This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of live yeast and yeast cell wall polysaccharides on growth performance,rumen function and plasma lipopolysaccharides(LPS) content and immunity parameters of be...This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of live yeast and yeast cell wall polysaccharides on growth performance,rumen function and plasma lipopolysaccharides(LPS) content and immunity parameters of beef cattle.Forty Qinchuan cattle were randomly assigned to one of four treatments with 10 replicates in each treatment.The dietary treatments were: control diet(CTR),CTR supplemented with 1 g live yeast(2×10^10 live cell g^-1 per cattle per day(YST1),CTR supplemented with 2 g live yeast per cattle per day(YST2) and CTR supplemented with 20 g of yeast cell wall polysaccharides(30.0%≤β-glucan≤35.0%,and 28.0%≤mannanoligosaccharide≤32.0%) per cattle per day(YCW).The average daily gain was higher(P=0.023) and feed conversion ratio was lower(P=0.042) for the YST2 than the CTR.The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber(P=0.039) and acid detergent fiber(P=0.016) were higher in yeast supplemented groups.The acetic acid:propionic acid of the YST2 was lower compared with the CTR(P=0.033).Plasma LPS(P=0.032),acute phase protein haptoglobin(P=0.033),plasma amyloid A(P=0.015) and histamine(P=0.038) were lower in the YST2 compared with the CTR.The copies of fibrolytic microbial populations such as Fibrobacter succinogenes S85,Ruminococcus albus 7 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 of the YST2 were higher(P<0.001),while the copies of typical lactate producing bacteria Streptococcus bovis JB1 was lower(P<0.001) compared with the CTR.Little differences were observed between the CTR,YST1 and YCW in growth performance,ruminal fermentation characteristics,microbial populations,immunity indices and total tract nutrient digestibility.It is concluded that the YST2 could promote fibrolytic microbial populations,decrease starch-utilizing bacteria,reduce LPS production in the rumen and LPS absorption into plasma and decrease inflammatory parameters,which can lead to an improvement in growth performance in beef cattle.展开更多
This study investigated the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) gas emissions(N_2O,NH_3,CO_2 and CH_4) from solid pig manure management in China.Gas emissions were quantified from static piles over 60 days during summer in Chin...This study investigated the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) gas emissions(N_2O,NH_3,CO_2 and CH_4) from solid pig manure management in China.Gas emissions were quantified from static piles over 60 days during summer in China's Yangtze River Basin,using Drager-Tube and static chamber-gas chromatography techniques.High emissions of NH_3 and N_2 O were observed at the early stage of storage,but high emission of CH_4 occured later during storage.Overall,62% of the total C in the original pile was lost; CO_2 and CH_4 emissions accounted for 57 and 0.2% of C lost respectively.Over the same time,41% of the total N in the original pile was lost; NH_3 and N_2 O emissions accounted for 15 and 0.3% of N lost respectively.The volatilization of NH_3 during storage in summer was 4.56 g NH_3 per kg dry weight.The total greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions during storage accounted for 67.93 g CO_2 equivalent per kg dry weight; N_2 O and CH_4 contributed to 46 and 55% of total GHG emissions respectively.Given China's major role in pig production,further attention should given to pig manure management to mitigate its contribution to atmospheric pollution.展开更多
Background: While agriculture has taken much environmental water in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, agricultural expansion has resulted in a vast number of farm dams, almost three-quarters of a million in the Mu...Background: While agriculture has taken much environmental water in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, agricultural expansion has resulted in a vast number of farm dams, almost three-quarters of a million in the Murray-Darling Basin alone.Methods: Over a summer we studied(1) waterbird abundance and species richness and(2) the influence of biophysical and landscape characteristics across 49 farm dams at a large mixed-enterprise farm in northern Victoria on the southern reach of the Murray-Darling Basin.Results: On average, dams were found to host 27.1 ± 71.1 individuals/ha and 1.8 ± 2.9 species per pond. Such densities are comparable to those on natural wetlands. Dam surface area and perimeter and amount of vegetation were positively and strongly correlated with the Rallidae density(birds/ha), but no other parameters were strongly correlated with any other functional group. The landscape in which the dams were embedded had a highly significant effect(p < 0.001) on the number of birds found on a dam.Conclusions: Our research needs to be complemented with further studies in other parts of the Basin and on other taxa, but given at our site they supported similar densities of individuals and species to natural wetlands, and given the fact that there are 710,539 farm dams in the Murray-Darling Basin, which hosts much of Australia's waterbird fauna, it is reasonable to suggest that farm dams are overlooked, and possibly very important, avian biodiversity hotspots. It also highlights the importance of a landscape setting, in which dams are situated, on the number of birds using the dams.展开更多
The aim of this prospective blinded study was to evaluate an automated algorithm for spike-andwave discharge（SWD） detection applied to EEGs from genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg（GAERS）.Five GAERS unde...The aim of this prospective blinded study was to evaluate an automated algorithm for spike-andwave discharge（SWD） detection applied to EEGs from genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg（GAERS）.Five GAERS underwent four sessions of 20-min EEG recording.Each EEG was manually analyzed for SWDs longer than one second by two investigators and automatically using an algorithm developed in MATLAB（？）.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value（PPV）,and negative predictive value（NPV） were calculated for the manual（reference） versus the automatic（test） methods.The results showed that the algorithm had specificity,sensitivity,PPV and NPV 〉94%,comparable to published methods that are based on analyzing EEG changes in the frequency domain.This provides a good alternative as a method designed to mimic human manual marking in the time domain.展开更多
Background: There is evidence that sow heat stress(HS) during gestation affects fetal development with implications for impaired muscle growth. We have previously demonstrated that maternal HS during early to midgesta...Background: There is evidence that sow heat stress(HS) during gestation affects fetal development with implications for impaired muscle growth. We have previously demonstrated that maternal HS during early to midgestation compromised muscle fibre hyperplasia in developing fetal pigs. Thus, we hypothesised these phenotypic changes are associated with a change in expression of genes regulating fetal skeletal muscle development and metabolism. To test this, at d 60 of gestation, RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry were performed on fetal longissimus dorsi(LD) muscle biopsies collected from pregnant gilts that had experienced either thermoneutral control(CON, 20 ℃, n = 7 gilts, 18 LD samples) or controlled HS(cyclic 28 to 33 ℃, n = 8 gilts, 23 LD samples)conditions for 3 weeks.Results: A total of 282 genes were differentially expressed between the HS and CON groups in female LD muscles(false discovery rate(FDR) ≤ 0.05), whereas no differentially expressed genes were detected in male LD muscles between the two groups(FDR > 0.05). Gestational HS increased the expression of genes associated with transcription corepressor activity, adipogenesis cascades, negative regulation of angiogenesis and pro-inflammatory signalling in female LD muscles. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed a decreased muscle vascularity density in fetuses from HS group for both sexes compared to those from the CON group(P = 0.004).Conclusions: These results reveal gilt HS during early to mid-gestation altered gene expression profiles in fetal LD muscles in a sexually dimorphic manner. The molecular responses, including transcription and angiogenesis repressions and enhanced adipogenesis cascades, were exclusively observed in females. However, the associated reductions in muscle vascularity were observed independently of sexes. Collectively this may indicate female fetal pigs are more adaptive to gestational HS in terms of gene expression changes, and/or there may be sexually dimorphic differences with respect to the timing of muscle molecular responses to gestational HS.展开更多
