This study investigates the efficiency of two types of rehabilitation methods based on economic justification that can lead to logical decision making between the retrofitting schemes. Among various rehabilitation met...This study investigates the efficiency of two types of rehabilitation methods based on economic justification that can lead to logical decision making between the retrofitting schemes. Among various rehabilitation methods, concentric chevron bracing（CCB） and cylindrical friction damper（CFD） were selected. The performance assessment procedure of the frames is divided into two distinct phases. First, the limit state probabilities of the structures before and after rehabilitation are investigated. In the second phase, the seismic risk of structures in terms of life safety and financial losses（decision variables） using the recently published FEMA P58 methodology is evaluated. The results show that the proposed retrofitting methods improve the serviceability and life safety performance levels of steel and RC structures at different rates when subjected to earthquake loads. Moreover, these procedures reveal that financial losses are greatly decreased, and were more tangible by the application of CFD rather than using CCB. Although using both retrofitting methods reduced damage state probabilities, incorporation of a site-specific seismic hazard curve to evaluate mean annual occurrence frequency at the collapse prevention limit state caused unexpected results to be obtained. Contrary to CFD, the collapse probability of the structures retrofitted with CCB increased when compared with the primary structures.展开更多
Background: Asthma is a chronic multifactorial disease with high prevalence. Among asthma risk factors, the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on bronchial asthma is still debated. Aim: The aim of this study was to dete...Background: Asthma is a chronic multifactorial disease with high prevalence. Among asthma risk factors, the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on bronchial asthma is still debated. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between environmental and direct tobacco smoke (cigarette and hookah) exposure and incidence and control of bronchial asthma. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 109 patients with asthma referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil city. Asthma Control Questionnaire was used for evaluating of asthma control. Patients’ asthma control was individually evaluated and compared with together with particular attention to history of tobacco smoke exposure. Chi square and Tav-Kendal were used to analyze the data in SPSS15 software. Results: The history of tobacco smoke exposure was found in 31.2% of the 109 patients. Patients with uncontrolled asthma with 60.6% constituted the largest volume of all samples. There was no significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma occurrence (P > 0.05), also there was not found significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma control (Error coefficient > 0.10). Conclusion: According to the results, history of tobacco (cigarette and hookah) smoke exposure (environmental and direct) has no effect on the asthma occurs and control status.展开更多
Clean-energy technologies have been welcomed due to environmental concerns and high fossil-fuel costs.Today,photovoltaic(PV)cells are among the most well-known technologies that are used today to integrate with buildi...Clean-energy technologies have been welcomed due to environmental concerns and high fossil-fuel costs.Today,photovoltaic(PV)cells are among the most well-known technologies that are used today to integrate with buildings.Particularly,these cells have attracted the attention of researchers and designers,combined with the windows and facades of buildings,as solar cells that are in a typical window or facade of a building can reduce the demand for urban electricity by generating clean electricity.Among the four generations that have been industrialized in the development of solar cells,the third generation,including dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs)and perovskite,is used more in combination with the facades and windows of buildings.Due to the characteristics of these cells,the study of transparency,colour effect and their impact on energy consumption is considerable.Up to now,case studies have highlighted the features mentioned in the building combination.Therefore,this paper aims to provide constructive information about the practical and functional features as well as the limitations of this technology,which can be used as a reference for researchers and designers.展开更多
The purpose of this research was to develop statistical and intelligent models for predicting the severity of road traffic accidents(RTAs)on rural roads.Multiple Logistic Regression(MLR)was used to predict the likelih...The purpose of this research was to develop statistical and intelligent models for predicting the severity of road traffic accidents(RTAs)on rural roads.Multiple Logistic Regression(MLR)was used to predict the likelihood of RTAs.For more accurate prediction,Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)and Radius Basis Function(RBF)neural networks were applied.Results indicated that in MLR,the model obtained from the backward method with the correct percent of 84.7%and R2 value of 0.893 was the best method for predicting the likelihood of RTAs.Also,MLR showed that the variables of not paying attention to the front not paying attention to the frontroad ahead,followed byand then vehicle-motorcycle/bike accidents were the greatest problems.Among the models,MLP had a better performance,so that the prediction accuracy of MLR,MLP,and RBF were 84.7%,96.7%,and 92.1%,respectively.MLP model,due to higher accuracy,showed that the variable of reason of accident had the highest effect on the prediction of accidents,and considering MLR results,the variables of not paying attention to the front and then vehicle-motorcycle/bike accidents had the most influence on the occurrence of accidents.Therefore,motorcyclists and cyclists are more prone to accidents,and appropriate solutions should be adopted to enhance their safety.展开更多
