Plague is one of the severe infectious diseases which has had a huge impact on human society throughout history.Although there is abundant research on the disease,few studies focus on the concept of plague itself.It i...Plague is one of the severe infectious diseases which has had a huge impact on human society throughout history.Although there is abundant research on the disease,few studies focus on the concept of plague itself.It is generally believed that Shu Yi was first coined by Chinese doctors in the late 19th century,and it was closely related to the introduction of new medicine.This statement is not accurate,because plague was prevalent in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in the late Qing Dynasty.At that time,people had already recognized the relationship between the outbreak of plague and the death of rats,and gradually named the epidemic disease as Shu Yi.This name was used by literati and doctors by coincidence.As the epidemic became more and more serious,more related works were widely disseminated,and Shu Yi changed from a folk name to a formal name.Later,with the help of the government’s active introduction of modern health and epidemic prevention mechanisms and the implementation of rodent control measures,Shu Yi became more popular and gradually recognized by all walks of society.The emergence and prevalence of Shu Yi created the history of zoonosis in China,and thus formed a new paradigm of naming human epidemics after related animal names.展开更多
The past two decades witnessed the rapid growth of studies on the history of medicine in China.Historians have shown the great diversities of medicine and healing practices in Chinese history as well as their potentia...The past two decades witnessed the rapid growth of studies on the history of medicine in China.Historians have shown the great diversities of medicine and healing practices in Chinese history as well as their potential to inform aspects of society and everyday life.展开更多
Recent years have witnessed a dynamic develop of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),which was founded in 1921,and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS),which was founded in 1956.In the new era of building a"H...Recent years have witnessed a dynamic develop of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),which was founded in 1921,and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS),which was founded in 1956.In the new era of building a"Healthy China",General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized the importance of a profound understanding of the Chinese civilization to let the world better know and understand China,and urged efforts to combine theories and practices to expound how to better uphold the Chinese path,promote the Chinese spirit,and pool together the Chinese strength[1].As an active response,PUMC organized the first Conference of History of Medicine on May 20-21,2023[2],Based on the rich history of PUMC and with an attempt to explore history,inherit the traditional Chinese culture,and promote the spirit of modern medicine,we issued the following call at the conference。展开更多
When examining the exchange between Chinese and Western medicine during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,Wang Honghan(王宏翰)stands out as the only Chinese physician who has been thoroughly discussed to date.How...When examining the exchange between Chinese and Western medicine during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,Wang Honghan(王宏翰)stands out as the only Chinese physician who has been thoroughly discussed to date.However,Zhu Shi(祝石)holds a distinct position as the earliest known Chinese to receive Western medical training,extensively practice Western medicine in China,and leave behind medical writings.Drawing on Western anatomical knowledge,Zhu Shi reevaluated traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and even incorporated distillation techniques into his clinical practice.This paper primarily focuses on Zhu Shi,with comparative reference to Wang Honghan,exploring their medical learning journeys,reflections on TCM,attitudes toward anatomy,Zhu Shi’s influence on Wang Honghan,and their respective medical practices.Through such comparative analysis,this study provides deeper insights into the integration of Chinese and Western medicine during the early Qing dynasty.展开更多
The Sluice Gate with Freight Carts is the earliest extant scroll in China that depicted a water mill.It was drawn during the early or middle Northern Song dynasty and was possibly a true portrayal of the West Water Mi...The Sluice Gate with Freight Carts is the earliest extant scroll in China that depicted a water mill.It was drawn during the early or middle Northern Song dynasty and was possibly a true portrayal of the West Water Mill Office.The copresence of a banquet scene of the Northern Song dynasty’s scholar-officials and a water mill both suggests a realistic reproduction of a specific scene and indicates the significance of the water mill as a cultural space.The Northern Song dynasty’s government-operated water mills were especially noticeable in the Capital Circuit京畿路,whose center was Dongjing东京.The basic