The application of animal manure as a source of plant nutrients requires the determination of the amount and pattern of nutrient mineralization from manure.A laboratory incubation study was conducted to investigate th...The application of animal manure as a source of plant nutrients requires the determination of the amount and pattern of nutrient mineralization from manure.A laboratory incubation study was conducted to investigate the influence of lignite amendment and lignite type on carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)mineralization in raw(feedstock)and composted cattle manure following application to soil at 30 and 60 t ha^(-1).The mineralization of C and N was determined by measuring changes in CO_(2) evolution and mineral N(NH_(4)^(+)-N+NO_(3)^(-)-N)over 40 d.The results showed that lignite amendment suppressed the amount of manure C mineralized in both feedstock and compost,with the effect being more pronounced in the compost.Over the 40-d incubation,the percentage of applied C mineralized was 26.4%-27.8%and 16.3%-21.4%in unamended and lignite-amended feedstocks,respectively.The corresponding C mineralized in the composts was 12.4%-14.1%and 3.5%-6.5%.Lignite had no significant effect on the net N mineralized in compost(4.8%-6.7%and2.5%-7.8%in unamended and lignite-amended composts,respectively).Lignite had either no effect or increased the net N mineralized in feedstock(from3.2%-8.7%without lignite to 10.4%-13.5%)depending on the type of lignite used.This study suggests that using lignite-amended manure,especially when composted,has the potential to build up soil organic C without limiting the availability of mineral N.展开更多
Enrichment of yogurt with lactose addition may increase the growth of the yogurt starter culture (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) and enhance yogurt physico-chemical and senso...Enrichment of yogurt with lactose addition may increase the growth of the yogurt starter culture (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) and enhance yogurt physico-chemical and sensory attributes. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of added lactose on the 1) physico-chemical characteristics, including the final lactose content of yogurt, during its shelf life;2) growth of the yogurt starter culture over yogurt shelf life and 3) the sensory attributes of yogurt. Fat free plain set-type yogurt was manufactured using 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% w/w added lactose to accomplish objectives 1 and 2. For objective 3, a blueberry yogurt was manufactured using the same lactose levels. Analyses for plain set-type yogurt were conducted at 7 days intervals during 35 days of storage. Sensory evaluation was conducted on flavored yogurt three days after its manufacture. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed model of SAS®9.3 program. Significant differences between means were analyzed at α = 0.05 using Tukey adjustment. Lactose addition influenced some of the yogurt characteristics in a positive manner. Lactose contents of yogurts with lactose added at 1%, 3% and 5% stayed higher in that proportion than control throughout the 35 days of storage. Yogurts containing 5% w/w added lactose had the lowest pH. Yogurts containing 5% w/w added lactose had significantly the highest syneresis values compared to 0%, 1% and 3% w/w added lactose during storage period at day 7 and from day 21 onwards. Use of 5% w/w added lactose resulted in significantly higher counts of Streptococcus thermophilus compared to control and this bacterial survival was the highest for 1% w/w added lactose compared to the rest. The overall liking scores indicated that yogurts containing added lactose were preferred over control. For taste, sourness and sweetness samples containing added lactose had higher scores than control. The consumer acceptability of yogurts increased as lactose addition increased. The acceptability of yogurts and purchase intent frequency scores markedly increased with the addition of lactose.展开更多
This experiment aims to study the effects and modifications that occurred on acoustic signal harmonics when travelling through wood. The experiment measured the output amplitudes and frequencies of the travelling sign...This experiment aims to study the effects and modifications that occurred on acoustic signal harmonics when travelling through wood. The experiment measured the output amplitudes and frequencies of the travelling signals and compared them with the original input signal. The factors under investigation in this experiment included: wood type, wood moisture content (MC), input signal frequencies, signal travelling distance and wood condition (wood with/without cracks). The experiment findings demonstrated that higher input signal frequencies results in higher attenuation of acoustic emissions (AE) travelling through the wood. The results also indicate that: wood type, MC, the signal’s travelling distance, and the orientation of the travelling signal, compared to the wood’s grain direction, affected the signal propagation.展开更多
Dry–rewetting（DW） disturbance frequently occurs in soils due to rainfall and irrigation, and the frequency of DW cycles might exert significant influences on soil microbial communities and their mediated functions....Dry–rewetting（DW） disturbance frequently occurs in soils due to rainfall and irrigation, and the frequency of DW cycles might exert significant influences on soil microbial communities and their mediated functions. However, how microorganisms respond to DW alternations in soils with a history of heavy metal pollution remains largely unknown.Here, soil laboratory microcosms were constructed to explore the impacts of ten DW cycles on the soil microbial communities in two contrasting soils（fluvo-aquic soil and red soil）under three copper concentrations（zero, medium and high）. Results showed that the fluctuations of substrate induced respiration（SIR） decreased with repeated cycles of DW alternation. Furthermore, the resistance values of substrate induced respiration（RS-SIR）were highest in non-copper-stressed（zero） soils. Structural equation model（SEM） analysis ascertained that the shifts of bacterial communities determined the changes of RS-SIR in both soils. The rate of bacterial community variance was significantly lower in noncopper-stressed soil compared to the other two copper-stressed（medium and high） soils,which might lead to the higher RS-SIR in the fluvo-aquic soil. As for the red soil, the substantial increase of the dominant group WPS-2 after DW disturbance might result in the low RS-SIR in the high copper-stressed soil. Moreover, in both soils, the bacterial diversity was highest in non-copper-stressed soils. Our results revealed that initial copper stress could decrease the resistance of soil microbial community structure and function to subsequent DW disturbance.展开更多
ABA receptors(PYR/PYL/RCAR)play a central role in the water loss control of plants.A previous report indicated that TaPYL4 is a critical gene in wheat that improves grain production under drought conditions and increa...ABA receptors(PYR/PYL/RCAR)play a central role in the water loss control of plants.A previous report indicated that TaPYL4 is a critical gene in wheat that improves grain production under drought conditions and increases water use efficiency.In this study,we analyzed the sequence polymorphisms and genetic effects of TaPYL4s.Based on isolated TaPYL4 genes from chromosomes 2A,2B and 2D,three haplotypes were detected in the promoter region of TaPYL4-2A,and two haplotypes were present in TaPYL4-2B and TaPYL4-2D,respectively.Marker/trait association analysis indicated that TaPYL4-2A was significantly associated with plant height in 262 Chinese wheat core collection accessions,as well as the drought tolerance coefficient(DTC)for plant height in 239 wheat varieties from Shanxi Province in multiple environments.However,the frequencies of favored drought-tolerant haplotype TaPYL4-2A-Hap2 were considerably low,accounting for only 10%,and lines with this certain Hap could be reserved in the breeding program.TaPYL4-2B was significantly associated with grain number,and the favored haplotype TaPYL4-2B-Hap1 was the dominant allele of above 90% in the collection.For TaPYL4-2D,there were no significant differences in these traits between the two haplotypes in either of the two panels.These results indicate that variation might lead to functional differentiation among the homoeologs and the haplotypes had undergone artificial selection during breeding.Two molecular markers developed to distinguish these haplotypes could be used for breeding in water-limited regions.展开更多
