Interval type-2 fuzzy neural networks(IT2FNNs)can be seen as the hybridization of interval type-2 fuzzy systems(IT2FSs) and neural networks(NNs). Thus, they naturally inherit the merits of both IT2 FSs and NNs. Althou...Interval type-2 fuzzy neural networks(IT2FNNs)can be seen as the hybridization of interval type-2 fuzzy systems(IT2FSs) and neural networks(NNs). Thus, they naturally inherit the merits of both IT2 FSs and NNs. Although IT2 FNNs have more advantages in processing uncertain, incomplete, or imprecise information compared to their type-1 counterparts, a large number of parameters need to be tuned in the IT2 FNNs,which increases the difficulties of their design. In this paper,big bang-big crunch(BBBC) optimization and particle swarm optimization(PSO) are applied in the parameter optimization for Takagi-Sugeno-Kang(TSK) type IT2 FNNs. The employment of the BBBC and PSO strategies can eliminate the need of backpropagation computation. The computing problem is converted to a simple feed-forward IT2 FNNs learning. The adoption of the BBBC or the PSO will not only simplify the design of the IT2 FNNs, but will also increase identification accuracy when compared with present methods. The proposed optimization based strategies are tested with three types of interval type-2 fuzzy membership functions(IT2FMFs) and deployed on three typical identification models. Simulation results certify the effectiveness of the proposed parameter optimization methods for the IT2 FNNs.展开更多
Presence of different terms with various values can alter the thermal behavior of the nanofluids flow over porous surfaces.The aim of this research is to study the influence of nanoparticles volume fraction,nanopartic...Presence of different terms with various values can alter the thermal behavior of the nanofluids flow over porous surfaces.The aim of this research is to study the influence of nanoparticles volume fraction,nanoparticles type,suction or injection,the heat generation or absorption,the Eckert number,thermal and velocity slip parameters,and radiation on the velocity and temperature fields on the flow and heat transfer over a porous flat plate.Four different types of nanoparticles including metal nanoparticles (Cu),metal oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) and carbon-based nanomaterials (MWCNTs and SWCNTs) which were dispersed in the water (as based fluid) are studied.The governing equations are converted into the ordinary differential equations using similarity solution and solved numerically by the RKF45 algorithm.The results of the simulations showed a contradiction with the results of other researchers who expressed that using nanoparticles with higher thermal conductivity and volume fraction led to increasing heat transfer rate in nanofluids;this study proves that,in some cases,boosting the volume fraction of nanoparticles has a potential to decrease the heat transfer rate due to significant changes in values of some parameters including radiation,heat generation,and viscous dissipation.展开更多
Wireless information and powered transfer networks(WIPT) has recently been implemented in 5th generation wireless networks. In this paper, we consider half-duplex relaying system in which the energy constrained relay ...Wireless information and powered transfer networks(WIPT) has recently been implemented in 5th generation wireless networks. In this paper, we consider half-duplex relaying system in which the energy constrained relay node collects energy via radio frequency(RF) signals from the surrounding resources. Regarding energy harvesting protocol, we propose power time switching-based relaying(PTSR) architecture for both amplify-and-forward(AF) and decode-and-forward(DF). Especially, we reveal the analytical expressions of achievable throughput, ergodic capacity and energy-efficient in case of imperfect channel state information(CSI) for both AF and DF network. Through numerical analysis, we analyse the throughput performance, energy-efficient and ergodic capacity for different parameters, including power splitting ratio and energy harvesting time. Moreover, we also depict the performance comparison between AF and DF network with perfect and imperfect CSI. The results in numerical analysis reveal that the result of AF relaying network is less significant than DF relaying network in the various scenarios.展开更多
As the extension of the linear inverted pendulum(LIP) and planar inverted pendulum(PIP), this paper proposes a novel spatial inverted pendulum(SIP). The SIP is the most general inverted pendulum(IP) than any existing ...As the extension of the linear inverted pendulum(LIP) and planar inverted pendulum(PIP), this paper proposes a novel spatial inverted pendulum(SIP). The SIP is the most general inverted pendulum(IP) than any existing IP. The model of the SIP is presented for the first time. The SIP inherits all the characteristics of the LIP and the PIP, which is a nonlinear,unstable and underactuated system. The SIP has five degrees of motion freedom and three control forces. Thus, it is a multipleinput and multiple-output(MIMO) system with nonlinear dynamics. To realize the spatial trajectory tracking of the SIP,the control structure with five PID controllers will be designed.The parameter tuning of the multiple PIDs is a challenging work for the proposed SIP model. To alleviate the difficulties of the parameter tuning for the multiple PID controllers, optimal PIDs can be achieved with the help of Big Bang – Big Crunch(BBBC) optimization. The BBBC algorithm can successfully optimize the parameters of the multiple PID controllers with high convergence speed. The optimization performance index of the BBBC algorithm is compared with that of the particle swarm optimization(PSO). Simulation results certify the rightness and effectiveness of the proposed control and optimization methods.展开更多