development path of government-operated water mills in the inner and outer city of Dongjing was first from grain processing,which supplied the needs of the imperial palace,to tea processing,in which the governmental commercial capital also participated.Regarding city space and the use of water sources,the development spread from the north of the city to the south.Other prefectures outside Dongjing also had government-operated water mills—some brought income that could be used as official fiscal expenditure,including military expenditure,and were used to satisfy the need of local people’s livelihood,while some were used to serve the monopoly policy of tea and demonstrate the benevolent governance of local officials.In the Northern Song dynasty,the water mill was no longer merely a production site;rather,it was also a cultural space that integrated a natural background and artificial ingenuity.Closely related to the hosting of emperors and the garden making,sightseeing,feasting,and drinking of scholar-officials,along with the festival activities of locals,the water mill in the Northern Song dynasty was of great cultural significance.展开更多
The territorial expansion of the economic zones along Tirana-Durres corridor,is considered as clear evidence of regional economic development.Since the first 10 years of 1990-2000,the need for a functional planning pr...The territorial expansion of the economic zones along Tirana-Durres corridor,is considered as clear evidence of regional economic development.Since the first 10 years of 1990-2000,the need for a functional planning process was clearly noted.In the early 2000’s,the linear planning on both sides of the highway,from KJ(Kamza Junction)to KT(Kashar Turn),was the real demonstration of that need.This article is a first effort towards an indirect analysis on spatial urban development processes of the last 20 years,indicated by development urban plans for Greater Tirana.This analysis concludes on the defects on integration of this area into the existing structure of Tirana,which are reflected in the new regulatory plans during 2012-2016.This article identifies the functional zoning phenomena,forms and rates of parcels occupation,analyzed through the land use indicators coverage.The urban analysis is focused also on identifying the achievements and failures on the design of spatial structures of social importance.This analysis intends to lead towards a more detailed study of the ways that enable the integration of this industrial area with the residential zone.It is considered as an attempt,which raises a number of issues,for helping the planners,architects and city administrators,involved in the planning and implementation of Partial Urban Plans.展开更多
Aim: To describe the presence, frequency of attrition in permanent dentition of human skulls from two ancient archeological locations. Aims: To determine the rate of attrition using a specific quantitative and qualita...Aim: To describe the presence, frequency of attrition in permanent dentition of human skulls from two ancient archeological locations. Aims: To determine the rate of attrition using a specific quantitative and qualitative method. Methods: Twenty one human skulls from two ancient archeological necropolises (Vendenis and Municipium Dardanorum DD) were included in the analysis of samples for this study. A total of 498 teeth were present in all human skulls. The skulls (with their accompanying teeth) were then divided into groups according to locality of origin, age and sex. Macroscopic (observational) analysis of the teeth relied on inspection and exploration of the teeth in their totality. The classification system that was used to rate tooth wear was Tooth Wear Index (TWI). Statistical analysis used: Chitest for small samples was used to evaluate the observations obtained from the study. Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis was not performed due to the small number of teeth and the content of zero values in respective age groups. Results: The results show that out of total 498 teeth, 89.35% had attrition and 10.65% had no attrition or Grade 0 TWI. 21.48% were Grade 1, 28.71% Grade 2, 26.90% Grade 3, 7.42% Grade 4 and 4.81% Grade 5. Conclusions: Grade 2 and higher rate of attrition, was predominantly present in first permanent molars.展开更多
This article introduces the history of epidemic diseases in China and analyzes its characteristics.It aims to explore the relationships between human beings and nature,nation and society,which enlightened us to unders...This article introduces the history of epidemic diseases in China and analyzes its characteristics.It aims to explore the relationships between human beings and nature,nation and society,which enlightened us to understand and recognize the influence factors and historical logic behind the history.展开更多