Aqueous solutions of tertiary amines are promising absorbents for CO2 capture,as they are typically characterized by a high absorption capacity,low heat of reaction,and low corrosivity.However,tertiary amines also exh...Aqueous solutions of tertiary amines are promising absorbents for CO2 capture,as they are typically characterized by a high absorption capacity,low heat of reaction,and low corrosivity.However,tertiary amines also exhibit very low kinetics of CO2 absorption,which has made them unattractive options for large-scale utilization.Here,a series of novel nanoporous carbonaceous promoters(NCPs)with different properties were synthesized,characterized,and used as rate promoters for CO2 absorption in aqueous N,N-diethylethanolamine(DEEA)solutions.To prepare a DEEA–NCP nanofluid,NCPs were dispersed into aqueous 3 mol∙L1 DEEA solution using ultrasonication.The results revealed that among microporous(GC)and mesoporous(GS)carbonaceous structures functionalized with ethylenediamine(EDA)and polyethyleneimine(PEI)molecules,the GC–EDA promoter exhibited the best performance.A comparison between DEEA–GC–EDA nanofluid and typical aqueous DEEA solutions highlighted that the GC-EDA promoter enhances the rate of CO2 absorption at 40C by 38.6%(36.8–50.7 kPamin1)and improves the equilibrium CO2 absorption capacity(15 kPa;40C)by 13.2%(0.69–0.78 mol of CO2 per mole of DEEA).Moreover,the recyclability of DEEA–GC–EDA nanofluid was determined and a promotion mechanism is suggested.The outcomes demonstrate that NCP–GC–EDA in tertiary amines is a promising strategy to enhance the rate of CO2 absorption and facilitate their large-scale deployment.展开更多
Lactose, the sugar naturally present in milk, provides energy to lactic acid bacteria used in fermented dairy foods. Increasing concentrations of lactose may improve survivability of lactic acid bacteria in the dairy ...Lactose, the sugar naturally present in milk, provides energy to lactic acid bacteria used in fermented dairy foods. Increasing concentrations of lactose may improve survivability of lactic acid bacteria in the dairy foods and in human gut enhancing their probiotic benefits. Acid tolerance is an important probiotic characteristic. The objective was to determine the influence of lactose on acid tolerance of yogurt starter culture </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Streptococcus thermophiles</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ST-M5 and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> LB-12. The M 17 broth was used for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Streptococcus thermophiles</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ST-M5 and MRS broth was used for</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LB-12</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Lactose was added to both broths at 0% (control), 1%, 3%, and 5% (wt/vol). Both broths were acidified to pH 2.0. Upon sterilizing and tempering, both broths were inoculated. Acid tolerance </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determined as viable counts in acidified broths after 120 minutes of incubations. In an incubation period of 2 hours, dilutions were plated every 30 minutes. Three replications were conducted. The highest acid tolerance for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Streptococcus thermophiles</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ST-M5 and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> LB-12, was observed in lactose concentration of 3% and 5% (wt/vol).展开更多
A complete reference genome assembly is crucial for biological research and genetic improvement. Owing to its large size and highly repetitive nature, there are numerous gaps in the globally used wheat Chinese Spring ...A complete reference genome assembly is crucial for biological research and genetic improvement. Owing to its large size and highly repetitive nature, there are numerous gaps in the globally used wheat Chinese Spring (CS) genome assembly. In this study, we generated a 14.46 Gb near-complete assembly of the CS genome, with a contig N50 of over 266 Mb and an overall base accuracy of 99.9963%. Among the 290 gaps that remained (26, 257, and 7 gaps from the A, B, and D subgenomes, respectively), 278 were extremely high-copy tandem repeats, whereas the remaining 12 were transposable-element-associated gaps. Four chromosome assemblies were completely gap-free, including chr1D, chr3D, chr4D, and chr5D. Extensive annotation of the near-complete genome revealed 151 405 high-confidence genes, of which 59 180 were newly annotated, including 7602 newly assembled genes. Except for the centromere of chr1B, which has a gap associated with superlong GAA repeat arrays, the centromeric sequences of all of the remaining 20 chromosomes were completely assembled. Our near-complete assembly revealed that the extent of tandem repeats, such as simple-sequence repeats, was highly uneven among different subgenomes. Similarly, the repeat compositions of the centromeres also varied among the three subgenomes. With the genome sequences of all six types of seed storage proteins (SSPs) fully assembled, the expression of ω-gliadin was found to be contributed entirely by the B subgenome, whereas the expression of the other five types of SSPs was most abundant from the D subgenome. The near-complete CS genome will serve as a valuable resource for genomic and functional genomic research and breeding of wheat as well as its related species.展开更多
This experiment was conducted to investigate growth performance,carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs with dietary β-glucan supplementation.A total of 96 healthy pigs(Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire;initial ...This experiment was conducted to investigate growth performance,carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs with dietary β-glucan supplementation.A total of 96 healthy pigs(Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire;initial average BW=25 kg) were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet,and the experimental diets were supplemented with 50,100 and 200 mg/kg Agrobacterium sp.ZX09β-glucan,respectively.The experiment lasted 103 d.The basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg β-glucan significantly increased average daily gain and feed conversion ratio,probably due to the improved digestibility of dry matter,gross energy and crude protein(P <0.05).Beta-glucan supplementation from100 to 200 mg/kg of diet significantly increased carcass length(P <0.05).The basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg β-glucan supplementation also significantly(P <0.05) increased muscle pH,reduced drip losses and increased a~*values.The basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg β-glucan increased the content of intramuscular fat and changed the proportion of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid,thereby improved the flavor of meat.In conclusion,the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg Agrobacterium sp.ZX09 β-glucan improves growth performance,nutrient digestibility,carcass length,and pork quality of finishing pigs.展开更多