In this paper we focus on the target capturing problem for a swarm of agents modelled as double integrators in any finite space dimension.Each agent knows the relative position of the target and has only an estimation...In this paper we focus on the target capturing problem for a swarm of agents modelled as double integrators in any finite space dimension.Each agent knows the relative position of the target and has only an estimation of its velocity and acceleration.Given that the estimation errors are bounded by some known values,it is possible to design a control law that ensures that agents enter a user-defined ellipsoidal ring around the moving target.Agents know the relative position of the other members whose distance is smaller than a common detection radius.Finally,in the case of no uncertainty about target data and homogeneous agents,we show how the swarm can reach a static configuration around the moving target.Some simulations are reported to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.展开更多
In this paper, the system performance of a decode-and-forward(DF) full-duplex(FD) adaptive relaying network over the Rician fading environment is proposed, analyzed and demonstrated. In the first stage, the system is ...In this paper, the system performance of a decode-and-forward(DF) full-duplex(FD) adaptive relaying network over the Rician fading environment is proposed, analyzed and demonstrated. In the first stage, the system is presented with the energy harvesting and information transmission processes. After that, the analytical expressions of the achievable throughput, the outage probability, and symbol error ratio(SER) were proposed, analyzed and demonstrated. Finally, the analytical results are also demonstrated by Monte-Carlo simulation in comparison with the closed-form expressions in the influence of the key system parameters. The results show that the analytical and simulated results match for all possible parameter values.展开更多
This paper studies the dynamics of a new fractional-order discrete system based on the Caputo-like difference operator.This is the first study to explore a three-dimensional fractional-order discrete chaotic system wi...This paper studies the dynamics of a new fractional-order discrete system based on the Caputo-like difference operator.This is the first study to explore a three-dimensional fractional-order discrete chaotic system without equilibrium.Through phase portrait,bifurcation diagrams,and largest Lyapunov exponents,it is shown that the proposed fractional-order discrete system exhibits a range of different dynamical behaviors.Also,different tests are used to confirm the existence of chaos,such as 0-1 test and C0 complexity.In addition,the quantification of the level of chaos in the new fractional-order discrete system is measured by the approximate entropy technique.Furthermore,based on the fractional linearization method,a one-dimensional controller to stabilize the new system is proposed.Numerical results are presented to validate the findings of the paper.展开更多
The economic and financial systems consist of many nonlinear factors that make them behave as the complex systems.Recently many chaotic finance systems have been proposed to study the complex dynamics of finance as a ...The economic and financial systems consist of many nonlinear factors that make them behave as the complex systems.Recently many chaotic finance systems have been proposed to study the complex dynamics of finance as a noticeable problem in economics.In fact,the intricate structure between financial institutions can be obtained by using a network of financial systems.Therefore,in this paper,we consider a ring network of coupled symmetric chaotic finance systems,and investigate its behavior by varying the coupling parameters.The results show that the coupling strength and range have significant effects on the behavior of the coupled systems,and various patterns such as the chimera and multi-chimera states are observed.Furthermore,changing the parameters'values,remarkably influences on the oscillators attractors.When several synchronous clusters are formed,the attractors of the synchronized oscillators are symmetric,but different from the single oscillator attractor.展开更多