Abstract In early 1919, people like Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu were regarded as members of an ivory-tower ＂academic faction＂ （xuepai）, embroiled in a debate with an opposing ＂faction.＂ After the May Fourth demonstrat...Abstract In early 1919, people like Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu were regarded as members of an ivory-tower ＂academic faction＂ （xuepai）, embroiled in a debate with an opposing ＂faction.＂ After the May Fourth demonstrations, they were praised as the stars of a ＂New Culture Movement.＂ However, it was not obvious how the circle around Hu Shi and Chert Duxiu was associated with the May Fourth demonstrations. This link hinged on the way in which newspapers like Shenbao reported about the academic debates and the political events of May Fourth. After compartmentalizing the debating academics into fixed xuepai, Shenbao ascribed warlord-political allegiances to them. These made the Hu-Chen circle look like government victims and their ＂factional＂ rivals like the warlords＇ allies. When the atmosphere became hostile to the government during May Fourth, Hu Shi＇s ＂faction＂ became associated with the equally victimized May Fourth demonstrators. Their ideas were regarded as （now popular） expressions of anti-government sentiment, and soon this was labeled the core of the ＂New Culture Movement.＂ The idea and rhetoric of China＇s ＂New Culture Movement＂ in this way emerged out of the fortuitous concatenation of academic debates, newspaper stories, and political events.展开更多
We present a detailed pollen record and interpretations of late Pleistocene climatic change at the Chongphadae Cave Site, Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The mean annual paleotemperature and mean annual pal...We present a detailed pollen record and interpretations of late Pleistocene climatic change at the Chongphadae Cave Site, Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The mean annual paleotemperature and mean annual paleoprecipitation of the site were calculated using the temperature index and precipitation index based on ecological features and geographical distribution of each taxon. Temperature index and precipitation index range from 8.8℃ to 10.4℃ and from 805.0 mm to 963.1 mm, respectively. Four dates(radiocarbon, uranium series, fission track, and paleomagnetic excursion dating) of the deposit profile investigated yield a range of ~21.3 ka BP to ~117 ka BP, geochronologically corresponding to the late Pleistocene, and extend from the last interglacial highstand through the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results are thus consistent with the climatic shift from interglacial to glacial conditions, provide evidence that the environments of the region, which was reconstructed from the paleoclimatic index, changed from a mild and humid to a cool and dry climate during the late Pleistocene, and suggest trends similar to those of several parts of the Northern Hemisphere which lie in the same latitudinal zone as our study area.展开更多
Since 1949,Chinese mainland historians and creators in film and television,novels,and reportage have continued to shape the heroic image of female groups in the base areas of the Communist Party of China(CPC)during th...Since 1949,Chinese mainland historians and creators in film and television,novels,and reportage have continued to shape the heroic image of female groups in the base areas of the Communist Party of China(CPC)during the Anti-Japanese War.They participated in production,women's mobilization,and reconstruction of the rural political order Tike men.55 They pursued the equality between men and women,marked by freedom of marriage,and also participated in regional guerrilla warfare to combat the Japanese puppet army"as men."However,in the remote villages of north China at the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,it was not common for women to unbind their feet.In wartime,most women over twenty years of age were forever left with the"three-inch golden lotus"(sancun jinlian)feet.The damage of the war accelerated their acceptance of the CPC's emancipation concepts and policies and presented them with an opportunity to actively implement them.The experience of survival drastically changed traditional aesthetics,ideas,and customs related to women.Physical and psychological changes occurred as a result of the war;women began to go out of their homes to participate in the work of the Women's Salvation Association and the Youth Salvation Association,and a group of women achieved marriage equality between men and women in the form of"divorce her husband"(qi xiu fu).Due to pressure,women carried more physical and mental responsibilities,faced insufficient advocacy for their rights,and the aesthetics and mentality of womanhood underwent change.展开更多
