Investigations on malaria outbreaks and role of sibling species complex of principal rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies were carried out in villages in north Karnataka, India from 1997 through 2014. Informati...Investigations on malaria outbreaks and role of sibling species complex of principal rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies were carried out in villages in north Karnataka, India from 1997 through 2014. Information regarding densities, resting and breeding habitats of malaria vectors prevalent in the area was also generated so as to formulate an appropriate vector control strategy. The Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) and Pf proportion was 43.1%, 35.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Three sibling species A, B, and C of An. culicifacies were found sympatric with cumulative percent composition of 63.7, 28.2 and 8.1, respectively. Per man hour and per structure densities of An. culicifacies, An. culicifacies and An. culicifacies varied from 0 to 27.5 and 0 to 56.0, 0 to 0.5 and 0 to 7.0 and, 0 to 2.5 and 0 to 7.5, respectively. The proportion of semi-gravid and gravid females was more as compared to fully fed and unfed females which indicated that most of the females rested indoor. Streams/river, wells, seepages and irrigation tanks are the major habitats supporting breeding of An. culicifacies. Integrated vector managements by indoor residual spraying of effective insecticide as per national guidelines along with biological control methods especially use of larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulate are suggested to control malaria in the area.展开更多
<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Background:</strong> The outbreak of COVID-19 has continued to threaten the existence of the human race. The novelty and unstable epidemiologic pa...<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Background:</strong> The outbreak of COVID-19 has continued to threaten the existence of the human race. The novelty and unstable epidemiologic pattern of the virus had generated so much concern among the global health experts. These concerns were found to be escalated among the frontline health care workers to the extent of impeding the timeliness of the response activities. To slow down the spread of the already established community transmission through the surveillance activities, the concern of the health workers at the community level needs to be addressed. Therefore, this study assessed the concern about COVID-19 pandemic among primary health workers in Oyo State, Nigeria. <strong>Methods:</strong> This was an online cross-sectional survey conducted among primary health care workers in Oyo State between March and April 2020. Using a two-stage sampling technique, we recruited 284 respondents. A semi-structured questionnaire linked to the Google form was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25;bivariate analysis was done using Chi-square and binary logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of health workers’ concern at 5% level of significance. <strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of respondents was 45.0 ± 9.0 years. The proportion of the respondents who had good knowledge of COVID-19 was 52.5%. In the domains of concern, 66.9%, 53.2%, 51.4%, and 46.5% of the respondents expressed government-related, self-satisfaction related, work-related and social-status related concerns respectively. Male respondents were less likely to express concern about COVID-19 compared with their female counterparts (aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.20 - 0.76). Nurses/midwives (aOR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.05 - 0.85) had lesser likelihood of expressing concern about COVID-19 while middle staff (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.18 - 5.39) and income earner of ≥N200,000 (aOR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.34 - 3.92) had higher likelihood of expressing concern about COVID-19. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study highlights an average knowledge of COVID-19 among the respondents. Government-related and self-satisfaction related concerns were expressed by the majority of the Primary Health Care (PHC) workers. Now that the second wave of COVID-19 is moving with much more fatality across much of Africa, including Nigeria, it is therefore imperative to address these concerns through a holistic policy that addresses the welfare, safety and capacity building of the health care workers (HCWs).</span>展开更多
Fog deposition is a notable component of the water budget of herbaceous-shrub ecosystems on the central and southern coastal regions of California. This paper presents an analysis of fog water deposition rates and met...Fog deposition is a notable component of the water budget of herbaceous-shrub ecosystems on the central and southern coastal regions of California. This paper presents an analysis of fog water deposition rates and meteorological controls in Big Sur, California. Mesh-screen fog collectors were installed the Brazil Ranch weather station sites to measure fog water during the summer seasons of 2010 and 2011. Fog deposition occurred during 73% of days recorded in 2010 and 87% of days recorded in 2011. The daily average deposition rate was 2.29 L/m2 in 2010 and 3.86 L/m2 in 2011. The meteorological variables which had the greatest influence on prediction of fog deposition were wind speed, wind direction, and the dew-point depression (difference between air temperature and dew point). Based on these results, we hypothesize that high rates of summer fog deposition help sustain the productivity of California coastal vegetation through periods of low rainfall.展开更多