The computational complexity of resource allocation processes,in cognitive radio networks(CRNs),is a major issue to be managed.Furthermore,the complicated solution of the optimal algorithm for handling resource alloca...The computational complexity of resource allocation processes,in cognitive radio networks(CRNs),is a major issue to be managed.Furthermore,the complicated solution of the optimal algorithm for handling resource allocation in CRNs makes it unsuitable to adopt in real-world applications where both cognitive users,CRs,and primary users,PUs,exist in the identical geographical area.Hence,this work offers a primarily price-based power algorithm to reduce computational complexity in uplink scenarioswhile limiting interference to PUs to allowable threshold.Hence,this paper,compared to other frameworks proposed in the literature,proposes a two-step approach to reduce the complexity of the proposed mathematical model.In the first step,the subcarriers are assigned to the users of the CRN,while the cost function includes a pricing scheme to provide better power control algorithm with improved reliability proposed in the second stage.The main contribution of this paper is to lessen the complexity of the proposed algorithm and to offer flexibility in controlling the interference produced to the users of the primary networks,which has been achieved by including a pricing function in the proposed cost function.Finally,the performance of the proposed power and subcarrier algorithm is confirmed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM).Simulation results prove that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than other algorithms,albeit with a lesser complexity of O(NM)+O(Nlog(N)).展开更多
Fifth-generation(5G)cellular networks offer high transmission rates in dense urban environments.However,a massive deployment of small cells will be required to provide wide-area coverage,which leads to an increase in ...Fifth-generation(5G)cellular networks offer high transmission rates in dense urban environments.However,a massive deployment of small cells will be required to provide wide-area coverage,which leads to an increase in the number of handovers(HOs).Mobility management is an important issue that requires considerable attention in heterogeneous networks,where 5G ultra-dense small cells coexist with current fourth-generation(4G)networks.Although mobility robustness optimization(MRO)and load balancing optimization(LBO)functions have been introduced in the 3GPP standard to address HO problems,non-robust and nonoptimal algorithms for selecting appropriate HO control parameters(HCPs)still exist,and an optimal solution is subjected to compromise between LBO and MRO functions.Thus,HO decision algorithms become inefficient.This paper proposes a conflict resolution technique to address the contradiction between MRO and LBO functions.The proposed technique exploits received signal reference power(RSRP),cell load and user speed to adapt HO margin(HM)and time to trigger(TTT).Estimated HM and TTT depend on a weighting function and HO type which is represented by user status during mobility.The proposed technique is validated with other existing algorithms from the literature.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms existing algorithms overall performance metrics.The proposed technique reduces the overall average HO ping-pong probability,HO failure rate and interruption time by more than 90%,46%and 58%,respectively,compared with the other schemes overall speed scenarios and simulation time.展开更多
Railway transportation system is a critical sector where design methods and techniques are defined by international standards in order to reduce possible risks to an acceptable minimum level. CENELEC 50128 strongly re...Railway transportation system is a critical sector where design methods and techniques are defined by international standards in order to reduce possible risks to an acceptable minimum level. CENELEC 50128 strongly recommends the utilization of finite state machines during system modelling stage and formal proof methods during the verifi- cation and testing stages of control algorithms. Due to the high importance of interlocking table at the design state of a sig- nalization system, the modelling and verification of inter- locking tables are examined in this work. For this purpose, abstract state machines are used as a modelling tool. The developed models have been performed in a generalized structure such that the model control can be done automatically for the interlocking systems. In this study, NuSMV is used at the verification state. Also, the consistency of the developed models has been supervised through fault injection. The developed models and software components are applied on a real railway station operated by Metro Istanbul Co.展开更多
Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases are two of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Tremor,muscle stiffness, and slowness of movement are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms of Huntington’s dis...Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases are two of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Tremor,muscle stiffness, and slowness of movement are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms of Huntington’s disease are severe reduction in muscle control, emotional disturbance, and pathological disorders in brain cells. These diseases are caused by destruction of the cells that secrete a substance called dopamine. In this paper, a new discrete chaotic system is introduced, which can mimic the brain’s behavior for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson, Huntington, and Hypokinesia. This system is described based on the similarity between the brain’s behavior in normal and abnormal conditions and the chaotic systems. Bifurcation analysis is carried out with respect to different parameters, providing full spectrum of the behavior for different parameter values. Our results can be used to mathematically study the mechanisms behind these diseases.展开更多
