Magnesium and its alloys have gained relevance for their light-weight combined with a high value of strength-to-weight ratio,which makes them useful in fields such as aerospace,automotive as well as biomedical enginee...Magnesium and its alloys have gained relevance for their light-weight combined with a high value of strength-to-weight ratio,which makes them useful in fields such as aerospace,automotive as well as biomedical engineering.Unfortunately,the poor corrosion resistance of Mg-alloys limits their wide acceptance.Advanced composite coatings which are self-healing,superhydrophobic anti corrosive,and wear resistant are new synthetic materials for abating these challenges.The superimposed superhydrophobic surfaces help in minimizing their water contact,thus slowing down the electrochemical reactions on the surface of the alloys,while their self-healing characteristics autonomously aid in the repair of any induced micro-crack,defect or damage towards ensuring the metal's long-term protection.In addition,the integration of wear-resistant materials further improves the durability of coatings under mechanical stress.The most recent research efforts have been directed towards the preparation of multifunctional composites,with an emphasis on nanomaterials,functional polymers,and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques in order to take advantage of their synergistic effects.Some of the methods that have so far exhibited promising potentials in fabricating these materials include the sol-gel method,layer-by-layer assembly,and plasma treatments.However,most of the fabricated products are still faced with significant challenges ranging from long-term stability to homogeneous adhesion of the coatings and their scalability for industrial applications.This review discusses the recent progress and the relationship between corrosion inhibition and self-healing efficiencies of wear resistant polymer nanocomposite coatings.Some challenges related to optimizing coating performance were also discussed.In addition,future directions ranging from the consideration of bioinspired designs,novel hybrid nanocomposite materials,and environmentally sustainable solutions integrated with smart protective coatings were also proposed as new wave technologies that can potentially revolutionize the corrosion protection offered by Mg alloys while opening up prospects for improved performance and sustainability.展开更多
1.Objective.The Yidun arc within the Tethys-Himalaya metallogenic belt formed during the westward subduction of the Ganzi-Litang Ocean(237-206 Ma)during the Indosinian period,and then underwent the evolution stages of...1.Objective.The Yidun arc within the Tethys-Himalaya metallogenic belt formed during the westward subduction of the Ganzi-Litang Ocean(237-206 Ma)during the Indosinian period,and then underwent the evolution stages of the collisional orogeny(206-138 Ma)and the post-collisional orogeny(135-75 Ma).In recent years,a series of large and medium-sized Late Yanshanian intracontinental porphyry-skarn Mo-Cu-W deposits have been discovered in the southern part of the Yidun arc,including Xiuwacu,Relin,Hongshan,Tongchanggou,and Donglufang(Fig.1a).展开更多
Many researchers have focused on the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete(FRC)in the construction of various defensive structures to resist against impact forces resulting from explosions and projectiles.However,the ...Many researchers have focused on the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete(FRC)in the construction of various defensive structures to resist against impact forces resulting from explosions and projectiles.However,the lack of sufficient research regarding the resistance of functionally graded fiber-reinforced concrete against projectile impacts has resulted in a limited understanding of the performance of this concrete type,which is necessary for the design and construction of structures requiring great resistance against external threats.Here,the performance of functionally graded fiber-reinforced concrete against projectile impacts was investigated experimentally using a(two-stage light)gas gun and a drop weight testing machine.For this objective,12 mix designs,with which 35 cylindrical specimens and 30 slab specimens were made,were prepared,and the main variables were the magnetite aggregate vol%(55%)replacing natural coarse aggregate,steel fiber vol%,and steel fiber type(3D and 5D).The fibers were added at six vol%of 0%,0.5%,0.75%,1%,1.25%,and 1.5%in 10 specimen series(three identical specimens per each series)with dimensions of 40×40×7.5 cm and functional grading(three layers),and the manufactured specimens were subjected to the drop weight impact and projectile penetration tests by the drop weight testing machine and gas gun,respectively,to assess their performance.Parameters under study included the compressive strength,destruction level,and penetration depth.The experimental results demonstrate that using the magnetite aggregate instead of the natural coarse aggregate elevated the compressive strength of the concrete by 61%.In the tests by the drop weight machine,it was observed that by increasing the total vol%of the fibers,especially by increasing the fiber content in the outer layers(impact surface),the cracking resistance and energy absorption increased by around 100%.Note that the fiber geometry had little effect on the energy absorption in the drop weight test.Investigating the optimum specimens showed that using 3D steel fibers at a total fiber content of 1 vol%,consisting of a layered grading of 1.5 vol%,0 vol%,and 1.5 vol%,improved the penetration depth by 76%and lowered the destruction level by 85%.In addition,incorporating the 5D steel fibers at a total fiber content of 1 vol%,consisting of the layered fiber contents of 1.5%,0%,and 1.5%,improved the projectile penetration depth by 50%and lowered the damage level by 61%compared with the case of using the 3D fibers.展开更多
The growing importance of maintaining and extending the functional lifespan of reinforced concrete structures has resulted in an increased emphasis on non-destructive testing techniques as essential tools for evaluati...The growing importance of maintaining and extending the functional lifespan of reinforced concrete structures has resulted in an increased emphasis on non-destructive testing techniques as essential tools for evaluating structural conditions.Non-destructive testing procedures offer a notable benefit in assessing the uniformity,homogeneity,ability to withstand compression,durability,and degree of corrosion in reinforcing bars within reinforced concrete structures.This study aimed to evaluate the existing condition of partially constructed residential buildings in Rewari district,located in the state of Haryana.The reinforced concrete structure of the building had been completed eight years ago,however,the project was abruptly stopped.Prior to recommencing the construction,it is important to assess the present state of the structure in order to evaluate the deterioration in Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC).The building’s state was evaluated by visually inspecting the building,conducting on-site examinations,and analyzing samples in a laboratory.The findings emphasize the assessment of the robustness and durability of concrete to ascertain the degree of deterioration and degradation in the structure.The study incorporates visual inspection,and non-destructive evaluation utilizing different instruments to evaluate the corrosion condition of reinforcing bars.In addition,selected RCC columns,beams,and slabs undergo chemical testing.It has been observed that the strength results and chemical results were within permissible limits.展开更多
In this work,Dy_(2)O_(3)rods and layered Dy_(2)WO_(6)heterostructure were effectively interconnected by carbon spheres named Dy_(2)O_(3)/Dy_(2)WO_(6)/C-sph nanocomposite with a confined interface and it was fabricated...In this work,Dy_(2)O_(3)rods and layered Dy_(2)WO_(6)heterostructure were effectively interconnected by carbon spheres named Dy_(2)O_(3)/Dy_(2)WO_(6)/C-sph nanocomposite with a confined interface and it was fabricated using a simple solvothermal approach.These ternary nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),UV-visible diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy(UV-DRS),Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),Raman,field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)with energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analyses systematically.The XRD data expose that the synthesized materials are formed with a virtuous crystalline state.The charge storage properties and electrochemical performances of the as-synthesized nanocomposites and pure components were assessed with the help of cyclic voltammogram(CV),galvanostatic charge-discharge studies(GCD),and electrochemical impedance studies(EIS),respectively.The rare-earth-based novel Dy_(2)O_(3)/Dy_(2)WO_(6)/C-sph nanocomposite as wo rking electrodes established commendable electrochemical perfo rmances with a maximum specific capacitance value of 123 F/g at a current density of 0.4 A/g in 2.0 mol/L aqueous KOH solution.According to the stability measurements,it was observed that the initial capacitance was maintained at~93%even after 2500 cycles,indicating that good electrochemical stability with the lowest internal resistance values was obtained from EIS analysis.The electrochemical measurements suggest that the Dy_(2)O_(3)/Dy_(2)WO_(6)/C-sph nanocomposite enables great competence and can be used as alternative electrode material in supercapacitor devices to avail high energy efficiency in a sustainable approach.展开更多