The production performance and financial outcomes associated with weaner diet complexity for pigs of different weight classes at weaning were examined in this experiment. A total of 720 weaner pigs(360 entire males an...The production performance and financial outcomes associated with weaner diet complexity for pigs of different weight classes at weaning were examined in this experiment. A total of 720 weaner pigs(360 entire males and 360 females) were selected at weaning(27 ± 3 d) and allocated to pens of 10 based on individual weaning weight(light weaning weight: pigs below 6.5 kg; medium weaning weight: 6.5 to8 kg; heavy weaning weight: above 8.5 kg). Pens were then allocated in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the respective factors being weaning weight(heavy, medium and light; H, M and L,respectively), weaner diet complexity(high complexity/cost, HC; low complexity/cost, LC), and gender(male and female). Common diets were fed to both treatment groups during the final 4 weeks of the weaner period(a period of 39 days). In the first 6 d after weaning, pigs offered the HC diets gained weight faster and used feed more efficiently than those offered the LC diets(P = 0.031). Pigs fed a HC diet after weaning tended to be heavier at the sale live weight of 123 d of age compared with pigs fed the LC diet(P = 0.056). There were no other main effects of the feeding program on growth performance through to slaughter. Weaning weight had a profound influence on lifetime growth performance and weight at 123 d of age, with H pigs at weaning increasing their weight advantage over the M and L pigs(101.3,97.1, 89.6 kg respectively, P < 0.001). Cost-benefit analyses suggested there was a minimal benefit in terms of cost per unit live weight gain over lifetime when pigs were offered a HC feeding program to L,with a lower feed cost/kg gain. The results from this investigation confirm the impact of weaning weight on lifetime growth performance, and suggest that a HC feeding program should be focused on L weaner pigs(i.e., weaning weight less than 6.5 kg at 27 d of age) in order to maximise financial returns.展开更多
Grapes(Vitis Vinifera)are one of the world's most utilised and prized fruit.Grapes are a great source of antioxidants due to the abundance of phenolic compounds.Grape pulp is the main part of the grape being consu...Grapes(Vitis Vinifera)are one of the world's most utilised and prized fruit.Grapes are a great source of antioxidants due to the abundance of phenolic compounds.Grape pulp is the main part of the grape being consumed.The pulp of five Australian grown grapes–Dawn Seedless(DS),Calmeria(CG),Golden Globe(GG),Menindee Seedless(MS),and Thompson Seedless(TS)will be qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for its phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity.The general trend followed:GG>TS>MS>DS>CG,and the phenolic content of the pulp also presented a significant positive correlation with the antioxidant capacity.GG revealing the highest levels of TPC(4.31±0.11 mg GAE/g)and TFC(0.48±0.09 mg QE/g)while TS were highest in TTC(0.94±0.12 mg CE/g).Similarly,GG exhibited higher antioxidant capacity in DPPH(5.84±0.17 mg AAE/g),FRAP(4.91±0.14 mg AAE/g),and TAC(6.78±0.12 mg AAE/g),while TS revealed highest radical scavenging ability for ABTS(4.56±0.19 mg AAE/g).The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS tentatively identified 78 phenolic compounds consisting of flavonoids(36),phenolic acids(31),lignans(3),stilbenes(1),and other polyphenols(7)in five grapes samples.Ten most abundant fruit-based targeted polyphenols were quantified.GG had a higher phenolic concentration in HPLC-PDA quantification,particularly for phenolic acids(gallic acid and chlorogenic acid)and flavonoids(kaempferol).Our study provides relatively adequate information on grape pulp's phenolic content and antioxidant capacity,providing confidence and research prospects to promote grape pulp use in different food,pharmaceutical and supplement industries,and even influencing grape cultivation.展开更多
This study was to determine the apparent ileal nitrogen(N)and amino acid digestibilities of cottonseed meal(CSM)and soybean meal(SBM)in simple carbohydrate-based and more complex wheat-based diets.Twenty five Large Wh...This study was to determine the apparent ileal nitrogen(N)and amino acid digestibilities of cottonseed meal(CSM)and soybean meal(SBM)in simple carbohydrate-based and more complex wheat-based diets.Twenty five Large White × Landrace boars(40.9 kg)were randomly allocated to one of 5 dietary treatments:a wheat diet,40% CSM in either a sugar:starch(1:1)or wheat-based diet,or 40% SBM in either a sugar:starch or wheat-based diet for 14 d.All diets contained vitamins,minerals,and contained acid-insoluble ash(AIA)and Cr2 O3 as indigestible markers.Rations were offered(1,800 g/pig per d)in3 meals/d on d 1-11 and 8 meals/d on d 12-13.On d 14,the pigs were fed hourly for 8 h.After the 8 th meal,pigs were anaesthetised with isoflurothane,and ileal and faecal digesta sampled from the terminal ileum and rectum before lethal injection of barbiturate.Apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of N was greater(12.1%)when CSM was fed in the wheat-based diet as compared to the simple carbohydrate-based diet,whereas apparent ileal N digestibility of SBM was slightly lower(-4.5%)in the wheat-based diet as compared to the sugar:starch-based diet.Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility generally respondeds similarly to N.Therefore,while there was a wide difference in apparent N and amino acid digestibilities of SBM and CSM when they were fed in the sugar:starch-based diets,these differences were less apparent when they were fed the wheat-based diet.There was an apparent net release of N into the hindgut of pigs fed CSM in both base diets.Conversely,there was quite substantial apparent digestion of N in the hindgut of pigs fed SBM in both base diets.The use of Cr2 O3 as an indigestible marker resulted in lower apparent ileal and faecal digestibilities than using AIA,particularly for diets containing CSM.These data demonstrate that the basal diet and choice of indigestible marker can substantially influence the estimate of apparent N digestibility,this response can differ for different protein meals.展开更多
Coffee is one of the most prevalent and functional beverages around world owing to its rich content of bioactive compounds.Phenolic compounds and alkaloids are two primary groups of bioactive compounds in coffee beans...Coffee is one of the most prevalent and functional beverages around world owing to its rich content of bioactive compounds.Phenolic compounds and alkaloids are two primary groups of bioactive compounds in coffee beans,which have been proven healthy benefits in regular and suitable daily consumption.They have been recognized as protective factors,especially phenolic compounds,to perform high antioxidant capacities and potential to relieve the occurrence of chronic diseases and partial cancer.The content and composition of bioactive and anti-nutritional compounds in coffee beans can be mainly influenced by variety,processing and storage conditions.The cultivar of Arabica coffee beans(C.arabica)exhibits lower content of phenolic compounds but similar anti-nutritional substances with the comparison to Robusta(C.canephora).Comparing to green coffee beans,reasonable roasting contributes to the improvement of phenolic content and its total antioxidant activity because of the liberation of bound phenolic compounds and the generation of novel compounds with antioxidant activity.Over intensive roasting will not only decrease the number of bioactive compounds within the coffee beans but also stimulate the generation of endogenous anti-nutritional compounds,which consequently reduce the coffee nutritional value.The fluctuations of moisture content during storage would be the primary reason of the changes in the content of bioactive compounds.Phenolic compounds in coffee beans perform outstanding bioaccessibility but relatively lower absorption efficiency because of the combination with other molecules.Suitable roasting would improve the bioavailability of bioactive compounds.The interaction between phenolic compounds and proteins would also influence the bioavailability and bioactivity of bioactive compounds and final nutritional value after consumption.展开更多
基金the financial support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFD0502005)the support of the Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Start-up Fund, The University of Melbourne, Australia