This article explores the life of the professors of National Southwest Associated University during the Anti-Japanese War in detail,and tries to reveal their mental outlook and their enlightenment on how to live.The p...This article explores the life of the professors of National Southwest Associated University during the Anti-Japanese War in detail,and tries to reveal their mental outlook and their enlightenment on how to live.The paper also describes the daily lives of Professor Zheng Tianting and his colleagues,including living and sleep,body care,diet and hobbies,family life,closeness to nature,appreciation of cultural artifacts,various cultural and entertainment activities,nostalgia for deceased relatives,communication and care within clans and social groups,diary writing,and self-cultivation.Zheng and his colleagues from National Southwest Associated University felt deeply that people living in social groups needed to take the initiative to find friends,make friends,and be critical friends.Friends can encourage each other,solve difficulties,promote personal development,enrich life interest,and improve quality of life,which makes an already active life more dynamic and colorfiil.The life of Zheng and his colleagues was in accord with the social conditions of the times.There are three aspects of consistency between them:the common experience of war,patriotic spirit,and confidence that China would definitely win;traditional moral benevolence and the inheritance of the spirit of the ancient Chinese intellectuals who cared about the country and the people before personal enjoyment;and maintaining the spirit of the times,which was a new awareness of independent personality and consciousness.There are many inspirations for life that can be drawn from the daily life of Zheng and his colleagues:People should have a rich and diverse life,every meal deserves to be taken seriously,and one should watch art performances,play mahjong and poker,appreciate art works,collect cultural relics,and so on.Such is what life should mean.Whether it was the willingness of the professors of National Southwest Associated University to"go Dutch"when they had dinner parties during the Republic of China or the novel experience of daylight savings time,these were considered new things in life.They are a reminder that we need to continue to supersede closed thoughts.The professors,who had both the essence of traditional morality and the modern sense of democracy,realized their desire to be their own "master."展开更多
The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and ...The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and hygiene of ancientChinesecities.As early as the Ming Dynasty,the Chinese people defined the principle of fertilizing fields with human excrement from the perspective of materialcirculation.The concept Peri-URban ecosystems(PURE)provides inspiration forurban-rural symbiosis regarding circulareconomy.The use of human excrement in fertilization is a major attribute differentiating the Chinese traditional agriculture from the agriculture in other regions around the world.Despite the fact that the exact record showing that human excrement was used as fertilizer in China emerged in the Western Han Dynasty(B.C.202-A.D.8),such records did not become prevalent until the Southern Song Dynasty(A.D.1127-1279).In the Ming and Qing eras(A.D.1368-1912),human excrement was even considered"top-class fertilizerand servedas themost essential fertilizerin farmland fertilization.The importance of human excrement in the Ming and Qing was mainly reflected by farmers'purchase of human excrement from urban areas.As fertilization practices became increasingly popular during the period,men of letters built a localized theoretical system centering on human excrement.Although the use of human excrement had both positive and negative impacts on public health and the ecological environment,the positive overshadowed the negativeas a whole.Today,it is worth pondering on how the utilization of human excrement as an agricultural resource can be improved so that a material cycle system can be rebuilt to re-connect the urban and rural areas.展开更多
During the period of the Japanese occupation,ordinary civil servants were the main force keeping the puppet municipal government of Tianjin functioning.In the first years of the occupation,the puppet municipal governm...During the period of the Japanese occupation,ordinary civil servants were the main force keeping the puppet municipal government of Tianjin functioning.In the first years of the occupation,the puppet municipal government mainly hired former civil servants who had served under the Nanjing National Government.After the situation was stable,the puppet municipal government also recruited civil servants by civil service examinations.The ranks of civil servants and the rules and regulations they observed were basically the same as those of the former National Government.Most ordinary civil servants came from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,and were relatively young and well educated.They mainly relied on their salaries for their livelihood.For the first three years of the Japanese occupation they lived comfortably,because of their relatively high and stable incomes and the slow rate of inflation.After that,inflation soared,but their salaries did not increase correspondingly,therefore the living conditions of civil servants declined constantly.The Japanese puppet government exercised strict control over civil servants,physically and psychologically,and forced them to receive enslaving education.In short,they were in a distorted and struggling state both in their material life and their spiritual world.展开更多