Innately designed to induce physiological changes,pharmaceuticals are foreknowingly hazardous to the ecosystem.Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)are recognized as a set of contemporary and highly efficient methods bei...Innately designed to induce physiological changes,pharmaceuticals are foreknowingly hazardous to the ecosystem.Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)are recognized as a set of contemporary and highly efficient methods being used as a contrivance for the removal of pharmaceutical residues.Since reactive oxygen species(ROS)are formed in these processes to interact and contribute directly toward the oxidation of target contaminant(s),a profound insight regarding the mechanisms of ROS leading to the degradation of pharmaceuticals is fundamentally significant.The conceptualization of some specific reaction mechanisms allows the design of an effective and safe degradation process that can empirically reduce the environmental impact of themicropollutants.This review mainly deliberates themechanistic reaction pathways for ROS-mediated degradation of pharmaceuticals often leading to complete mineralization,with a focus on acetaminophen as a drug waste model.展开更多
Global water scarcity,intensified by climate change and population growth,necessitates sustainable freshwater solutions.Solar thermal desalination offers promise due to its energy efficiency,yet optimizing system perf...Global water scarcity,intensified by climate change and population growth,necessitates sustainable freshwater solutions.Solar thermal desalination offers promise due to its energy efficiency,yet optimizing system performance hinges critically on material selection,particularly for photothermal absorbers and their substrates.While extensive research addresses photothermal nanomaterials,substrate materials vital for structural integrity,thermal management,and interfacial stability remain underexplored.This review comprehensively examines current advances in solar evaporator components,evaluating photothermal materials and substrates against key selection criteria:thermal conductivity,stability under harsh conditions,scalability,and compatibility.We analyze diverse substrate materials(e.g.,metals,ceramics,polymers,bio-based,and aero-gels)and their synergistic roles in enhancing evaporation efficiency and durability.Critical gaps in large-scale feasibility,long-term stability under variable solar flux,and cost-performance trade-offs are identified.The review also highlights emerg-ing trends such as 3D-printed substrates and bio-inspired designs to overcome salt accumulation and fouling.By addressing these challenges and outlining pathways for scalable implementation,this work aims to advance robust,economically viable solar thermal desalination technologies for global freshwater security.展开更多
Wetlands play a number of vital roles in the ecosystem, such as serving as nutrient sinks, preventing floods, storing carbon, and filtering water. Encroachment on wetlands has led to substantial economic and environme...Wetlands play a number of vital roles in the ecosystem, such as serving as nutrient sinks, preventing floods, storing carbon, and filtering water. Encroachment on wetlands has led to substantial economic and environmental losses, including water quality degradation, loss of biodiversity and natural habitats, reduced climate mitigation as well as social and health risks. This study evaluated the effect of different land use types on nutrient stock distribution across varying soil depths in Busega wetland. The soil samples were collected in three different land uses (annually cultivated areas, perennially cultivated areas, and the undisturbed wetland area) at three different depths (0 - 10 cm, 10 - 20 cm, and 20 - 30 cm) in 2021. The soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical soil properties including soil texture and nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium concentrations. The interaction between land use type and soil depth did not have a significant effect on nutrient distribution. However, our results showed that the main effects of land use type and soil depth influenced nutrient stock distribution across the wetland. Higher nutrient concentrations were observed under perennial cropping system than in both annual cropping system and the undisturbed wetland area. Soils under perennial cropping systems had the highest soil organic matter (1.45%), calcium (2.06 Cmol/Kg) and potassium (0.091 Cmol/Kg) levels. Higher soil organic matter (1.40%), nitrogen (0.22%), calcium (1.74 Cmol/Kg), and potassium (0.07 Cmol/Kg) were found at the mid-soil depth of 10 - 20 cm. Our results show substantial nutrient changes due to agricultural activities in the Busega wetland, suggesting further research is urgently needed to determine if these changes have adverse effects on biodiversity and water quality of the wetland and nearby water resources.展开更多
Hydraulic-electric systems are widely utilized in various applications.However,over time,these systems may encounter random faults such as loose cables,ambient environmental noise,or sensor aging,leading to inaccurate...Hydraulic-electric systems are widely utilized in various applications.However,over time,these systems may encounter random faults such as loose cables,ambient environmental noise,or sensor aging,leading to inaccurate sensor readings.These faults may result in system instability or compromise safety.In this paper,we propose a fault compensation control system to mitigate the effects of sensor faults and ensure system safety.Specifically,we utilize the pressure sensor within the system to implement the control process and evaluate performance based on the piston position.First,we develop a mathematical model to identify optimal parameters for the fault estimation model based on the Lyapunov stability principle.Next,we design an unknown input observer that estimates the state vector and detects pressure sensor faults using a linear matrix inequality optimization algorithm.The estimated pressure faults are incorporated into the fault compensation control system to counteract their effects via a fault residual coefficient.The discrepancy between the feedback state and the estimated state determines this coefficient.We assess the piston position’s performance through pressure control to evaluate the proposed model’s effectiveness.Finally,the system simulation results are analyzed to validate the efficiency of the proposed model.When a pressure sensor fault occurs,the proposed approach effectively minimizes position control errors,enhancing overall system stability.When a pressure sensor fault occurs,the proposed model compensates for the fault to mitigate the impact of pressure problem,thereby enhancing the position control quality of the EHA system.The fault compensation method ensures over 90%system performance,with its effectiveness becoming more evident under pressure sensor faults.展开更多
Visual question answering(VQA)is a multimodal task,involving a deep understanding of the image scene and the question’s meaning and capturing the relevant correlations between both modalities to infer the appropriate...Visual question answering(VQA)is a multimodal task,involving a deep understanding of the image scene and the question’s meaning and capturing the relevant correlations between both modalities to infer the appropriate answer.In this paper,we propose a VQA system intended to answer yes/no questions about real-world images,in Arabic.To support a robust VQA system,we work in two directions:(1)Using deep neural networks to semantically represent the given image and question in a fine-grainedmanner,namely ResNet-152 and Gated Recurrent Units(GRU).(2)Studying the role of the utilizedmultimodal bilinear pooling fusion technique in the trade-o.between the model complexity and the overall model performance.Some fusion techniques could significantly increase the model complexity,which seriously limits their applicability for VQA models.So far,there is no evidence of how efficient these multimodal bilinear pooling fusion techniques are for VQA systems dedicated to yes/no questions.Hence,a comparative analysis is conducted between eight bilinear pooling fusion techniques,in terms of their ability to reduce themodel complexity and improve themodel performance in this case of VQA systems.Experiments indicate that these multimodal bilinear pooling fusion techniques have improved the VQA model’s performance,until reaching the best performance of 89.25%.Further,experiments have proven that the number of answers in the developed VQA system is a critical factor that a.ects the effectiveness of these multimodal bilinear pooling techniques in achieving their main objective of reducing the model complexity.The Multimodal Local Perception Bilinear Pooling(MLPB)technique has shown the best balance between the model complexity and its performance,for VQA systems designed to answer yes/no questions.展开更多