Chimera state is a peculiar spatiotemporal pattern,wherein the coherence and incoherence coexist in the network of coupled identical oscillators.In this paper,we study the chimera states in a network of impact oscilla...Chimera state is a peculiar spatiotemporal pattern,wherein the coherence and incoherence coexist in the network of coupled identical oscillators.In this paper,we study the chimera states in a network of impact oscillators with nonlocal coupling.We investigate the effects of the coupling strength and the coupling range on the network behavior.The results reveal the emergence of the chimera state for significantly small values of coupling strength,and higher coupling strength values lead to unbounded motions in the oscillators.We also study the network in the case of excitation failure.We observe that the coupling helps in the maintenance of an oscillatory motion with a lower amplitude in the failed oscillator.展开更多
Mobile broadband(MBB)networks are expanding rapidly to deliver higher data speeds.The fifth-generation cellular network promises enhanced-MBB with high-speed data rates,low power connectivity,and ultralow latency vide...Mobile broadband(MBB)networks are expanding rapidly to deliver higher data speeds.The fifth-generation cellular network promises enhanced-MBB with high-speed data rates,low power connectivity,and ultralow latency video streaming.However,existing cellular networks are unable to perform well due to high latency and low bandwidth,which degrades the performance of various applications.As a result,monitoring and evaluation of the performance of these network-supported services is critical.Mobile network providers optimize and monitor their network performance to ensure the highest quality of service to their end-users.This paper proposes a Bayesian model to estimate the minimum opinion score(MOS)of video streaming services for any particular cellular network.The MOS is the most commonly used metric to assess the quality of experience.The proposed Bayesian model consists of several input data,namely,round-trip time,stalling load,and bite rates.It was examined and evaluated using several test data sizes with various performance metrics.Simulation results show the proposed Bayesian network achieved higher accuracy overall test data sizes than a neural network.The proposed Bayesian network obtained a remarkable overall accuracy of 90.36%and outperformed the neural network.展开更多
Radial Basis Function Neural Network(RBFNN)ensembles have long suffered from non-efficient training,where incorrect parameter settings can be computationally disastrous.This paper examines different evolutionary algor...Radial Basis Function Neural Network(RBFNN)ensembles have long suffered from non-efficient training,where incorrect parameter settings can be computationally disastrous.This paper examines different evolutionary algorithms for training the Symbolic Radial Basis Function Neural Network(SRBFNN)through the behavior’s integration of satisfiability programming.Inspired by evolutionary algorithms,which can iteratively find the nearoptimal solution,different Evolutionary Algorithms(EAs)were designed to optimize the producer output weight of the SRBFNN that corresponds to the embedded logic programming 2Satisfiability representation(SRBFNN-2SAT).The SRBFNN’s objective function that corresponds to Satisfiability logic programming can be minimized by different algorithms,including Genetic Algorithm(GA),Evolution Strategy Algorithm(ES),Differential Evolution Algorithm(DE),and Evolutionary Programming Algorithm(EP).Each of these methods is presented in the steps in the flowchart form which can be used for its straightforward implementation in any programming language.With the use of SRBFNN-2SAT,a training method based on these algorithms has been presented,then training has been compared among algorithms,which were applied in Microsoft Visual C++software using multiple metrics of performance,including Mean Absolute Relative Error(MARE),Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE),Mean Bias Error(MBE),Systematic Error(SD),Schwarz Bayesian Criterion(SBC),and Central Process Unit time(CPU time).Based on the results,the EP algorithm achieved a higher training rate and simple structure compared with the rest of the algorithms.It has been confirmed that the EP algorithm is quite effective in training and obtaining the best output weight,accompanied by the slightest iteration error,which minimizes the objective function of SRBFNN-2SAT.展开更多
Intracavity absorption spectroscopy is a strikingly sensitive technique that has been integrated with a two-wavelength setup to develop a sensor for human breath.Various factors are considered in such a scenario,out o...Intracavity absorption spectroscopy is a strikingly sensitive technique that has been integrated with a two-wavelength setup to develop a sensor for human breath.Various factors are considered in such a scenario,out of which Relative Intensity Noise(RIN)has been exploited as an important parameter to characterize and calibrate the said setup.During the performance of an electrical based assessment arrangement which has been developed in the laboratory as an alternative to the expensive Agilent setup,the optical amplifier plays a pivotal role in its development and operation,along with other components and their significance.Therefore,the investigation and technical analysis of the amplifier in the system has been explored in detail.The algorithm developed for the automatic measurements of the system has been effectively deployed in terms of the laser’s performance.With this in perspective,a frequency dependent calibration has been pursued in depth with this scheme which enhances the sensor’s efficiency in terms of its sensitivity.In this way,our investigation helps us in a better understanding and implementation perspective of the proposed system,as the outcomes of our analysis adds to the precision and accuracy of the entire system.展开更多