Portugal,Spain and France,which were used to be called Franks by Chinese,were three representative Western powers that successively contacted and constantly interacted with the Ming and Qing Dynasties after the discov...Portugal,Spain and France,which were used to be called Franks by Chinese,were three representative Western powers that successively contacted and constantly interacted with the Ming and Qing Dynasties after the discovery of the new maritime routes.However,compared with the Roman and Byzantine Empires,which usually made positive impressions on Chinese,the Chinese impression of these three powers was completely negative.In conclusion,Chinese tended to see them as aggressive,strange but powerful foreigners with cunning and turbulent ways,constantly seeking their own territorial aggrandizement.This was allied to an increasingly negative Chinese appreciation of Catholicism reinforcing the hostile image of the Franks in general and the entire Western world as embodied in the concept of Daxiyang(大西洋).The fact that these seemingly unstoppable alien forces challenged the existing world order as framed by Chinese civilization,and the clash between Catholicism and Confucian ethics,provided an enduring basis for the suspicions and dislike amongst Chinese towards a Frankish presence in their midst.展开更多
As 2023 draws to a close,it is high time to take stock of relations between China and Latin American and Caribbean(LAC)countries—and look to the future.In recent decades,the rapid progress of economic and trade partn...As 2023 draws to a close,it is high time to take stock of relations between China and Latin American and Caribbean(LAC)countries—and look to the future.In recent decades,the rapid progress of economic and trade partnerships has become the ballast and stabilizer of China-LAC relations.展开更多
基金funded by the National Social Science Fund of China(No.18ZDA175)。
文摘Plague is one of the severe infectious diseases which has had a huge impact on human society throughout history.Although there is abundant research on the disease,few studies focus on the concept of plague itself.It is generally believed that Shu Yi was first coined by Chinese doctors in the late 19th century,and it was closely related to the introduction of new medicine.This statement is not accurate,because plague was prevalent in Yunnan and Guangdong provinces in the late Qing Dynasty.At that time,people had already recognized the relationship between the outbreak of plague and the death of rats,and gradually named the epidemic disease as Shu Yi.This name was used by literati and doctors by coincidence.As the epidemic became more and more serious,more related works were widely disseminated,and Shu Yi changed from a folk name to a formal name.Later,with the help of the government’s active introduction of modern health and epidemic prevention mechanisms and the implementation of rodent control measures,Shu Yi became more popular and gradually recognized by all walks of society.The emergence and prevalence of Shu Yi created the history of zoonosis in China,and thus formed a new paradigm of naming human epidemics after related animal names.
基金funded by the National Social Science Fund of China(No.18ZDA175)。
文摘The past two decades witnessed the rapid growth of studies on the history of medicine in China.Historians have shown the great diversities of medicine and healing practices in Chinese history as well as their potential to inform aspects of society and everyday life.
文摘Recent years have witnessed a dynamic develop of Peking Union Medical College(PUMC),which was founded in 1921,and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS),which was founded in 1956.In the new era of building a"Healthy China",General Secretary Xi Jinping has emphasized the importance of a profound understanding of the Chinese civilization to let the world better know and understand China,and urged efforts to combine theories and practices to expound how to better uphold the Chinese path,promote the Chinese spirit,and pool together the Chinese strength[1].As an active response,PUMC organized the first Conference of History of Medicine on May 20-21,2023[2],Based on the rich history of PUMC and with an attempt to explore history,inherit the traditional Chinese culture,and promote the spirit of modern medicine,we issued the following call at the conference。
基金financed by the grant from the 2024 Tianjin Philosophy and Social Science Planning Annual Program(No.TJZLQN24-002).
文摘When examining the exchange between Chinese and Western medicine during the late Ming and early Qing dynasties,Wang Honghan(王宏翰)stands out as the only Chinese physician who has been thoroughly discussed to date.However,Zhu Shi(祝石)holds a distinct position as the earliest known Chinese to receive Western medical training,extensively practice Western medicine in China,and leave behind medical writings.Drawing on Western anatomical knowledge,Zhu Shi reevaluated traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and even incorporated distillation techniques into his clinical practice.This paper primarily focuses on Zhu Shi,with comparative reference to Wang Honghan,exploring their medical learning journeys,reflections on TCM,attitudes toward anatomy,Zhu Shi’s influence on Wang Honghan,and their respective medical practices.Through such comparative analysis,this study provides deeper insights into the integration of Chinese and Western medicine during the early Qing dynasty.