This article presents a compact crab-shaped reconfigurable antenna(CSRA)designed for 5G sub-6 GHz wireless applications. The antenna achieves enhanced gain in a miniaturized form factor by incorporating a hexagonal sp...This article presents a compact crab-shaped reconfigurable antenna(CSRA)designed for 5G sub-6 GHz wireless applications. The antenna achieves enhanced gain in a miniaturized form factor by incorporating a hexagonal split-ring structure controlled via two radio frequency(RF) positive-intrinsicnegative(PIN) diodes(BAR64-02V). While the antenna is primarily designed to operate at 3.50 GHz for sub-6 GHz 5G applications, RF switching enables the CSRA to cover a broader frequency spectrum, including the S-band, X-band, and portions of the Ku-band. The proposed antenna offers several advantages: It is low-cost(fabricated on an FR-4 substrate), compact(achieving 64.07% size reduction compared to conventional designs), and features both frequency and gain reconfigurability through digitally controlled PIN diode switching. The reflection coefficients of the antenna, both without diodes and across all four switching states, were experimentally validated in the laboratory using a Keysight Field Fox microwave analyzer(N9916A, 14 GHz). The simulated radiation patterns and gain characteristics closely matched the measured values, demonstrating an excellent agreement. This study bridges the gap between traditional and next-generation antenna designs by offering a compact,cost-effective, and high-performance solution for multiband, reconfigurable wireless communication systems. The integration of double-split-ring resonators and dynamic reconfigurability makes the proposed antenna a strong candidate for various applications, including S-band and X-band systems, as well as the emerging lower 6G band(7.125 GHz–8.400 GHz).展开更多
The oxidation characteristics of sulfite and thiosulfate were examined by using thermodynamic calculations and simulated desulfurization solution experiments to investigate their difference.Subsequently,a new multista...The oxidation characteristics of sulfite and thiosulfate were examined by using thermodynamic calculations and simulated desulfurization solution experiments to investigate their difference.Subsequently,a new multistage oxidation method using oxygen−ammonium persulfate was presented and applied to the oxidation of a real desulfurization solution.The results show that the concentrations of thiosulfate and sulfite in the real desulfurization solution decrease from 48.76 and 61.76 g/L to 2.24 and 0.02 g/L,respectively,and the ammonium sulfate products obtained are white with uniform particles.In addition,compared with ammonium persulfate alone,the multistage oxidation method can reduce the ammonium persulfate addition by 37.56%and treatment cost by 28.13%.展开更多
Recent advancements in additive manufacturing(AM)have revolutionized the design and production of complex engineering microstructures.Despite these advancements,their mathematical modeling and computational analysis r...Recent advancements in additive manufacturing(AM)have revolutionized the design and production of complex engineering microstructures.Despite these advancements,their mathematical modeling and computational analysis remain significant challenges.This research aims to develop an effective computational method for analyzing the free vibration of functionally graded(FG)microplates under high temperatures while resting on a Pasternak foundation(PF).This formulation leverages a new thirdorder shear deformation theory(new TSDT)for improved accuracy without requiring shear correction factors.Additionally,the modified couple stress theory(MCST)is incorporated to account for sizedependent effects in microplates.The PF is characterized by two parameters including spring stiffness(k_(w))and shear layer stiffness(k_(s)).To validate the proposed method,the results obtained are compared with those of the existing literature.Furthermore,numerical examples explore the influence of various factors on the high-temperature free vibration of FG microplates.These factors include the length scale parameter(l),geometric dimensions,material properties,and the presence of the elastic foundation.The findings significantly enhance our comprehension of the free vibration of FG microplates in high thermal environments.In addition,the findings significantly enhance our comprehension of the free vibration of FG microplates in high thermal environments.In addition,the results of this research will have great potential in military and defense applications such as components of submarines,fighter aircraft,and missiles.展开更多
The fossil shells on the sedimentary rocks were collected from The Historical Park,Ban Sap Noi Geopark,Phetchabun Province,Thailand.However,the fossils remained in this area were investigated on the characteristic spe...The fossil shells on the sedimentary rocks were collected from The Historical Park,Ban Sap Noi Geopark,Phetchabun Province,Thailand.However,the fossils remained in this area were investigated on the characteristic species only in geological studies with taxonomy for fossil age predicting.To fill up the gap of these studies,the material characterization techniques were used to study the chemical composition and structure of fossil shells I,II and III.The results clearly showed that the morphologies of all fossil shells were Brachiopod fossils with different species.The functional group and elemental composition of all fossil shells showed that the high content of calcium carbonate was a major composition.In addition,the high content of quartz indicated the silica precipitation phenomenon in all fossil shells.The element composition of cross-sectional morphology and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS mapping) were used to confirm the presence of Si element in each zone of fossil shells.The crystal structures of all fossil shells were investigated and indicated that the calcium carbonate compound was a calcite phase and silicon dioxide compound was a quartz phase.Moreover,the crystal structure of quartz phase was used to calculate the crystallinity index.The crystallinity index values in all fossil shells indicated a well-crystallized quartz.The age of fossil shells was estimated and found to be brachiopod fossil in carboniferous period with the age of about 359.2 to 299.0 million years.展开更多
Detecting faces under occlusion remains a significant challenge in computer vision due to variations caused by masks,sunglasses,and other obstructions.Addressing this issue is crucial for applications such as surveill...Detecting faces under occlusion remains a significant challenge in computer vision due to variations caused by masks,sunglasses,and other obstructions.Addressing this issue is crucial for applications such as surveillance,biometric authentication,and human-computer interaction.This paper provides a comprehensive review of face detection techniques developed to handle occluded faces.Studies are categorized into four main approaches:feature-based,machine learning-based,deep learning-based,and hybrid methods.We analyzed state-of-the-art studies within each category,examining their methodologies,strengths,and limitations based on widely used benchmark datasets,highlighting their adaptability to partial and severe occlusions.The review also identifies key challenges,including dataset diversity,model generalization,and computational efficiency.Our findings reveal that deep learning methods dominate recent studies,benefiting from their ability to extract hierarchical features and handle complex occlusion patterns.More recently,researchers have increasingly explored Transformer-based architectures,such as Vision Transformer(ViT)and Swin Transformer,to further improve detection robustness under challenging occlusion scenarios.In addition,hybrid approaches,which aim to combine traditional andmodern techniques,are emerging as a promising direction for improving robustness.This review provides valuable insights for researchers aiming to develop more robust face detection systems and for practitioners seeking to deploy reliable solutions in real-world,occlusionprone environments.Further improvements and the proposal of broader datasets are required to developmore scalable,robust,and efficient models that can handle complex occlusions in real-world scenarios.展开更多