On November 5, 2015, the Fundão Dam breached (the “Event”), releasing water, tailings, dam construction material, and debris to downstream watercourses. Over 20 million cubic meters of fine particles from the t...On November 5, 2015, the Fundão Dam breached (the “Event”), releasing water, tailings, dam construction material, and debris to downstream watercourses. Over 20 million cubic meters of fine particles from the tailings, as well as scoured soil and sediments, reached the Rio Doce estuary and surrounding marine area 17 days later. Fishing was banned by the Federal Court of Espírito Santo in February 2016. The fishing ban area included the coastal area near the mouth of the Rio Doce and seaward to a depth of 25 meters, south to Barra do Riacho, and north to Degredo Beach. In June 2019, the Brazilian health agency, Anvisa, published a risk assessment for fish consumption which recommended daily consumption limits for fish of 200 grams for adults and 50 grams for children for both continental and coastal areas of the Rio Doce basin. Comparative analyses were performed between metal concentrations in marine fish and crustaceans collected in the banned fishing area to reference areas and commercialized seafood markets along the Brazilian coast. The results reveal that metals detected in seafood tissue collected in the fishing ban area are not significantly different than other reference areas or from commercially available seafood. This result indicates that elevated metal concentrations in seafood are a regional problem, unrelated to the Event. Higher concentrations of metals in fish in reference areas outside of the fishing ban area as well as in commercial seafood markets demonstrates that the risk management approach of a localized fishing ban is ineffective for reducing risk to the population related to seafood consumption. .展开更多
Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome.Imbalance or dysbiosis in g...Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome.Imbalance or dysbiosis in gut bacteria can cause dysregulation in gut homeostasis that subsequently activates the immune system,which leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Neuromediators,including both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides,may contribute to the development of aberrant immune response.They are emerging as a regulator of inflammatory processes and play a key role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Neuromediators may influence immune cell’s function via the receptors present on these cells.The cytokines secreted by the immune cells,in turn,regulate the neuronal functions by binding with their receptors present on sensory neurons.This bidirectional communication of the enteric nervous system and the enteric immune system is involved in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory pathways.Alterations in gut bacteria influence the level of neuromediators in the colon,which may affect the gastrointestinal inflammation in a disease condition.Changed neuromediators concentration via dysbiosis in gut microbiota is one of the novel approaches to understand the pathogenesis of IBD.In this article,we reviewed the existing knowledge on the role of neuromediators governing the pathogenesis of IBD,focusing on the reciprocal relationship among the gut microbiota,neuromediators,and host immunity.Understanding the neuromediators and host-microbiota interactions would give a better insight in to the disease pathophysiology and help in developing the new therapeutic approaches for the disease.展开更多
文摘Investigations on malaria outbreaks and role of sibling species complex of principal rural malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies were carried out in villages in north Karnataka, India from 1997 through 2014. Information regarding densities, resting and breeding habitats of malaria vectors prevalent in the area was also generated so as to formulate an appropriate vector control strategy. The Slide Positivity Rate (SPR), Slide Falciparum Rate (SFR) and Pf proportion was 43.1%, 35.9% and 83.3%, respectively. Three sibling species A, B, and C of An. culicifacies were found sympatric with cumulative percent composition of 63.7, 28.2 and 8.1, respectively. Per man hour and per structure densities of An. culicifacies, An. culicifacies and An. culicifacies varied from 0 to 27.5 and 0 to 56.0, 0 to 0.5 and 0 to 7.0 and, 0 to 2.5 and 0 to 7.5, respectively. The proportion of semi-gravid and gravid females was more as compared to fully fed and unfed females which indicated that most of the females rested indoor. Streams/river, wells, seepages and irrigation tanks are the major habitats supporting breeding of An. culicifacies. Integrated vector managements by indoor residual spraying of effective insecticide as per national guidelines along with biological control methods especially use of larvivorous fish Gambusia affinis and Poecilia reticulate are suggested to control malaria in the area.