文摘This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of live yeast and yeast cell wall polysaccharides on growth performance,rumen function and plasma lipopolysaccharides(LPS) content and immunity parameters of beef cattle.Forty Qinchuan cattle were randomly assigned to one of four treatments with 10 replicates in each treatment.The dietary treatments were: control diet(CTR),CTR supplemented with 1 g live yeast(2×10^10 live cell g^-1 per cattle per day(YST1),CTR supplemented with 2 g live yeast per cattle per day(YST2) and CTR supplemented with 20 g of yeast cell wall polysaccharides(30.0%≤β-glucan≤35.0%,and 28.0%≤mannanoligosaccharide≤32.0%) per cattle per day(YCW).The average daily gain was higher(P=0.023) and feed conversion ratio was lower(P=0.042) for the YST2 than the CTR.The digestibility of neutral detergent fiber(P=0.039) and acid detergent fiber(P=0.016) were higher in yeast supplemented groups.The acetic acid:propionic acid of the YST2 was lower compared with the CTR(P=0.033).Plasma LPS(P=0.032),acute phase protein haptoglobin(P=0.033),plasma amyloid A(P=0.015) and histamine(P=0.038) were lower in the YST2 compared with the CTR.The copies of fibrolytic microbial populations such as Fibrobacter succinogenes S85,Ruminococcus albus 7 and Ruminococcus flavefaciens FD-1 of the YST2 were higher(P<0.001),while the copies of typical lactate producing bacteria Streptococcus bovis JB1 was lower(P<0.001) compared with the CTR.Little differences were observed between the CTR,YST1 and YCW in growth performance,ruminal fermentation characteristics,microbial populations,immunity indices and total tract nutrient digestibility.It is concluded that the YST2 could promote fibrolytic microbial populations,decrease starch-utilizing bacteria,reduce LPS production in the rumen and LPS absorption into plasma and decrease inflammatory parameters,which can lead to an improvement in growth performance in beef cattle.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2016YFE0101100,2016YFD0201204,2017YFD0201801)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41671303)+3 种基金the Fund amental Research Funds for Central Non-profit Scientific Institution of China (1610132016042)the Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China (201303103)the National Basic Research Program of China (973 Program,2012CB417100)the Australia-China Joint Research Centre-Healthy Soils for Sustainable Food Production and Environmental Quality jointly funded by the Australian Department of Industry,Innovation and Science (ACSRF48165)
文摘This study investigated the carbon(C) and nitrogen(N) gas emissions(N_2O,NH_3,CO_2 and CH_4) from solid pig manure management in China.Gas emissions were quantified from static piles over 60 days during summer in China's Yangtze River Basin,using Drager-Tube and static chamber-gas chromatography techniques.High emissions of NH_3 and N_2 O were observed at the early stage of storage,but high emission of CH_4 occured later during storage.Overall,62% of the total C in the original pile was lost; CO_2 and CH_4 emissions accounted for 57 and 0.2% of C lost respectively.Over the same time,41% of the total N in the original pile was lost; NH_3 and N_2 O emissions accounted for 15 and 0.3% of N lost respectively.The volatilization of NH_3 during storage in summer was 4.56 g NH_3 per kg dry weight.The total greenhouse gas(GHG) emissions during storage accounted for 67.93 g CO_2 equivalent per kg dry weight; N_2 O and CH_4 contributed to 46 and 55% of total GHG emissions respectively.Given China's major role in pig production,further attention should given to pig manure management to mitigate its contribution to atmospheric pollution.
文摘Background: While agriculture has taken much environmental water in Australia's Murray-Darling Basin, agricultural expansion has resulted in a vast number of farm dams, almost three-quarters of a million in the Murray-Darling Basin alone.Methods: Over a summer we studied(1) waterbird abundance and species richness and(2) the influence of biophysical and landscape characteristics across 49 farm dams at a large mixed-enterprise farm in northern Victoria on the southern reach of the Murray-Darling Basin.Results: On average, dams were found to host 27.1 ± 71.1 individuals/ha and 1.8 ± 2.9 species per pond. Such densities are comparable to those on natural wetlands. Dam surface area and perimeter and amount of vegetation were positively and strongly correlated with the Rallidae density(birds/ha), but no other parameters were strongly correlated with any other functional group. The landscape in which the dams were embedded had a highly significant effect(p < 0.001) on the number of birds found on a dam.Conclusions: Our research needs to be complemented with further studies in other parts of the Basin and on other taxa, but given at our site they supported similar densities of individuals and species to natural wetlands, and given the fact that there are 710,539 farm dams in the Murray-Darling Basin, which hosts much of Australia's waterbird fauna, it is reasonable to suggest that farm dams are overlooked, and possibly very important, avian biodiversity hotspots. It also highlights the importance of a landscape setting, in which dams are situated, on the number of birds using the dams.
基金the sponsorship of the Victoria Government through its Science Technology and Innovation Initiative administered by the Department of Industry, Innovation and Regional Developmentthe Australian Research Council for continuing financial support
文摘The aim of this prospective blinded study was to evaluate an automated algorithm for spike-andwave discharge（SWD） detection applied to EEGs from genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg（GAERS）.Five GAERS underwent four sessions of 20-min EEG recording.Each EEG was manually analyzed for SWDs longer than one second by two investigators and automatically using an algorithm developed in MATLAB（？）.The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value（PPV）,and negative predictive value（NPV） were calculated for the manual（reference） versus the automatic（test） methods.The results showed that the algorithm had specificity,sensitivity,PPV and NPV 〉94%,comparable to published methods that are based on analyzing EEG changes in the frequency domain.This provides a good alternative as a method designed to mimic human manual marking in the time domain.
基金partially funded by Australian Pork Limited (APL2017/2216)the Postgraduate Research Scholarship and the Melbourne Research Scholarship from APL and The University of Melbourne,respectively
文摘Background: There is evidence that sow heat stress(HS) during gestation affects fetal development with implications for impaired muscle growth. We have previously demonstrated that maternal HS during early to midgestation compromised muscle fibre hyperplasia in developing fetal pigs. Thus, we hypothesised these phenotypic changes are associated with a change in expression of genes regulating fetal skeletal muscle development and metabolism. To test this, at d 60 of gestation, RNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry were performed on fetal longissimus dorsi(LD) muscle biopsies collected from pregnant gilts that had experienced either thermoneutral control(CON, 20 ℃, n = 7 gilts, 18 LD samples) or controlled HS(cyclic 28 to 33 ℃, n = 8 gilts, 23 LD samples)conditions for 3 weeks.Results: A total of 282 genes were differentially expressed between the HS and CON groups in female LD muscles(false discovery rate(FDR) ≤ 0.05), whereas no differentially expressed genes were detected in male LD muscles between the two groups(FDR > 0.05). Gestational HS increased the expression of genes associated with transcription corepressor activity, adipogenesis cascades, negative regulation of angiogenesis and pro-inflammatory signalling in female LD muscles. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed a decreased muscle vascularity density in fetuses from HS group for both sexes compared to those from the CON group(P = 0.004).Conclusions: These results reveal gilt HS during early to mid-gestation altered gene expression profiles in fetal LD muscles in a sexually dimorphic manner. The molecular responses, including transcription and angiogenesis repressions and enhanced adipogenesis cascades, were exclusively observed in females. However, the associated reductions in muscle vascularity were observed independently of sexes. Collectively this may indicate female fetal pigs are more adaptive to gestational HS in terms of gene expression changes, and/or there may be sexually dimorphic differences with respect to the timing of muscle molecular responses to gestational HS.