Promoting the high penetration of renewable energies like photovoltaic(PV)systems has become an urgent issue for expanding modern power grids and has accomplished several challenges compared to existing distribution g...Promoting the high penetration of renewable energies like photovoltaic(PV)systems has become an urgent issue for expanding modern power grids and has accomplished several challenges compared to existing distribution grids.This study measures the effectiveness of the Puma optimizer(PO)algorithm in parameter estimation of PSC(perovskite solar cells)dynamic models with hysteresis consideration considering the electric field effects on operation.The models used in this study will incorporate hysteresis effects to capture the time-dependent behavior of PSCs accurately.The PO optimizes the proposed modified triple diode model(TDM)with a variable voltage capacitor and resistances(VVCARs)considering the hysteresis behavior.The suggested PO algorithm contrasts with other wellknown optimizers from the literature to demonstrate its superiority.The results emphasize that the PO realizes a lower RMSE(Root mean square errors),which proves its capability and efficacy in parameter extraction for the models.The statistical results emphasize the efficiency and supremacy of the proposed PO compared to the other well-known competing optimizers.The convergence rates show good,fast,and stable convergence rates with lower RMSE via PO compared to the other five competitive optimizers.Moreover,the lowermean realized via the PO optimizer is illustrated by the box plot for all optimizers.展开更多
Background:Long-term exposure to toxic substances increases the risk of their accumulation and triggering endocrine disruption.The ill-planned irrigation systems in Uzbekistan led to severe environmental disasters,res...Background:Long-term exposure to toxic substances increases the risk of their accumulation and triggering endocrine disruption.The ill-planned irrigation systems in Uzbekistan led to severe environmental disasters,resulting in aridization and the spread of organochlorine pesticides and toxic metals across the region.Objective:We investigate the influence of negative environmental factors on hormonal activities such as sex steroids,gonadotropic hormones,and growth factors,in addition to potential disruptions in growth rate and anthropometric indicators in prepubertal adolescents living in this region.Methods:This study included 405 prepubertal boys aged 11 to 13 years,residing in the cities of Muynak(unfavorable region)and Nukus(favorable region)of Uzbekistan.We measured 20 anthropometric parameters and assessed somatotype by the Heath-Carter method,peak height velocity(PHV),and maturity offset based on Mirwald's equation.In addition,the endocrine profile of 8 hormonal parameters was assessed,which includes growth factors,gonadotropins,sex steroids,and thyroid status.Results:We observed a positive dependence of physique,rate of maturation,and level of androgens,stimulated by gonadotropin hormones.Children living in unfavorable environmental regions show a decrease in folliclestimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone,total testosterone(the best predictor),and anthropometric signs of androgen deficiency.These resulted in an increase in maturity offset and PHV,combined with lower skeletal density and ectomorphic somatotype compared to their peers living in favorable environmental regions.Conclusion:Regional differences in stature,body weight,and anthropometric parameters of adipose tissue,growth factor axis,and thyroid hormones are the influencing indices in the regulation of growth in prepubertal children.We hypothesize that the inhibition of the gonadotropin-testosterone axis may result from endocrine disruption due to higher levels of toxic metals and pesticide exposure.展开更多
Accurate capacity and State of Charge(SOC)estimation are crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles.This study examines ten machine learning architectures,Including Dee...Accurate capacity and State of Charge(SOC)estimation are crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles.This study examines ten machine learning architectures,Including Deep Belief Network(DBN),Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network(BiDirRNN),Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU),and others using the NASA B0005 dataset of 591,458 instances.Results indicate that DBN excels in capacity estimation,achieving orders-of-magnitude lower error values and explaining over 99.97%of the predicted variable’s variance.When computational efficiency is paramount,the Deep Neural Network(DNN)offers a strong alternative,delivering near-competitive accuracy with significantly reduced prediction times.The GRU achieves the best overall performance for SOC estimation,attaining an R^(2) of 0.9999,while the BiDirRNN provides a marginally lower error at a slightly higher computational speed.In contrast,Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)and Radial Basis Function Networks(RBFN)exhibit relatively high error rates,making them less viable for real-world battery management.Analyses of error distributions reveal that the top-performing models cluster most predictions within tight bounds,limiting the risk of overcharging or deep discharging.These findings highlight the trade-off between accuracy and computational overhead,offering valuable guidance for battery management system(BMS)designers seeking optimal performance under constrained resources.Future work may further explore advanced data augmentation and domain adaptation techniques to enhance these models’robustness in diverse operating conditions.展开更多
Face detection is a critical component inmodern security,surveillance,and human-computer interaction systems,with widespread applications in smartphones,biometric access control,and public monitoring.However,detecting...Face detection is a critical component inmodern security,surveillance,and human-computer interaction systems,with widespread applications in smartphones,biometric access control,and public monitoring.However,detecting faces with high levels of occlusion,such as those covered by masks,veils,or scarves,remains a significant challenge,as traditional models often fail to generalize under such conditions.This paper presents a hybrid approach that combines traditional handcrafted feature extraction technique called Histogram of Oriented Gradients(HOG)and Canny edge detection with modern deep learning models.The goal is to improve face detection accuracy under occlusions.The proposed method leverages the structural strengths of HOG and edge-based object proposals while exploiting the feature extraction capabilities of Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs).The effectiveness of the proposed model is assessed using a custom dataset containing 10,000 heavily occluded face images and a subset of the Common Objects in Context(COCO)dataset for non-face samples.The COCO dataset was selected for its variety and realism in background contexts.Experimental evaluations demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to baseline CNN models.Results indicate that DenseNet121 combined with HOG outperforms other counterparts in classification metrics with an F1-score of 87.96%and precision of 88.02%.Enhanced performance is achieved through reduced false positives and improved localization accuracy with the integration of object proposals based on Canny and contour detection.While the proposed method increases inference time from 33.52 to 97.80 ms,it achieves a notable improvement in precision from 80.85% to 88.02% when comparing the baseline DenseNet121 model to its hybrid counterpart.Limitations of the method include higher computational cost and the need for careful tuning of parameters across the edge detection,handcrafted features,and CNN components.These findings highlight the potential of combining handcrafted and learned features for occluded face detection tasks.展开更多