文摘The Sluice Gate with Freight Carts is the earliest extant scroll in China that depicted a water mill.It was drawn during the early or middle Northern Song dynasty and was possibly a true portrayal of the West Water Mill Office.The copresence of a banquet scene of the Northern Song dynasty’s scholar-officials and a water mill both suggests a realistic reproduction of a specific scene and indicates the significance of the water mill as a cultural space.The Northern Song dynasty’s government-operated water mills were especially noticeable in the Capital Circuit京畿路,whose center was Dongjing东京.The basic development path of government-operated water mills in the inner and outer city of Dongjing was first from grain processing,which supplied the needs of the imperial palace,to tea processing,in which the governmental commercial capital also participated.Regarding city space and the use of water sources,the development spread from the north of the city to the south.Other prefectures outside Dongjing also had government-operated water mills—some brought income that could be used as official fiscal expenditure,including military expenditure,and were used to satisfy the need of local people’s livelihood,while some were used to serve the monopoly policy of tea and demonstrate the benevolent governance of local officials.In the Northern Song dynasty,the water mill was no longer merely a production site;rather,it was also a cultural space that integrated a natural background and artificial ingenuity.Closely related to the hosting of emperors and the garden making,sightseeing,feasting,and drinking of scholar-officials,along with the festival activities of locals,the water mill in the Northern Song dynasty was of great cultural significance.
文摘The territorial expansion of the economic zones along Tirana-Durres corridor,is considered as clear evidence of regional economic development.Since the first 10 years of 1990-2000,the need for a functional planning process was clearly noted.In the early 2000’s,the linear planning on both sides of the highway,from KJ(Kamza Junction)to KT(Kashar Turn),was the real demonstration of that need.This article is a first effort towards an indirect analysis on spatial urban development processes of the last 20 years,indicated by development urban plans for Greater Tirana.This analysis concludes on the defects on integration of this area into the existing structure of Tirana,which are reflected in the new regulatory plans during 2012-2016.This article identifies the functional zoning phenomena,forms and rates of parcels occupation,analyzed through the land use indicators coverage.The urban analysis is focused also on identifying the achievements and failures on the design of spatial structures of social importance.This analysis intends to lead towards a more detailed study of the ways that enable the integration of this industrial area with the residential zone.It is considered as an attempt,which raises a number of issues,for helping the planners,architects and city administrators,involved in the planning and implementation of Partial Urban Plans.
文摘Aim: To describe the presence, frequency of attrition in permanent dentition of human skulls from two ancient archeological locations. Aims: To determine the rate of attrition using a specific quantitative and qualitative method. Methods: Twenty one human skulls from two ancient archeological necropolises (Vendenis and Municipium Dardanorum DD) were included in the analysis of samples for this study. A total of 498 teeth were present in all human skulls. The skulls (with their accompanying teeth) were then divided into groups according to locality of origin, age and sex. Macroscopic (observational) analysis of the teeth relied on inspection and exploration of the teeth in their totality. The classification system that was used to rate tooth wear was Tooth Wear Index (TWI). Statistical analysis used: Chitest for small samples was used to evaluate the observations obtained from the study. Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis was not performed due to the small number of teeth and the content of zero values in respective age groups. Results: The results show that out of total 498 teeth, 89.35% had attrition and 10.65% had no attrition or Grade 0 TWI. 21.48% were Grade 1, 28.71% Grade 2, 26.90% Grade 3, 7.42% Grade 4 and 4.81% Grade 5. Conclusions: Grade 2 and higher rate of attrition, was predominantly present in first permanent molars.
文摘This article introduces the history of epidemic diseases in China and analyzes its characteristics.It aims to explore the relationships between human beings and nature,nation and society,which enlightened us to understand and recognize the influence factors and historical logic behind the history.