基金supported by the Meat and Livestock Australia(No.B.FLT.0148)。
文摘The application of animal manure as a source of plant nutrients requires the determination of the amount and pattern of nutrient mineralization from manure.A laboratory incubation study was conducted to investigate the influence of lignite amendment and lignite type on carbon(C)and nitrogen(N)mineralization in raw(feedstock)and composted cattle manure following application to soil at 30 and 60 t ha^(-1).The mineralization of C and N was determined by measuring changes in CO_(2) evolution and mineral N(NH_(4)^(+)-N+NO_(3)^(-)-N)over 40 d.The results showed that lignite amendment suppressed the amount of manure C mineralized in both feedstock and compost,with the effect being more pronounced in the compost.Over the 40-d incubation,the percentage of applied C mineralized was 26.4%-27.8%and 16.3%-21.4%in unamended and lignite-amended feedstocks,respectively.The corresponding C mineralized in the composts was 12.4%-14.1%and 3.5%-6.5%.Lignite had no significant effect on the net N mineralized in compost(4.8%-6.7%and2.5%-7.8%in unamended and lignite-amended composts,respectively).Lignite had either no effect or increased the net N mineralized in feedstock(from3.2%-8.7%without lignite to 10.4%-13.5%)depending on the type of lignite used.This study suggests that using lignite-amended manure,especially when composted,has the potential to build up soil organic C without limiting the availability of mineral N.
文摘Enrichment of yogurt with lactose addition may increase the growth of the yogurt starter culture (Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus) and enhance yogurt physico-chemical and sensory attributes. The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of added lactose on the 1) physico-chemical characteristics, including the final lactose content of yogurt, during its shelf life;2) growth of the yogurt starter culture over yogurt shelf life and 3) the sensory attributes of yogurt. Fat free plain set-type yogurt was manufactured using 0%, 1%, 3% and 5% w/w added lactose to accomplish objectives 1 and 2. For objective 3, a blueberry yogurt was manufactured using the same lactose levels. Analyses for plain set-type yogurt were conducted at 7 days intervals during 35 days of storage. Sensory evaluation was conducted on flavored yogurt three days after its manufacture. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed model of SAS®9.3 program. Significant differences between means were analyzed at α = 0.05 using Tukey adjustment. Lactose addition influenced some of the yogurt characteristics in a positive manner. Lactose contents of yogurts with lactose added at 1%, 3% and 5% stayed higher in that proportion than control throughout the 35 days of storage. Yogurts containing 5% w/w added lactose had the lowest pH. Yogurts containing 5% w/w added lactose had significantly the highest syneresis values compared to 0%, 1% and 3% w/w added lactose during storage period at day 7 and from day 21 onwards. Use of 5% w/w added lactose resulted in significantly higher counts of Streptococcus thermophilus compared to control and this bacterial survival was the highest for 1% w/w added lactose compared to the rest. The overall liking scores indicated that yogurts containing added lactose were preferred over control. For taste, sourness and sweetness samples containing added lactose had higher scores than control. The consumer acceptability of yogurts increased as lactose addition increased. The acceptability of yogurts and purchase intent frequency scores markedly increased with the addition of lactose.
文摘This experiment aims to study the effects and modifications that occurred on acoustic signal harmonics when travelling through wood. The experiment measured the output amplitudes and frequencies of the travelling signals and compared them with the original input signal. The factors under investigation in this experiment included: wood type, wood moisture content (MC), input signal frequencies, signal travelling distance and wood condition (wood with/without cracks). The experiment findings demonstrated that higher input signal frequencies results in higher attenuation of acoustic emissions (AE) travelling through the wood. The results also indicate that: wood type, MC, the signal’s travelling distance, and the orientation of the travelling signal, compared to the wood’s grain direction, affected the signal propagation.
基金financially supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51221892 and 41025004)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. XDB15020200)
文摘Dry–rewetting（DW） disturbance frequently occurs in soils due to rainfall and irrigation, and the frequency of DW cycles might exert significant influences on soil microbial communities and their mediated functions. However, how microorganisms respond to DW alternations in soils with a history of heavy metal pollution remains largely unknown.Here, soil laboratory microcosms were constructed to explore the impacts of ten DW cycles on the soil microbial communities in two contrasting soils（fluvo-aquic soil and red soil）under three copper concentrations（zero, medium and high）. Results showed that the fluctuations of substrate induced respiration（SIR） decreased with repeated cycles of DW alternation. Furthermore, the resistance values of substrate induced respiration（RS-SIR）were highest in non-copper-stressed（zero） soils. Structural equation model（SEM） analysis ascertained that the shifts of bacterial communities determined the changes of RS-SIR in both soils. The rate of bacterial community variance was significantly lower in noncopper-stressed soil compared to the other two copper-stressed（medium and high） soils,which might lead to the higher RS-SIR in the fluvo-aquic soil. As for the red soil, the substantial increase of the dominant group WPS-2 after DW disturbance might result in the low RS-SIR in the high copper-stressed soil. Moreover, in both soils, the bacterial diversity was highest in non-copper-stressed soils. Our results revealed that initial copper stress could decrease the resistance of soil microbial community structure and function to subsequent DW disturbance.
基金supported by the Agricultural Science Research of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,China(YZGC013 and YCX2020BH2)the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi Province,China(201803D421021 and 201903D221074)。
文摘ABA receptors(PYR/PYL/RCAR)play a central role in the water loss control of plants.A previous report indicated that TaPYL4 is a critical gene in wheat that improves grain production under drought conditions and increases water use efficiency.In this study,we analyzed the sequence polymorphisms and genetic effects of TaPYL4s.Based on isolated TaPYL4 genes from chromosomes 2A,2B and 2D,three haplotypes were detected in the promoter region of TaPYL4-2A,and two haplotypes were present in TaPYL4-2B and TaPYL4-2D,respectively.Marker/trait association analysis indicated that TaPYL4-2A was significantly associated with plant height in 262 Chinese wheat core collection accessions,as well as the drought tolerance coefficient(DTC)for plant height in 239 wheat varieties from Shanxi Province in multiple environments.However,the frequencies of favored drought-tolerant haplotype TaPYL4-2A-Hap2 were considerably low,accounting for only 10%,and lines with this certain Hap could be reserved in the breeding program.TaPYL4-2B was significantly associated with grain number,and the favored haplotype TaPYL4-2B-Hap1 was the dominant allele of above 90% in the collection.For TaPYL4-2D,there were no significant differences in these traits between the two haplotypes in either of the two panels.These results indicate that variation might lead to functional differentiation among the homoeologs and the haplotypes had undergone artificial selection during breeding.Two molecular markers developed to distinguish these haplotypes could be used for breeding in water-limited regions.