Solar-driven photocatalysis with charge-transfer modulation is a green approach for enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)to generate hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)).In this study,we introduced a novel method for ...Solar-driven photocatalysis with charge-transfer modulation is a green approach for enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)to generate hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)).In this study,we introduced a novel method for synthesizing high-valence Sn^(δ+)in SnS_(2),combined with gC_(3)N_(4)to create gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2).Density functional theory(DFT)calculations exhibited that the interface between SnS_(2)and gC_(3)N_(4)creates interband states through strong hybridization,revealing that photoexcited electrons flowed from C in gC_(3)N_(4)to S in SnS_(2),forming a Z-scheme heterojunction.The optimal gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2)-2(2%SnS_(2)loaded)achieved a high H_(2)O_(2)production rate of 7.186 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)and an apparent quantum efficiency(AQE)of 33.8%at 405 nm with isopropanol(IPA),converting 88.8%IPA to acetone in 2 h.The gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2)composite improved the charge transfer resistance and elongated the non-radiative electron decay time.Notably,SnS_(2)doping of gC_(3)N_(4)decreased the antibonding orbital occupancy and lowered the energy barrier for O_(2) and OOH^(*)adsorption.In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)analysis confirmed the generation of OOH^(*)on gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2)during light irradiation.A techno-economic analysis(TEA)was conducted to evaluate the economic viability of photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)production,revealing that it was not economically feasible owing to challenges in the separation process.This study provides unique perspectives on the approaches to inducing a high valence state of Sn^(δ+)for enhancing photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)generation and the challenge of commercializing H_(2)O_(2)production via photocatalysis.展开更多
文摘Magnesium and its alloys have gained relevance for their light-weight combined with a high value of strength-to-weight ratio,which makes them useful in fields such as aerospace,automotive as well as biomedical engineering.Unfortunately,the poor corrosion resistance of Mg-alloys limits their wide acceptance.Advanced composite coatings which are self-healing,superhydrophobic anti corrosive,and wear resistant are new synthetic materials for abating these challenges.The superimposed superhydrophobic surfaces help in minimizing their water contact,thus slowing down the electrochemical reactions on the surface of the alloys,while their self-healing characteristics autonomously aid in the repair of any induced micro-crack,defect or damage towards ensuring the metal's long-term protection.In addition,the integration of wear-resistant materials further improves the durability of coatings under mechanical stress.The most recent research efforts have been directed towards the preparation of multifunctional composites,with an emphasis on nanomaterials,functional polymers,and state-of-the-art fabrication techniques in order to take advantage of their synergistic effects.Some of the methods that have so far exhibited promising potentials in fabricating these materials include the sol-gel method,layer-by-layer assembly,and plasma treatments.However,most of the fabricated products are still faced with significant challenges ranging from long-term stability to homogeneous adhesion of the coatings and their scalability for industrial applications.This review discusses the recent progress and the relationship between corrosion inhibition and self-healing efficiencies of wear resistant polymer nanocomposite coatings.Some challenges related to optimizing coating performance were also discussed.In addition,future directions ranging from the consideration of bioinspired designs,novel hybrid nanocomposite materials,and environmentally sustainable solutions integrated with smart protective coatings were also proposed as new wave technologies that can potentially revolutionize the corrosion protection offered by Mg alloys while opening up prospects for improved performance and sustainability.
基金jointly supported by the Selection Project of High-level Scientific and Technological Talents and Innovative Teams Project in Yunnan Province(202305AT350004-4)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42362010 and 42464005)+3 种基金the Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Mountain Agroecosystem in the Lower Reaches of Nujiang River,Yunnan Province(202305AM340031)the Yunnan Provincial Department of Education Science Research Fund Project(2025J0983)the Wen Bang-chun Academician Workstation in Yunnan Province(202205AF150032)the Undergraduate Innovative Training Program(2310603235).
文摘1.Objective.The Yidun arc within the Tethys-Himalaya metallogenic belt formed during the westward subduction of the Ganzi-Litang Ocean(237-206 Ma)during the Indosinian period,and then underwent the evolution stages of the collisional orogeny(206-138 Ma)and the post-collisional orogeny(135-75 Ma).In recent years,a series of large and medium-sized Late Yanshanian intracontinental porphyry-skarn Mo-Cu-W deposits have been discovered in the southern part of the Yidun arc,including Xiuwacu,Relin,Hongshan,Tongchanggou,and Donglufang(Fig.1a).
文摘Many researchers have focused on the behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete(FRC)in the construction of various defensive structures to resist against impact forces resulting from explosions and projectiles.However,the lack of sufficient research regarding the resistance of functionally graded fiber-reinforced concrete against projectile impacts has resulted in a limited understanding of the performance of this concrete type,which is necessary for the design and construction of structures requiring great resistance against external threats.Here,the performance of functionally graded fiber-reinforced concrete against projectile impacts was investigated experimentally using a(two-stage light)gas gun and a drop weight testing machine.For this objective,12 mix designs,with which 35 cylindrical specimens and 30 slab specimens were made,were prepared,and the main variables were the magnetite aggregate vol%(55%)replacing natural coarse aggregate,steel fiber vol%,and steel fiber type(3D and 5D).The fibers were added at six vol%of 0%,0.5%,0.75%,1%,1.25%,and 1.5%in 10 specimen series(three identical specimens per each series)with dimensions of 40×40×7.5 cm and functional grading(three layers),and the manufactured specimens were subjected to the drop weight impact and projectile penetration tests by the drop weight testing machine and gas gun,respectively,to assess their performance.Parameters under study included the compressive strength,destruction level,and penetration depth.The experimental results demonstrate that using the magnetite aggregate instead of the natural coarse aggregate elevated the compressive strength of the concrete by 61%.In the tests by the drop weight machine,it was observed that by increasing the total vol%of the fibers,especially by increasing the fiber content in the outer layers(impact surface),the cracking resistance and energy absorption increased by around 100%.Note that the fiber geometry had little effect on the energy absorption in the drop weight test.Investigating the optimum specimens showed that using 3D steel fibers at a total fiber content of 1 vol%,consisting of a layered grading of 1.5 vol%,0 vol%,and 1.5 vol%,improved the penetration depth by 76%and lowered the destruction level by 85%.In addition,incorporating the 5D steel fibers at a total fiber content of 1 vol%,consisting of the layered fiber contents of 1.5%,0%,and 1.5%,improved the projectile penetration depth by 50%and lowered the damage level by 61%compared with the case of using the 3D fibers.
文摘The growing importance of maintaining and extending the functional lifespan of reinforced concrete structures has resulted in an increased emphasis on non-destructive testing techniques as essential tools for evaluating structural conditions.Non-destructive testing procedures offer a notable benefit in assessing the uniformity,homogeneity,ability to withstand compression,durability,and degree of corrosion in reinforcing bars within reinforced concrete structures.This study aimed to evaluate the existing condition of partially constructed residential buildings in Rewari district,located in the state of Haryana.The reinforced concrete structure of the building had been completed eight years ago,however,the project was abruptly stopped.Prior to recommencing the construction,it is important to assess the present state of the structure in order to evaluate the deterioration in Reinforced Cement Concrete(RCC).The building’s state was evaluated by visually inspecting the building,conducting on-site examinations,and analyzing samples in a laboratory.The findings emphasize the assessment of the robustness and durability of concrete to ascertain the degree of deterioration and degradation in the structure.The study incorporates visual inspection,and non-destructive evaluation utilizing different instruments to evaluate the corrosion condition of reinforcing bars.In addition,selected RCC columns,beams,and slabs undergo chemical testing.It has been observed that the strength results and chemical results were within permissible limits.