文摘Abstract In early 1919, people like Hu Shi and Chen Duxiu were regarded as members of an ivory-tower ＂academic faction＂ （xuepai）, embroiled in a debate with an opposing ＂faction.＂ After the May Fourth demonstrations, they were praised as the stars of a ＂New Culture Movement.＂ However, it was not obvious how the circle around Hu Shi and Chert Duxiu was associated with the May Fourth demonstrations. This link hinged on the way in which newspapers like Shenbao reported about the academic debates and the political events of May Fourth. After compartmentalizing the debating academics into fixed xuepai, Shenbao ascribed warlord-political allegiances to them. These made the Hu-Chen circle look like government victims and their ＂factional＂ rivals like the warlords＇ allies. When the atmosphere became hostile to the government during May Fourth, Hu Shi＇s ＂faction＂ became associated with the equally victimized May Fourth demonstrators. Their ideas were regarded as （now popular） expressions of anti-government sentiment, and soon this was labeled the core of the ＂New Culture Movement.＂ The idea and rhetoric of China＇s ＂New Culture Movement＂ in this way emerged out of the fortuitous concatenation of academic debates, newspaper stories, and political events.
文摘We present a detailed pollen record and interpretations of late Pleistocene climatic change at the Chongphadae Cave Site, Democratic People's Republic of Korea. The mean annual paleotemperature and mean annual paleoprecipitation of the site were calculated using the temperature index and precipitation index based on ecological features and geographical distribution of each taxon. Temperature index and precipitation index range from 8.8℃ to 10.4℃ and from 805.0 mm to 963.1 mm, respectively. Four dates(radiocarbon, uranium series, fission track, and paleomagnetic excursion dating) of the deposit profile investigated yield a range of ~21.3 ka BP to ~117 ka BP, geochronologically corresponding to the late Pleistocene, and extend from the last interglacial highstand through the Last Glacial Maximum. Our results are thus consistent with the climatic shift from interglacial to glacial conditions, provide evidence that the environments of the region, which was reconstructed from the paleoclimatic index, changed from a mild and humid to a cool and dry climate during the late Pleistocene, and suggest trends similar to those of several parts of the Northern Hemisphere which lie in the same latitudinal zone as our study area.
文摘Since 1949,Chinese mainland historians and creators in film and television,novels,and reportage have continued to shape the heroic image of female groups in the base areas of the Communist Party of China(CPC)during the Anti-Japanese War.They participated in production,women's mobilization,and reconstruction of the rural political order Tike men.55 They pursued the equality between men and women,marked by freedom of marriage,and also participated in regional guerrilla warfare to combat the Japanese puppet army"as men."However,in the remote villages of north China at the end of the Qing dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China,it was not common for women to unbind their feet.In wartime,most women over twenty years of age were forever left with the"three-inch golden lotus"(sancun jinlian)feet.The damage of the war accelerated their acceptance of the CPC's emancipation concepts and policies and presented them with an opportunity to actively implement them.The experience of survival drastically changed traditional aesthetics,ideas,and customs related to women.Physical and psychological changes occurred as a result of the war;women began to go out of their homes to participate in the work of the Women's Salvation Association and the Youth Salvation Association,and a group of women achieved marriage equality between men and women in the form of"divorce her husband"(qi xiu fu).Due to pressure,women carried more physical and mental responsibilities,faced insufficient advocacy for their rights,and the aesthetics and mentality of womanhood underwent change.
文摘This article explores the life of the professors of National Southwest Associated University during the Anti-Japanese War in detail,and tries to reveal their mental outlook and their enlightenment on how to live.The paper also describes the daily lives of Professor Zheng Tianting and his colleagues,including living and sleep,body care,diet and hobbies,family life,closeness to nature,appreciation of cultural artifacts,various cultural and entertainment activities,nostalgia for deceased relatives,communication and care within clans and social groups,diary writing,and self-cultivation.Zheng and his colleagues from National Southwest Associated University felt deeply that people living in social groups needed to take the initiative to find friends,make friends,and be critical friends.Friends can encourage each other,solve difficulties,promote personal development,enrich life interest,and improve quality of life,which makes an already active life more dynamic and colorfiil.The life of Zheng and his colleagues was in accord with the social conditions of the times.There are three aspects of consistency between them:the common experience of war,patriotic spirit,and confidence that China would definitely win;traditional moral benevolence and the inheritance of the spirit of the ancient Chinese intellectuals who cared about the country and the people before personal enjoyment;and maintaining the spirit of the times,which was a new awareness of independent personality and consciousness.There are many inspirations for life that can be drawn from the daily life of Zheng and his colleagues:People should have a rich and diverse life,every meal deserves to be taken seriously,and one should watch art performances,play mahjong and poker,appreciate art works,collect cultural relics,and so on.Such is what life should mean.Whether it was the willingness of the professors of National Southwest Associated University to"go Dutch"when they had dinner parties during the Republic of China or the novel experience of daylight savings time,these were considered new things in life.They are a reminder that we need to continue to supersede closed thoughts.The professors,who had both the essence of traditional morality and the modern sense of democracy,realized their desire to be their own "master."
