Kraft lignin was liquefied using polyethylene glycol#400(PEG)and glycerol(G)in a weight ratio of 80/20(w/w)and sulphuric acid(SA)as catalyst under atmospheric pressure at 160ºC.The three independent variables:rea...Kraft lignin was liquefied using polyethylene glycol#400(PEG)and glycerol(G)in a weight ratio of 80/20(w/w)and sulphuric acid(SA)as catalyst under atmospheric pressure at 160ºC.The three independent variables:reaction time(60,80 and 100 min),percentage of lignin(15,20 and 25%,w/w),and catalyst concentration(0,3 and 6%,w/w),were varied resulting in 27 experimental runs.The effect of these reaction conditions on the properties of the polyols was evaluated.The statistical analysis showed that only“the percentage of lignin”did not influence the properties of the liquefied products,however,reaction time and catalyst load were important parameters.The resulting liquefied products were characterized by FTIR analysis.展开更多
Anatolian wild sheep is still exists only in Konya-Bozdag Wildlife Development Area in the world. Because of the ongoing illegal hunting, habitat destruction, etc. starting in 1966, only a herd consisting of 35 indivi...Anatolian wild sheep is still exists only in Konya-Bozdag Wildlife Development Area in the world. Because of the ongoing illegal hunting, habitat destruction, etc. starting in 1966, only a herd consisting of 35 individuals survived. Thereupon, in the same year, 42,000 ha of fieldshad were declared as a protected areaby the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Following this period, the number has increased to 2,000 in 2005. In the studied area, due to the increasingly exceeded carrying capacity of the land, wild sheep tended to lower the nutritional value of plants. Malnutrition, illnesses, stress, etc. led to death, and population size decreased to 600. Based on this information, there are two main ways to make deteriorated habitat structure suitable for accommodation, growth and proliferation of Anatolian wild sheep individuals. The firstone is about carrying individuals to other natural areas, and the latter is the restoration work in this area. Restoration work on the outside to add nutrients to the living environment （artificial feeding） and arranging habitat work are implemented. Depending on the type of habitat restoration work, restoration on the entire area, plot-plot restoration and radiating from the center to the environment restoration form can be made.展开更多
The study aimed to establish floral composition, diversity levels, category size, phytosociological structure, commercial use and ecological group of species present in the regeneration of open ombrophile forest in so...The study aimed to establish floral composition, diversity levels, category size, phytosociological structure, commercial use and ecological group of species present in the regeneration of open ombrophile forest in southern Amazon, Brazil. Data were collected at S?o Nicolau farm, in the municipality of Cotrigua?u, northwest of Mato Grosso state, coordinates 51°9'19.5"S and 58°14'53"W. One hundred plots of 10 × 10 m were allocated. All individuals between 29.9 and 59.9 cm had circumference at breast height (CAP) measure, with sub-plots of 5 × 5 m which were measured in all subjects between 1:50 m in height 29.9 cm CAP and sub-plots of 2 × 2 m for individuals between 0.30 to 1.5 m tall. The information obtained in the field were processed in excel spreadsheet. The results showed the occurrence of 610 individuals belonging to 82 species, 34 plant families, with a diversity index of Shannon & Weaver’s 2.77. The index of value of importance showed species Protium robustum, Maquira calophilla and Inga fagifolium with greater ecological importance in fitocenose. The higher values for Natural Regeneration were the species Protium robustum, Maquira calophilla and Inga fagifolium with 16.42, 8.03 and 7.76 respectively.展开更多
文摘Kraft lignin was liquefied using polyethylene glycol#400(PEG)and glycerol(G)in a weight ratio of 80/20(w/w)and sulphuric acid(SA)as catalyst under atmospheric pressure at 160ºC.The three independent variables:reaction time(60,80 and 100 min),percentage of lignin(15,20 and 25%,w/w),and catalyst concentration(0,3 and 6%,w/w),were varied resulting in 27 experimental runs.The effect of these reaction conditions on the properties of the polyols was evaluated.The statistical analysis showed that only“the percentage of lignin”did not influence the properties of the liquefied products,however,reaction time and catalyst load were important parameters.The resulting liquefied products were characterized by FTIR analysis.
文摘Anatolian wild sheep is still exists only in Konya-Bozdag Wildlife Development Area in the world. Because of the ongoing illegal hunting, habitat destruction, etc. starting in 1966, only a herd consisting of 35 individuals survived. Thereupon, in the same year, 42,000 ha of fieldshad were declared as a protected areaby the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. Following this period, the number has increased to 2,000 in 2005. In the studied area, due to the increasingly exceeded carrying capacity of the land, wild sheep tended to lower the nutritional value of plants. Malnutrition, illnesses, stress, etc. led to death, and population size decreased to 600. Based on this information, there are two main ways to make deteriorated habitat structure suitable for accommodation, growth and proliferation of Anatolian wild sheep individuals. The firstone is about carrying individuals to other natural areas, and the latter is the restoration work in this area. Restoration work on the outside to add nutrients to the living environment （artificial feeding） and arranging habitat work are implemented. Depending on the type of habitat restoration work, restoration on the entire area, plot-plot restoration and radiating from the center to the environment restoration form can be made.
文摘The study aimed to establish floral composition, diversity levels, category size, phytosociological structure, commercial use and ecological group of species present in the regeneration of open ombrophile forest in southern Amazon, Brazil. Data were collected at S?o Nicolau farm, in the municipality of Cotrigua?u, northwest of Mato Grosso state, coordinates 51°9'19.5"S and 58°14'53"W. One hundred plots of 10 × 10 m were allocated. All individuals between 29.9 and 59.9 cm had circumference at breast height (CAP) measure, with sub-plots of 5 × 5 m which were measured in all subjects between 1:50 m in height 29.9 cm CAP and sub-plots of 2 × 2 m for individuals between 0.30 to 1.5 m tall. The information obtained in the field were processed in excel spreadsheet. The results showed the occurrence of 610 individuals belonging to 82 species, 34 plant families, with a diversity index of Shannon & Weaver’s 2.77. The index of value of importance showed species Protium robustum, Maquira calophilla and Inga fagifolium with greater ecological importance in fitocenose. The higher values for Natural Regeneration were the species Protium robustum, Maquira calophilla and Inga fagifolium with 16.42, 8.03 and 7.76 respectively.