基金supported by Selective Excellence Research Initiative-2023,SRM Institute of Science and Technology(SRMIST/R/AR(A)/SERI2023/174/26-3944)。
文摘In this work,Dy_(2)O_(3)rods and layered Dy_(2)WO_(6)heterostructure were effectively interconnected by carbon spheres named Dy_(2)O_(3)/Dy_(2)WO_(6)/C-sph nanocomposite with a confined interface and it was fabricated using a simple solvothermal approach.These ternary nanocomposites were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD),UV-visible diffuse-reflectance spectroscopy(UV-DRS),Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),Raman,field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM)with energy disperse spectroscopy(EDS),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HRTEM),and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)analyses systematically.The XRD data expose that the synthesized materials are formed with a virtuous crystalline state.The charge storage properties and electrochemical performances of the as-synthesized nanocomposites and pure components were assessed with the help of cyclic voltammogram(CV),galvanostatic charge-discharge studies(GCD),and electrochemical impedance studies(EIS),respectively.The rare-earth-based novel Dy_(2)O_(3)/Dy_(2)WO_(6)/C-sph nanocomposite as wo rking electrodes established commendable electrochemical perfo rmances with a maximum specific capacitance value of 123 F/g at a current density of 0.4 A/g in 2.0 mol/L aqueous KOH solution.According to the stability measurements,it was observed that the initial capacitance was maintained at~93%even after 2500 cycles,indicating that good electrochemical stability with the lowest internal resistance values was obtained from EIS analysis.The electrochemical measurements suggest that the Dy_(2)O_(3)/Dy_(2)WO_(6)/C-sph nanocomposite enables great competence and can be used as alternative electrode material in supercapacitor devices to avail high energy efficiency in a sustainable approach.
基金the Ministry of Higher Education,Research and Innovation-Oman for their support of this research through TRC block funding grant No.BFP/RGP/EBR/22/378.
文摘Innately designed to induce physiological changes,pharmaceuticals are foreknowingly hazardous to the ecosystem.Advanced oxidation processes(AOPs)are recognized as a set of contemporary and highly efficient methods being used as a contrivance for the removal of pharmaceutical residues.Since reactive oxygen species(ROS)are formed in these processes to interact and contribute directly toward the oxidation of target contaminant(s),a profound insight regarding the mechanisms of ROS leading to the degradation of pharmaceuticals is fundamentally significant.The conceptualization of some specific reaction mechanisms allows the design of an effective and safe degradation process that can empirically reduce the environmental impact of themicropollutants.This review mainly deliberates themechanistic reaction pathways for ROS-mediated degradation of pharmaceuticals often leading to complete mineralization,with a focus on acetaminophen as a drug waste model.
文摘Global water scarcity,intensified by climate change and population growth,necessitates sustainable freshwater solutions.Solar thermal desalination offers promise due to its energy efficiency,yet optimizing system performance hinges critically on material selection,particularly for photothermal absorbers and their substrates.While extensive research addresses photothermal nanomaterials,substrate materials vital for structural integrity,thermal management,and interfacial stability remain underexplored.This review comprehensively examines current advances in solar evaporator components,evaluating photothermal materials and substrates against key selection criteria:thermal conductivity,stability under harsh conditions,scalability,and compatibility.We analyze diverse substrate materials(e.g.,metals,ceramics,polymers,bio-based,and aero-gels)and their synergistic roles in enhancing evaporation efficiency and durability.Critical gaps in large-scale feasibility,long-term stability under variable solar flux,and cost-performance trade-offs are identified.The review also highlights emerg-ing trends such as 3D-printed substrates and bio-inspired designs to overcome salt accumulation and fouling.By addressing these challenges and outlining pathways for scalable implementation,this work aims to advance robust,economically viable solar thermal desalination technologies for global freshwater security.
文摘Wetlands play a number of vital roles in the ecosystem, such as serving as nutrient sinks, preventing floods, storing carbon, and filtering water. Encroachment on wetlands has led to substantial economic and environmental losses, including water quality degradation, loss of biodiversity and natural habitats, reduced climate mitigation as well as social and health risks. This study evaluated the effect of different land use types on nutrient stock distribution across varying soil depths in Busega wetland. The soil samples were collected in three different land uses (annually cultivated areas, perennially cultivated areas, and the undisturbed wetland area) at three different depths (0 - 10 cm, 10 - 20 cm, and 20 - 30 cm) in 2021. The soil samples were analyzed for physicochemical soil properties including soil texture and nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, and potassium concentrations. The interaction between land use type and soil depth did not have a significant effect on nutrient distribution. However, our results showed that the main effects of land use type and soil depth influenced nutrient stock distribution across the wetland. Higher nutrient concentrations were observed under perennial cropping system than in both annual cropping system and the undisturbed wetland area. Soils under perennial cropping systems had the highest soil organic matter (1.45%), calcium (2.06 Cmol/Kg) and potassium (0.091 Cmol/Kg) levels. Higher soil organic matter (1.40%), nitrogen (0.22%), calcium (1.74 Cmol/Kg), and potassium (0.07 Cmol/Kg) were found at the mid-soil depth of 10 - 20 cm. Our results show substantial nutrient changes due to agricultural activities in the Busega wetland, suggesting further research is urgently needed to determine if these changes have adverse effects on biodiversity and water quality of the wetland and nearby water resources.
基金supported by Nguyen Tat Thanh University,Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam,provided with the facilities required to carry out this work.
文摘Hydraulic-electric systems are widely utilized in various applications.However,over time,these systems may encounter random faults such as loose cables,ambient environmental noise,or sensor aging,leading to inaccurate sensor readings.These faults may result in system instability or compromise safety.In this paper,we propose a fault compensation control system to mitigate the effects of sensor faults and ensure system safety.Specifically,we utilize the pressure sensor within the system to implement the control process and evaluate performance based on the piston position.First,we develop a mathematical model to identify optimal parameters for the fault estimation model based on the Lyapunov stability principle.Next,we design an unknown input observer that estimates the state vector and detects pressure sensor faults using a linear matrix inequality optimization algorithm.The estimated pressure faults are incorporated into the fault compensation control system to counteract their effects via a fault residual coefficient.The discrepancy between the feedback state and the estimated state determines this coefficient.We assess the piston position’s performance through pressure control to evaluate the proposed model’s effectiveness.Finally,the system simulation results are analyzed to validate the efficiency of the proposed model.When a pressure sensor fault occurs,the proposed approach effectively minimizes position control errors,enhancing overall system stability.When a pressure sensor fault occurs,the proposed model compensates for the fault to mitigate the impact of pressure problem,thereby enhancing the position control quality of the EHA system.The fault compensation method ensures over 90%system performance,with its effectiveness becoming more evident under pressure sensor faults.
文摘Visual question answering(VQA)is a multimodal task,involving a deep understanding of the image scene and the question’s meaning and capturing the relevant correlations between both modalities to infer the appropriate answer.In this paper,we propose a VQA system intended to answer yes/no questions about real-world images,in Arabic.To support a robust VQA system,we work in two directions:(1)Using deep neural networks to semantically represent the given image and question in a fine-grainedmanner,namely ResNet-152 and Gated Recurrent Units(GRU).(2)Studying the role of the utilizedmultimodal bilinear pooling fusion technique in the trade-o.between the model complexity and the overall model performance.Some fusion techniques could significantly increase the model complexity,which seriously limits their applicability for VQA models.So far,there is no evidence of how efficient these multimodal bilinear pooling fusion techniques are for VQA systems dedicated to yes/no questions.Hence,a comparative analysis is conducted between eight bilinear pooling fusion techniques,in terms of their ability to reduce themodel complexity and improve themodel performance in this case of VQA systems.Experiments indicate that these multimodal bilinear pooling fusion techniques have improved the VQA model’s performance,until reaching the best performance of 89.25%.Further,experiments have proven that the number of answers in the developed VQA system is a critical factor that a.ects the effectiveness of these multimodal bilinear pooling techniques in achieving their main objective of reducing the model complexity.The Multimodal Local Perception Bilinear Pooling(MLPB)technique has shown the best balance between the model complexity and its performance,for VQA systems designed to answer yes/no questions.