基金supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS(Grant No.2020157).
文摘The use of human excrement as fertilizer is a characteristic of traditional Chinese agriculture..The application of excrement from urban residents in agriculture since the Song Dynasty has ensured the cleanliness and hygiene of ancientChinesecities.As early as the Ming Dynasty,the Chinese people defined the principle of fertilizing fields with human excrement from the perspective of materialcirculation.The concept Peri-URban ecosystems(PURE)provides inspiration forurban-rural symbiosis regarding circulareconomy.The use of human excrement in fertilization is a major attribute differentiating the Chinese traditional agriculture from the agriculture in other regions around the world.Despite the fact that the exact record showing that human excrement was used as fertilizer in China emerged in the Western Han Dynasty(B.C.202-A.D.8),such records did not become prevalent until the Southern Song Dynasty(A.D.1127-1279).In the Ming and Qing eras(A.D.1368-1912),human excrement was even considered"top-class fertilizerand servedas themost essential fertilizerin farmland fertilization.The importance of human excrement in the Ming and Qing was mainly reflected by farmers'purchase of human excrement from urban areas.As fertilization practices became increasingly popular during the period,men of letters built a localized theoretical system centering on human excrement.Although the use of human excrement had both positive and negative impacts on public health and the ecological environment,the positive overshadowed the negativeas a whole.Today,it is worth pondering on how the utilization of human excrement as an agricultural resource can be improved so that a material cycle system can be rebuilt to re-connect the urban and rural areas.
文摘During the period of the Japanese occupation,ordinary civil servants were the main force keeping the puppet municipal government of Tianjin functioning.In the first years of the occupation,the puppet municipal government mainly hired former civil servants who had served under the Nanjing National Government.After the situation was stable,the puppet municipal government also recruited civil servants by civil service examinations.The ranks of civil servants and the rules and regulations they observed were basically the same as those of the former National Government.Most ordinary civil servants came from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,and were relatively young and well educated.They mainly relied on their salaries for their livelihood.For the first three years of the Japanese occupation they lived comfortably,because of their relatively high and stable incomes and the slow rate of inflation.After that,inflation soared,but their salaries did not increase correspondingly,therefore the living conditions of civil servants declined constantly.The Japanese puppet government exercised strict control over civil servants,physically and psychologically,and forced them to receive enslaving education.In short,they were in a distorted and struggling state both in their material life and their spiritual world.
文摘Portugal,Spain and France,which were used to be called Franks by Chinese,were three representative Western powers that successively contacted and constantly interacted with the Ming and Qing Dynasties after the discovery of the new maritime routes.However,compared with the Roman and Byzantine Empires,which usually made positive impressions on Chinese,the Chinese impression of these three powers was completely negative.In conclusion,Chinese tended to see them as aggressive,strange but powerful foreigners with cunning and turbulent ways,constantly seeking their own territorial aggrandizement.This was allied to an increasingly negative Chinese appreciation of Catholicism reinforcing the hostile image of the Franks in general and the entire Western world as embodied in the concept of Daxiyang(大西洋).The fact that these seemingly unstoppable alien forces challenged the existing world order as framed by Chinese civilization,and the clash between Catholicism and Confucian ethics,provided an enduring basis for the suspicions and dislike amongst Chinese towards a Frankish presence in their midst.
文摘As 2023 draws to a close,it is high time to take stock of relations between China and Latin American and Caribbean(LAC)countries—and look to the future.In recent decades,the rapid progress of economic and trade partnerships has become the ballast and stabilizer of China-LAC relations.