In this paper,the concept of environmental capacity is developed to identify a convenient maximum traffic volume which will not reduce the life quality of residents.The presented method investigates the idea of traffi...In this paper,the concept of environmental capacity is developed to identify a convenient maximum traffic volume which will not reduce the life quality of residents.The presented method investigates the idea of traffic capacity under environmental constraints by calculating the maximum number of vehicles allowed on roads based on acceptable levels of air and noise pollutants.In this study,the permissible noise pollution level and permissible levels of CO and NOxpollution are considered for determining environmental capacity.Results show the significant difference between environmental capacity and functional traffic capacity,introduced by the highway capacity manual(HCM)as a conventional method for estimating functional capacity.Thus,maximum allowed pollution is considered a constraint on a vehicle flow rate,which shows the proper traffic flow for selected streets in Tehran,Iran’s capital.The paper concludes that traffic capacity under noise and air pollution constraints is much less(approximately one-fourth and one-eighth for noise and air pollution respectively)than the current highway capacity estimated using HCM guidelines.Therefore,to save the cities like Tehran from noise and air pollution,traffic flows should be limited to the level of environmental capacity by implementing some travel demand management(TDM)policies like road pricing.展开更多
Drying of a coated paper is modeled and simulated.The paper sheet is assumed to form three zones,and each zone has its own drying mechanism.Coupling of energy and mass balances must be used in order to solve different...Drying of a coated paper is modeled and simulated.The paper sheet is assumed to form three zones,and each zone has its own drying mechanism.Coupling of energy and mass balances must be used in order to solve differential equations.The simulations are carried out in various drying conditions i.e.,only hot air drying,only radiant drying,and mixed hot air-radiant drying.Also the effect of one side and two side assumption on evaporation is studied.Effect of venting air speed and radiant heat source presence and its distance from the drying surface on the drying of a coated paper has been studied.It is found that both distance and venting air speed are inversely related to drying in mixed hot air-radiant drying.Both surfaces participate in evaporation however,during the last time of drying,no difference between the upper and the bottom surfaces exist.展开更多
This is a correction notice for article zkab031(DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab031),published on 27 September 2021.In the originally published version of this manuscript,the affili-ation of Rezan Arazi(the third a...This is a correction notice for article zkab031(DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab031),published on 27 September 2021.In the originally published version of this manuscript,the affili-ation of Rezan Arazi(the third author)was incorrectly written as Department of Architecture;the correct affiliation is Department of Chemistry.Thus,the affiliation of Rezvan Arazi should be'Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Science,Yazd University,Yazd,I.R.Iran'.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the efficiency of two types of rehabilitation methods based on economic justification that can lead to logical decision making between the retrofitting schemes. Among various rehabilitation methods, concentric chevron bracing（CCB） and cylindrical friction damper（CFD） were selected. The performance assessment procedure of the frames is divided into two distinct phases. First, the limit state probabilities of the structures before and after rehabilitation are investigated. In the second phase, the seismic risk of structures in terms of life safety and financial losses（decision variables） using the recently published FEMA P58 methodology is evaluated. The results show that the proposed retrofitting methods improve the serviceability and life safety performance levels of steel and RC structures at different rates when subjected to earthquake loads. Moreover, these procedures reveal that financial losses are greatly decreased, and were more tangible by the application of CFD rather than using CCB. Although using both retrofitting methods reduced damage state probabilities, incorporation of a site-specific seismic hazard curve to evaluate mean annual occurrence frequency at the collapse prevention limit state caused unexpected results to be obtained. Contrary to CFD, the collapse probability of the structures retrofitted with CCB increased when compared with the primary structures.
文摘Background: Asthma is a chronic multifactorial disease with high prevalence. Among asthma risk factors, the effect of tobacco smoke exposure on bronchial asthma is still debated. Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the association between environmental and direct tobacco smoke (cigarette and hookah) exposure and incidence and control of bronchial asthma. Materials & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 109 patients with asthma referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ardabil city. Asthma Control Questionnaire was used for evaluating of asthma control. Patients’ asthma control was individually evaluated and compared with together with particular attention to history of tobacco smoke exposure. Chi square and Tav-Kendal were used to analyze the data in SPSS15 software. Results: The history of tobacco smoke exposure was found in 31.2% of the 109 patients. Patients with uncontrolled asthma with 60.6% constituted the largest volume of all samples. There was no significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma occurrence (P > 0.05), also there was not found significant correlation between tobacco smoke exposure and asthma control (Error coefficient > 0.10). Conclusion: According to the results, history of tobacco (cigarette and hookah) smoke exposure (environmental and direct) has no effect on the asthma occurs and control status.