文摘<span style="font-family:Verdana;"><strong>Background:</strong> The outbreak of COVID-19 has continued to threaten the existence of the human race. The novelty and unstable epidemiologic pattern of the virus had generated so much concern among the global health experts. These concerns were found to be escalated among the frontline health care workers to the extent of impeding the timeliness of the response activities. To slow down the spread of the already established community transmission through the surveillance activities, the concern of the health workers at the community level needs to be addressed. Therefore, this study assessed the concern about COVID-19 pandemic among primary health workers in Oyo State, Nigeria. <strong>Methods:</strong> This was an online cross-sectional survey conducted among primary health care workers in Oyo State between March and April 2020. Using a two-stage sampling technique, we recruited 284 respondents. A semi-structured questionnaire linked to the Google form was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS version 25;bivariate analysis was done using Chi-square and binary logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of health workers’ concern at 5% level of significance. <strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of respondents was 45.0 ± 9.0 years. The proportion of the respondents who had good knowledge of COVID-19 was 52.5%. In the domains of concern, 66.9%, 53.2%, 51.4%, and 46.5% of the respondents expressed government-related, self-satisfaction related, work-related and social-status related concerns respectively. Male respondents were less likely to express concern about COVID-19 compared with their female counterparts (aOR = 0.39, 95% CI = 0.20 - 0.76). Nurses/midwives (aOR = 0.21, 95% CI = 0.05 - 0.85) had lesser likelihood of expressing concern about COVID-19 while middle staff (aOR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.18 - 5.39) and income earner of ≥N200,000 (aOR = 2.3, 95% CI = 1.34 - 3.92) had higher likelihood of expressing concern about COVID-19. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The study highlights an average knowledge of COVID-19 among the respondents. Government-related and self-satisfaction related concerns were expressed by the majority of the Primary Health Care (PHC) workers. Now that the second wave of COVID-19 is moving with much more fatality across much of Africa, including Nigeria, it is therefore imperative to address these concerns through a holistic policy that addresses the welfare, safety and capacity building of the health care workers (HCWs).</span>
文摘Fog deposition is a notable component of the water budget of herbaceous-shrub ecosystems on the central and southern coastal regions of California. This paper presents an analysis of fog water deposition rates and meteorological controls in Big Sur, California. Mesh-screen fog collectors were installed the Brazil Ranch weather station sites to measure fog water during the summer seasons of 2010 and 2011. Fog deposition occurred during 73% of days recorded in 2010 and 87% of days recorded in 2011. The daily average deposition rate was 2.29 L/m2 in 2010 and 3.86 L/m2 in 2011. The meteorological variables which had the greatest influence on prediction of fog deposition were wind speed, wind direction, and the dew-point depression (difference between air temperature and dew point). Based on these results, we hypothesize that high rates of summer fog deposition help sustain the productivity of California coastal vegetation through periods of low rainfall.
文摘On November 5, 2015, the Fundão Dam breached (the “Event”), releasing water, tailings, dam construction material, and debris to downstream watercourses. Over 20 million cubic meters of fine particles from the tailings, as well as scoured soil and sediments, reached the Rio Doce estuary and surrounding marine area 17 days later. Fishing was banned by the Federal Court of Espírito Santo in February 2016. The fishing ban area included the coastal area near the mouth of the Rio Doce and seaward to a depth of 25 meters, south to Barra do Riacho, and north to Degredo Beach. In June 2019, the Brazilian health agency, Anvisa, published a risk assessment for fish consumption which recommended daily consumption limits for fish of 200 grams for adults and 50 grams for children for both continental and coastal areas of the Rio Doce basin. Comparative analyses were performed between metal concentrations in marine fish and crustaceans collected in the banned fishing area to reference areas and commercialized seafood markets along the Brazilian coast. The results reveal that metals detected in seafood tissue collected in the fishing ban area are not significantly different than other reference areas or from commercially available seafood. This result indicates that elevated metal concentrations in seafood are a regional problem, unrelated to the Event. Higher concentrations of metals in fish in reference areas outside of the fishing ban area as well as in commercial seafood markets demonstrates that the risk management approach of a localized fishing ban is ineffective for reducing risk to the population related to seafood consumption. .
文摘Microbes colonize the gastrointestinal tract are considered as highest complex ecosystem because of having diverse bacterial species and 150 times more genes as compared to the human genome.Imbalance or dysbiosis in gut bacteria can cause dysregulation in gut homeostasis that subsequently activates the immune system,which leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).Neuromediators,including both neurotransmitters and neuropeptides,may contribute to the development of aberrant immune response.They are emerging as a regulator of inflammatory processes and play a key role in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.Neuromediators may influence immune cell’s function via the receptors present on these cells.The cytokines secreted by the immune cells,in turn,regulate the neuronal functions by binding with their receptors present on sensory neurons.This bidirectional communication of the enteric nervous system and the enteric immune system is involved in regulating the magnitude of inflammatory pathways.Alterations in gut bacteria influence the level of neuromediators in the colon,which may affect the gastrointestinal inflammation in a disease condition.Changed neuromediators concentration via dysbiosis in gut microbiota is one of the novel approaches to understand the pathogenesis of IBD.In this article,we reviewed the existing knowledge on the role of neuromediators governing the pathogenesis of IBD,focusing on the reciprocal relationship among the gut microbiota,neuromediators,and host immunity.Understanding the neuromediators and host-microbiota interactions would give a better insight in to the disease pathophysiology and help in developing the new therapeutic approaches for the disease.