基金University of Melbourne for the Melbourne Research Scholarship,infrastructural support,and financial resources provided for this project.
文摘Aqueous solutions of tertiary amines are promising absorbents for CO2 capture,as they are typically characterized by a high absorption capacity,low heat of reaction,and low corrosivity.However,tertiary amines also exhibit very low kinetics of CO2 absorption,which has made them unattractive options for large-scale utilization.Here,a series of novel nanoporous carbonaceous promoters(NCPs)with different properties were synthesized,characterized,and used as rate promoters for CO2 absorption in aqueous N,N-diethylethanolamine(DEEA)solutions.To prepare a DEEA–NCP nanofluid,NCPs were dispersed into aqueous 3 mol∙L1 DEEA solution using ultrasonication.The results revealed that among microporous(GC)and mesoporous(GS)carbonaceous structures functionalized with ethylenediamine(EDA)and polyethyleneimine(PEI)molecules,the GC–EDA promoter exhibited the best performance.A comparison between DEEA–GC–EDA nanofluid and typical aqueous DEEA solutions highlighted that the GC-EDA promoter enhances the rate of CO2 absorption at 40C by 38.6%(36.8–50.7 kPamin1)and improves the equilibrium CO2 absorption capacity(15 kPa;40C)by 13.2%(0.69–0.78 mol of CO2 per mole of DEEA).Moreover,the recyclability of DEEA–GC–EDA nanofluid was determined and a promotion mechanism is suggested.The outcomes demonstrate that NCP–GC–EDA in tertiary amines is a promising strategy to enhance the rate of CO2 absorption and facilitate their large-scale deployment.
文摘Lactose, the sugar naturally present in milk, provides energy to lactic acid bacteria used in fermented dairy foods. Increasing concentrations of lactose may improve survivability of lactic acid bacteria in the dairy foods and in human gut enhancing their probiotic benefits. Acid tolerance is an important probiotic characteristic. The objective was to determine the influence of lactose on acid tolerance of yogurt starter culture </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Streptococcus thermophiles</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ST-M5 and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> LB-12. The M 17 broth was used for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Streptococcus thermophiles</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ST-M5 and MRS broth was used for</span><i> </i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">LB-12</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">.</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Lactose was added to both broths at 0% (control), 1%, 3%, and 5% (wt/vol). Both broths were acidified to pH 2.0. Upon sterilizing and tempering, both broths were inoculated. Acid tolerance </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">was </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">determined as viable counts in acidified broths after 120 minutes of incubations. In an incubation period of 2 hours, dilutions were plated every 30 minutes. Three replications were conducted. The highest acid tolerance for </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Streptococcus thermophiles</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ST-M5 and </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"><i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Lactobacillus bulgaricus</span></i><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"></i></span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> LB-12, was observed in lactose concentration of 3% and 5% (wt/vol).
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFF1000100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31991210,31921005,32020103004,and 32225038)+2 种基金the Pinduoduo-China Agricultural University Research Fund(PC2023A01004)the New Cornerstone Investigation Program(NCI202234)the 2115 Talent Development Program of China Agricultural University.
文摘A complete reference genome assembly is crucial for biological research and genetic improvement. Owing to its large size and highly repetitive nature, there are numerous gaps in the globally used wheat Chinese Spring (CS) genome assembly. In this study, we generated a 14.46 Gb near-complete assembly of the CS genome, with a contig N50 of over 266 Mb and an overall base accuracy of 99.9963%. Among the 290 gaps that remained (26, 257, and 7 gaps from the A, B, and D subgenomes, respectively), 278 were extremely high-copy tandem repeats, whereas the remaining 12 were transposable-element-associated gaps. Four chromosome assemblies were completely gap-free, including chr1D, chr3D, chr4D, and chr5D. Extensive annotation of the near-complete genome revealed 151 405 high-confidence genes, of which 59 180 were newly annotated, including 7602 newly assembled genes. Except for the centromere of chr1B, which has a gap associated with superlong GAA repeat arrays, the centromeric sequences of all of the remaining 20 chromosomes were completely assembled. Our near-complete assembly revealed that the extent of tandem repeats, such as simple-sequence repeats, was highly uneven among different subgenomes. Similarly, the repeat compositions of the centromeres also varied among the three subgenomes. With the genome sequences of all six types of seed storage proteins (SSPs) fully assembled, the expression of ω-gliadin was found to be contributed entirely by the B subgenome, whereas the expression of the other five types of SSPs was most abundant from the D subgenome. The near-complete CS genome will serve as a valuable resource for genomic and functional genomic research and breeding of wheat as well as its related species.
基金国家科技支撑计划资助项目(2013BAD11B03)国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(973计划)(2012CB955904)+1 种基金The University of Melbourne Early Career Research Grant Scheme 2014中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资助项目
基金supported by the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (grant number 2016HH0004).
文摘This experiment was conducted to investigate growth performance,carcass traits and meat quality of finishing pigs with dietary β-glucan supplementation.A total of 96 healthy pigs(Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire;initial average BW=25 kg) were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments with 6 replicates per treatment and 4 pigs per replicate.The control group was fed a basal diet,and the experimental diets were supplemented with 50,100 and 200 mg/kg Agrobacterium sp.ZX09β-glucan,respectively.The experiment lasted 103 d.The basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg β-glucan significantly increased average daily gain and feed conversion ratio,probably due to the improved digestibility of dry matter,gross energy and crude protein(P <0.05).Beta-glucan supplementation from100 to 200 mg/kg of diet significantly increased carcass length(P <0.05).The basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg β-glucan supplementation also significantly(P <0.05) increased muscle pH,reduced drip losses and increased a~*values.The basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg β-glucan increased the content of intramuscular fat and changed the proportion of saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid,thereby improved the flavor of meat.In conclusion,the basal diet supplemented with 100 mg/kg Agrobacterium sp.ZX09 β-glucan improves growth performance,nutrient digestibility,carcass length,and pork quality of finishing pigs.