文摘Clean-energy technologies have been welcomed due to environmental concerns and high fossil-fuel costs.Today,photovoltaic(PV)cells are among the most well-known technologies that are used today to integrate with buildings.Particularly,these cells have attracted the attention of researchers and designers,combined with the windows and facades of buildings,as solar cells that are in a typical window or facade of a building can reduce the demand for urban electricity by generating clean electricity.Among the four generations that have been industrialized in the development of solar cells,the third generation,including dye-sensitized solar cells(DSSCs)and perovskite,is used more in combination with the facades and windows of buildings.Due to the characteristics of these cells,the study of transparency,colour effect and their impact on energy consumption is considerable.Up to now,case studies have highlighted the features mentioned in the building combination.Therefore,this paper aims to provide constructive information about the practical and functional features as well as the limitations of this technology,which can be used as a reference for researchers and designers.
文摘The purpose of this research was to develop statistical and intelligent models for predicting the severity of road traffic accidents(RTAs)on rural roads.Multiple Logistic Regression(MLR)was used to predict the likelihood of RTAs.For more accurate prediction,Multi-Layer Perceptron(MLP)and Radius Basis Function(RBF)neural networks were applied.Results indicated that in MLR,the model obtained from the backward method with the correct percent of 84.7%and R2 value of 0.893 was the best method for predicting the likelihood of RTAs.Also,MLR showed that the variables of not paying attention to the front not paying attention to the frontroad ahead,followed byand then vehicle-motorcycle/bike accidents were the greatest problems.Among the models,MLP had a better performance,so that the prediction accuracy of MLR,MLP,and RBF were 84.7%,96.7%,and 92.1%,respectively.MLP model,due to higher accuracy,showed that the variable of reason of accident had the highest effect on the prediction of accidents,and considering MLR results,the variables of not paying attention to the front and then vehicle-motorcycle/bike accidents had the most influence on the occurrence of accidents.Therefore,motorcyclists and cyclists are more prone to accidents,and appropriate solutions should be adopted to enhance their safety.
文摘In this paper,the concept of environmental capacity is developed to identify a convenient maximum traffic volume which will not reduce the life quality of residents.The presented method investigates the idea of traffic capacity under environmental constraints by calculating the maximum number of vehicles allowed on roads based on acceptable levels of air and noise pollutants.In this study,the permissible noise pollution level and permissible levels of CO and NOxpollution are considered for determining environmental capacity.Results show the significant difference between environmental capacity and functional traffic capacity,introduced by the highway capacity manual(HCM)as a conventional method for estimating functional capacity.Thus,maximum allowed pollution is considered a constraint on a vehicle flow rate,which shows the proper traffic flow for selected streets in Tehran,Iran’s capital.The paper concludes that traffic capacity under noise and air pollution constraints is much less(approximately one-fourth and one-eighth for noise and air pollution respectively)than the current highway capacity estimated using HCM guidelines.Therefore,to save the cities like Tehran from noise and air pollution,traffic flows should be limited to the level of environmental capacity by implementing some travel demand management(TDM)policies like road pricing.
文摘Drying of a coated paper is modeled and simulated.The paper sheet is assumed to form three zones,and each zone has its own drying mechanism.Coupling of energy and mass balances must be used in order to solve differential equations.The simulations are carried out in various drying conditions i.e.,only hot air drying,only radiant drying,and mixed hot air-radiant drying.Also the effect of one side and two side assumption on evaporation is studied.Effect of venting air speed and radiant heat source presence and its distance from the drying surface on the drying of a coated paper has been studied.It is found that both distance and venting air speed are inversely related to drying in mixed hot air-radiant drying.Both surfaces participate in evaporation however,during the last time of drying,no difference between the upper and the bottom surfaces exist.
文摘This is a correction notice for article zkab031(DOI:https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab031),published on 27 September 2021.In the originally published version of this manuscript,the affili-ation of Rezan Arazi(the third author)was incorrectly written as Department of Architecture;the correct affiliation is Department of Chemistry.Thus,the affiliation of Rezvan Arazi should be'Department of Chemistry,Faculty of Science,Yazd University,Yazd,I.R.Iran'.
