘Multivisceral resection and/or pelvic exenteration represents the only potential curative treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer(LARC);however,it poses significant technical challenges,which account for the high risk of morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure.As complete histopathologic resection is the most important determinant of patient outcomes,LARC often requires an extended resection beyond the total mesorectal excision plane to obtain clear re-section margins.In an era when laparoscopic surgery and robot-assisted surgery are becoming commonplace,the optimal approach to extensive pelvic inter-ventions remains controversial.However,acceptance of the suitability of mini-mally invasive surgery is slowly gaining traction.Nonetheless,there is still a lack of evidence in the literature about minimally invasive approaches in multiple and extensive surgical resections,highlighting the need for research studies to explore,validate,and develop this issue.This editorial aims to provide a critical overview of the currently available applications and challenges of minimally invasive abdo-minopelvic surgery for LARC.Furthermore,we discuss recent developments in the field of robotic surgery for LARC,with a specific focus on new innovations and emerging frontiers.