基金The Cooperative Research Centre for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry(Pork CRC) is thanked for financially supporting this study
文摘The production performance and financial outcomes associated with weaner diet complexity for pigs of different weight classes at weaning were examined in this experiment. A total of 720 weaner pigs(360 entire males and 360 females) were selected at weaning(27 ± 3 d) and allocated to pens of 10 based on individual weaning weight(light weaning weight: pigs below 6.5 kg; medium weaning weight: 6.5 to8 kg; heavy weaning weight: above 8.5 kg). Pens were then allocated in a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with the respective factors being weaning weight(heavy, medium and light; H, M and L,respectively), weaner diet complexity(high complexity/cost, HC; low complexity/cost, LC), and gender(male and female). Common diets were fed to both treatment groups during the final 4 weeks of the weaner period(a period of 39 days). In the first 6 d after weaning, pigs offered the HC diets gained weight faster and used feed more efficiently than those offered the LC diets(P = 0.031). Pigs fed a HC diet after weaning tended to be heavier at the sale live weight of 123 d of age compared with pigs fed the LC diet(P = 0.056). There were no other main effects of the feeding program on growth performance through to slaughter. Weaning weight had a profound influence on lifetime growth performance and weight at 123 d of age, with H pigs at weaning increasing their weight advantage over the M and L pigs(101.3,97.1, 89.6 kg respectively, P < 0.001). Cost-benefit analyses suggested there was a minimal benefit in terms of cost per unit live weight gain over lifetime when pigs were offered a HC feeding program to L,with a lower feed cost/kg gain. The results from this investigation confirm the impact of weaning weight on lifetime growth performance, and suggest that a HC feeding program should be focused on L weaner pigs(i.e., weaning weight less than 6.5 kg at 27 d of age) in order to maximise financial returns.
文摘Grapes(Vitis Vinifera)are one of the world's most utilised and prized fruit.Grapes are a great source of antioxidants due to the abundance of phenolic compounds.Grape pulp is the main part of the grape being consumed.The pulp of five Australian grown grapes–Dawn Seedless(DS),Calmeria(CG),Golden Globe(GG),Menindee Seedless(MS),and Thompson Seedless(TS)will be qualitatively and quantitatively analysed for its phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity.The general trend followed:GG>TS>MS>DS>CG,and the phenolic content of the pulp also presented a significant positive correlation with the antioxidant capacity.GG revealing the highest levels of TPC(4.31±0.11 mg GAE/g)and TFC(0.48±0.09 mg QE/g)while TS were highest in TTC(0.94±0.12 mg CE/g).Similarly,GG exhibited higher antioxidant capacity in DPPH(5.84±0.17 mg AAE/g),FRAP(4.91±0.14 mg AAE/g),and TAC(6.78±0.12 mg AAE/g),while TS revealed highest radical scavenging ability for ABTS(4.56±0.19 mg AAE/g).The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS tentatively identified 78 phenolic compounds consisting of flavonoids(36),phenolic acids(31),lignans(3),stilbenes(1),and other polyphenols(7)in five grapes samples.Ten most abundant fruit-based targeted polyphenols were quantified.GG had a higher phenolic concentration in HPLC-PDA quantification,particularly for phenolic acids(gallic acid and chlorogenic acid)and flavonoids(kaempferol).Our study provides relatively adequate information on grape pulp's phenolic content and antioxidant capacity,providing confidence and research prospects to promote grape pulp use in different food,pharmaceutical and supplement industries,and even influencing grape cultivation.
文摘This study was to determine the apparent ileal nitrogen(N)and amino acid digestibilities of cottonseed meal(CSM)and soybean meal(SBM)in simple carbohydrate-based and more complex wheat-based diets.Twenty five Large White × Landrace boars(40.9 kg)were randomly allocated to one of 5 dietary treatments:a wheat diet,40% CSM in either a sugar:starch(1:1)or wheat-based diet,or 40% SBM in either a sugar:starch or wheat-based diet for 14 d.All diets contained vitamins,minerals,and contained acid-insoluble ash(AIA)and Cr2 O3 as indigestible markers.Rations were offered(1,800 g/pig per d)in3 meals/d on d 1-11 and 8 meals/d on d 12-13.On d 14,the pigs were fed hourly for 8 h.After the 8 th meal,pigs were anaesthetised with isoflurothane,and ileal and faecal digesta sampled from the terminal ileum and rectum before lethal injection of barbiturate.Apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of N was greater(12.1%)when CSM was fed in the wheat-based diet as compared to the simple carbohydrate-based diet,whereas apparent ileal N digestibility of SBM was slightly lower(-4.5%)in the wheat-based diet as compared to the sugar:starch-based diet.Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility generally respondeds similarly to N.Therefore,while there was a wide difference in apparent N and amino acid digestibilities of SBM and CSM when they were fed in the sugar:starch-based diets,these differences were less apparent when they were fed the wheat-based diet.There was an apparent net release of N into the hindgut of pigs fed CSM in both base diets.Conversely,there was quite substantial apparent digestion of N in the hindgut of pigs fed SBM in both base diets.The use of Cr2 O3 as an indigestible marker resulted in lower apparent ileal and faecal digestibilities than using AIA,particularly for diets containing CSM.These data demonstrate that the basal diet and choice of indigestible marker can substantially influence the estimate of apparent N digestibility,this response can differ for different protein meals.
基金This research was funded by the University of Melbourne under the“McKenzie Fellowship Scheme”(Grant No.UoM-18/21)the“Faculty Research Initiative Funds(Grant No.UoM-19/20)”“Richard WS Nicholas Agricultural Science Scholarship(Grant No.UoM-20/21)”funded by the Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences,the University of Melbourne,Australia.
文摘Coffee is one of the most prevalent and functional beverages around world owing to its rich content of bioactive compounds.Phenolic compounds and alkaloids are two primary groups of bioactive compounds in coffee beans,which have been proven healthy benefits in regular and suitable daily consumption.They have been recognized as protective factors,especially phenolic compounds,to perform high antioxidant capacities and potential to relieve the occurrence of chronic diseases and partial cancer.The content and composition of bioactive and anti-nutritional compounds in coffee beans can be mainly influenced by variety,processing and storage conditions.The cultivar of Arabica coffee beans(C.arabica)exhibits lower content of phenolic compounds but similar anti-nutritional substances with the comparison to Robusta(C.canephora).Comparing to green coffee beans,reasonable roasting contributes to the improvement of phenolic content and its total antioxidant activity because of the liberation of bound phenolic compounds and the generation of novel compounds with antioxidant activity.Over intensive roasting will not only decrease the number of bioactive compounds within the coffee beans but also stimulate the generation of endogenous anti-nutritional compounds,which consequently reduce the coffee nutritional value.The fluctuations of moisture content during storage would be the primary reason of the changes in the content of bioactive compounds.Phenolic compounds in coffee beans perform outstanding bioaccessibility but relatively lower absorption efficiency because of the combination with other molecules.Suitable roasting would improve the bioavailability of bioactive compounds.The interaction between phenolic compounds and proteins would also influence the bioavailability and bioactivity of bioactive compounds and final nutritional value after consumption.