文摘This article presents a compact crab-shaped reconfigurable antenna(CSRA)designed for 5G sub-6 GHz wireless applications. The antenna achieves enhanced gain in a miniaturized form factor by incorporating a hexagonal split-ring structure controlled via two radio frequency(RF) positive-intrinsicnegative(PIN) diodes(BAR64-02V). While the antenna is primarily designed to operate at 3.50 GHz for sub-6 GHz 5G applications, RF switching enables the CSRA to cover a broader frequency spectrum, including the S-band, X-band, and portions of the Ku-band. The proposed antenna offers several advantages: It is low-cost(fabricated on an FR-4 substrate), compact(achieving 64.07% size reduction compared to conventional designs), and features both frequency and gain reconfigurability through digitally controlled PIN diode switching. The reflection coefficients of the antenna, both without diodes and across all four switching states, were experimentally validated in the laboratory using a Keysight Field Fox microwave analyzer(N9916A, 14 GHz). The simulated radiation patterns and gain characteristics closely matched the measured values, demonstrating an excellent agreement. This study bridges the gap between traditional and next-generation antenna designs by offering a compact,cost-effective, and high-performance solution for multiband, reconfigurable wireless communication systems. The integration of double-split-ring resonators and dynamic reconfigurability makes the proposed antenna a strong candidate for various applications, including S-band and X-band systems, as well as the emerging lower 6G band(7.125 GHz–8.400 GHz).
基金financial support of the Yunnan Major Scientific and Technological Project,China(No.202302AG050008)Yunnan Fundamental Research Project,China(No.202101BE070001-023)“Yunnan Revitalization Talents Support Plan”High-End Foreign Talents Program,China。
文摘The oxidation characteristics of sulfite and thiosulfate were examined by using thermodynamic calculations and simulated desulfurization solution experiments to investigate their difference.Subsequently,a new multistage oxidation method using oxygen−ammonium persulfate was presented and applied to the oxidation of a real desulfurization solution.The results show that the concentrations of thiosulfate and sulfite in the real desulfurization solution decrease from 48.76 and 61.76 g/L to 2.24 and 0.02 g/L,respectively,and the ammonium sulfate products obtained are white with uniform particles.In addition,compared with ammonium persulfate alone,the multistage oxidation method can reduce the ammonium persulfate addition by 37.56%and treatment cost by 28.13%.
文摘Recent advancements in additive manufacturing(AM)have revolutionized the design and production of complex engineering microstructures.Despite these advancements,their mathematical modeling and computational analysis remain significant challenges.This research aims to develop an effective computational method for analyzing the free vibration of functionally graded(FG)microplates under high temperatures while resting on a Pasternak foundation(PF).This formulation leverages a new thirdorder shear deformation theory(new TSDT)for improved accuracy without requiring shear correction factors.Additionally,the modified couple stress theory(MCST)is incorporated to account for sizedependent effects in microplates.The PF is characterized by two parameters including spring stiffness(k_(w))and shear layer stiffness(k_(s)).To validate the proposed method,the results obtained are compared with those of the existing literature.Furthermore,numerical examples explore the influence of various factors on the high-temperature free vibration of FG microplates.These factors include the length scale parameter(l),geometric dimensions,material properties,and the presence of the elastic foundation.The findings significantly enhance our comprehension of the free vibration of FG microplates in high thermal environments.In addition,the findings significantly enhance our comprehension of the free vibration of FG microplates in high thermal environments.In addition,the results of this research will have great potential in military and defense applications such as components of submarines,fighter aircraft,and missiles.
基金supported by the Science Achievement Scholarship of Thailand (SAST)the support of Office of Atom for Peace,Thailand and Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (a public organization) for providing facilities for some experiment in this work。
文摘The fossil shells on the sedimentary rocks were collected from The Historical Park,Ban Sap Noi Geopark,Phetchabun Province,Thailand.However,the fossils remained in this area were investigated on the characteristic species only in geological studies with taxonomy for fossil age predicting.To fill up the gap of these studies,the material characterization techniques were used to study the chemical composition and structure of fossil shells I,II and III.The results clearly showed that the morphologies of all fossil shells were Brachiopod fossils with different species.The functional group and elemental composition of all fossil shells showed that the high content of calcium carbonate was a major composition.In addition,the high content of quartz indicated the silica precipitation phenomenon in all fossil shells.The element composition of cross-sectional morphology and energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS mapping) were used to confirm the presence of Si element in each zone of fossil shells.The crystal structures of all fossil shells were investigated and indicated that the calcium carbonate compound was a calcite phase and silicon dioxide compound was a quartz phase.Moreover,the crystal structure of quartz phase was used to calculate the crystallinity index.The crystallinity index values in all fossil shells indicated a well-crystallized quartz.The age of fossil shells was estimated and found to be brachiopod fossil in carboniferous period with the age of about 359.2 to 299.0 million years.
基金funded by A’Sharqiyah University,Sultanate of Oman,under Research Project grant number(BFP/RGP/ICT/22/490).
文摘Detecting faces under occlusion remains a significant challenge in computer vision due to variations caused by masks,sunglasses,and other obstructions.Addressing this issue is crucial for applications such as surveillance,biometric authentication,and human-computer interaction.This paper provides a comprehensive review of face detection techniques developed to handle occluded faces.Studies are categorized into four main approaches:feature-based,machine learning-based,deep learning-based,and hybrid methods.We analyzed state-of-the-art studies within each category,examining their methodologies,strengths,and limitations based on widely used benchmark datasets,highlighting their adaptability to partial and severe occlusions.The review also identifies key challenges,including dataset diversity,model generalization,and computational efficiency.Our findings reveal that deep learning methods dominate recent studies,benefiting from their ability to extract hierarchical features and handle complex occlusion patterns.More recently,researchers have increasingly explored Transformer-based architectures,such as Vision Transformer(ViT)and Swin Transformer,to further improve detection robustness under challenging occlusion scenarios.In addition,hybrid approaches,which aim to combine traditional andmodern techniques,are emerging as a promising direction for improving robustness.This review provides valuable insights for researchers aiming to develop more robust face detection systems and for practitioners seeking to deploy reliable solutions in real-world,occlusionprone environments.Further improvements and the proposal of broader datasets are required to developmore scalable,robust,and efficient models that can handle complex occlusions in real-world scenarios.
基金supported via funding from Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University project number(PSAU/2025/R/1446).
文摘Promoting the high penetration of renewable energies like photovoltaic(PV)systems has become an urgent issue for expanding modern power grids and has accomplished several challenges compared to existing distribution grids.This study measures the effectiveness of the Puma optimizer(PO)algorithm in parameter estimation of PSC(perovskite solar cells)dynamic models with hysteresis consideration considering the electric field effects on operation.The models used in this study will incorporate hysteresis effects to capture the time-dependent behavior of PSCs accurately.The PO optimizes the proposed modified triple diode model(TDM)with a variable voltage capacitor and resistances(VVCARs)considering the hysteresis behavior.The suggested PO algorithm contrasts with other wellknown optimizers from the literature to demonstrate its superiority.The results emphasize that the PO realizes a lower RMSE(Root mean square errors),which proves its capability and efficacy in parameter extraction for the models.The statistical results emphasize the efficiency and supremacy of the proposed PO compared to the other well-known competing optimizers.The convergence rates show good,fast,and stable convergence rates with lower RMSE via PO compared to the other five competitive optimizers.Moreover,the lowermean realized via the PO optimizer is illustrated by the box plot for all optimizers.
文摘Background:Long-term exposure to toxic substances increases the risk of their accumulation and triggering endocrine disruption.The ill-planned irrigation systems in Uzbekistan led to severe environmental disasters,resulting in aridization and the spread of organochlorine pesticides and toxic metals across the region.Objective:We investigate the influence of negative environmental factors on hormonal activities such as sex steroids,gonadotropic hormones,and growth factors,in addition to potential disruptions in growth rate and anthropometric indicators in prepubertal adolescents living in this region.Methods:This study included 405 prepubertal boys aged 11 to 13 years,residing in the cities of Muynak(unfavorable region)and Nukus(favorable region)of Uzbekistan.We measured 20 anthropometric parameters and assessed somatotype by the Heath-Carter method,peak height velocity(PHV),and maturity offset based on Mirwald's equation.In addition,the endocrine profile of 8 hormonal parameters was assessed,which includes growth factors,gonadotropins,sex steroids,and thyroid status.Results:We observed a positive dependence of physique,rate of maturation,and level of androgens,stimulated by gonadotropin hormones.Children living in unfavorable environmental regions show a decrease in folliclestimulating hormone,luteinizing hormone,total testosterone(the best predictor),and anthropometric signs of androgen deficiency.These resulted in an increase in maturity offset and PHV,combined with lower skeletal density and ectomorphic somatotype compared to their peers living in favorable environmental regions.Conclusion:Regional differences in stature,body weight,and anthropometric parameters of adipose tissue,growth factor axis,and thyroid hormones are the influencing indices in the regulation of growth in prepubertal children.We hypothesize that the inhibition of the gonadotropin-testosterone axis may result from endocrine disruption due to higher levels of toxic metals and pesticide exposure.
文摘Accurate capacity and State of Charge(SOC)estimation are crucial for ensuring the safety and longevity of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles.This study examines ten machine learning architectures,Including Deep Belief Network(DBN),Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Network(BiDirRNN),Gated Recurrent Unit(GRU),and others using the NASA B0005 dataset of 591,458 instances.Results indicate that DBN excels in capacity estimation,achieving orders-of-magnitude lower error values and explaining over 99.97%of the predicted variable’s variance.When computational efficiency is paramount,the Deep Neural Network(DNN)offers a strong alternative,delivering near-competitive accuracy with significantly reduced prediction times.The GRU achieves the best overall performance for SOC estimation,attaining an R^(2) of 0.9999,while the BiDirRNN provides a marginally lower error at a slightly higher computational speed.In contrast,Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)and Radial Basis Function Networks(RBFN)exhibit relatively high error rates,making them less viable for real-world battery management.Analyses of error distributions reveal that the top-performing models cluster most predictions within tight bounds,limiting the risk of overcharging or deep discharging.These findings highlight the trade-off between accuracy and computational overhead,offering valuable guidance for battery management system(BMS)designers seeking optimal performance under constrained resources.Future work may further explore advanced data augmentation and domain adaptation techniques to enhance these models’robustness in diverse operating conditions.
基金funded by A’Sharqiyah University,Sultanate of Oman,under Research Project Grant Number(BFP/RGP/ICT/22/490).
文摘Face detection is a critical component inmodern security,surveillance,and human-computer interaction systems,with widespread applications in smartphones,biometric access control,and public monitoring.However,detecting faces with high levels of occlusion,such as those covered by masks,veils,or scarves,remains a significant challenge,as traditional models often fail to generalize under such conditions.This paper presents a hybrid approach that combines traditional handcrafted feature extraction technique called Histogram of Oriented Gradients(HOG)and Canny edge detection with modern deep learning models.The goal is to improve face detection accuracy under occlusions.The proposed method leverages the structural strengths of HOG and edge-based object proposals while exploiting the feature extraction capabilities of Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs).The effectiveness of the proposed model is assessed using a custom dataset containing 10,000 heavily occluded face images and a subset of the Common Objects in Context(COCO)dataset for non-face samples.The COCO dataset was selected for its variety and realism in background contexts.Experimental evaluations demonstrate significant performance improvements compared to baseline CNN models.Results indicate that DenseNet121 combined with HOG outperforms other counterparts in classification metrics with an F1-score of 87.96%and precision of 88.02%.Enhanced performance is achieved through reduced false positives and improved localization accuracy with the integration of object proposals based on Canny and contour detection.While the proposed method increases inference time from 33.52 to 97.80 ms,it achieves a notable improvement in precision from 80.85% to 88.02% when comparing the baseline DenseNet121 model to its hybrid counterpart.Limitations of the method include higher computational cost and the need for careful tuning of parameters across the edge detection,handcrafted features,and CNN components.These findings highlight the potential of combining handcrafted and learned features for occluded face detection tasks.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of South Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(Grant No.2021R1A6A1A03038785,2023R1A2C1003464,RS-2024-00512818 and RS-2023-00240726)。
文摘Solar-driven photocatalysis with charge-transfer modulation is a green approach for enhancing the oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)to generate hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2)).In this study,we introduced a novel method for synthesizing high-valence Sn^(δ+)in SnS_(2),combined with gC_(3)N_(4)to create gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2).Density functional theory(DFT)calculations exhibited that the interface between SnS_(2)and gC_(3)N_(4)creates interband states through strong hybridization,revealing that photoexcited electrons flowed from C in gC_(3)N_(4)to S in SnS_(2),forming a Z-scheme heterojunction.The optimal gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2)-2(2%SnS_(2)loaded)achieved a high H_(2)O_(2)production rate of 7.186 mmol g^(-1)h^(-1)and an apparent quantum efficiency(AQE)of 33.8%at 405 nm with isopropanol(IPA),converting 88.8%IPA to acetone in 2 h.The gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2)composite improved the charge transfer resistance and elongated the non-radiative electron decay time.Notably,SnS_(2)doping of gC_(3)N_(4)decreased the antibonding orbital occupancy and lowered the energy barrier for O_(2) and OOH^(*)adsorption.In situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy(SERS)analysis confirmed the generation of OOH^(*)on gC_(3)N_(4)/SnS_(2)during light irradiation.A techno-economic analysis(TEA)was conducted to evaluate the economic viability of photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)production,revealing that it was not economically feasible owing to challenges in the separation process.This study provides unique perspectives on the approaches to inducing a high valence state of Sn^(δ+)for enhancing photocatalytic H_(2)O_(2)generation and the challenge of commercializing H_(2)O_(2)production via photocatalysis.