Necessity of electricity access in remote area is the main reason for expanding decentralized energy system such as stand-alone power systems. The best electrical power supply must provide a constant magnitude and fre...Necessity of electricity access in remote area is the main reason for expanding decentralized energy system such as stand-alone power systems. The best electrical power supply must provide a constant magnitude and frequency voltage. Therefore, good power quality is an important factor for the reliable operation of electrical loads in a power system. However, the current drawn by most of electronic devices and non-linear loads are non-sinusoidal, which can result in a poor power quality, especially in off-grid power systems. Poor power quality is characterized by electrical disturbances such as transients, sags, swells, harmonics and even interruptions in the power supply. Off-grid power systems worldwide often struggle with system failures and equipment damage due to poor power quality. In this paper, MAT- LAB/Simulink is used to model and analyses power quality in an off-grid renewable energy system. The results show high voltage transient when the inductive loads were switched OFF. The voltage and current harmonics are also determined and compared for various types of loads.展开更多
The United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)highlight the importance of affordable and clean energy sources.Solar energy is a perfect example,being both renewable and abundant.Its popularity shows no signs ...The United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)highlight the importance of affordable and clean energy sources.Solar energy is a perfect example,being both renewable and abundant.Its popularity shows no signs of slowing down,with solar photovoltaic(PV)panels being the primary technology for converting sunlight into electricity.Advancements are continuously being made to ensure cost-effectiveness,high-performing cells,extended lifespans,and minimal maintenance requirements.This study focuses on identifying suitable locations for implementing solar PVsystems at theUniversityMalaysia PahangAl SultanAbdullah(UMPSA),Pekan campus including buildings,water bodies,and forest areas.A combined technical and economic analysis is conducted using Helioscope for simulations and the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System(PVGIS)for economic considerations.Helioscope simulation examine case studies for PV installations in forested areas,lakes,and buildings.This approach provides comprehensive estimations of solar photovoltaic potential,annual cost savings,electricity costs,and greenhouse gas emission reductions.Based on land coverage percentages,Floatovoltaics have a large solar PV capacity of 32.3 Megawatts(MW);forest-based photovoltaics(Forestvoltaics)achieve maximum yearly savings of RM 37,268,550;and Building Applied Photovoltaics(BAPV)have the lowest CO2 emissions and net carbon dioxide reduction compared to other plant sizes.It also clarifies the purpose of using both software tools to achieve a comprehensive understanding of both technical and economic aspects.展开更多
Load Frequency Control (LFC) is one of power systems important requirements which maintain the zero steady-state errors in the frequency changing and restoring the natural frequency to its normal position. Many proble...Load Frequency Control (LFC) is one of power systems important requirements which maintain the zero steady-state errors in the frequency changing and restoring the natural frequency to its normal position. Many problems are subject to LFC such as suddenly large load or suddenly disconnecting generating unit by the protection device. In this paper, multi-area Frequency Control by using the combination of PSO and fuzzy logic control (FLC) technique. PSO optimization method is used to tuning the fuzzy controller input and output gains. Four of an interconnected electrical power system used as a testing the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to a conventional PI controller and scaled-fuzzy controller. The simulation result has been shown that the controller can generate the best dynamic response in multi-load conditions.展开更多
The evaluation of distortion diagnosis using Wavelet function for Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Phonocardiography (PCG) is not novel. However, some of the technological and economic issues re...The evaluation of distortion diagnosis using Wavelet function for Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Phonocardiography (PCG) is not novel. However, some of the technological and economic issues remain challenging. The work in this paper is focusing on the reduction of the noise interferences and analyzes different kinds of ECG signals. Furthermore, a physiological monitoring system with a programming model for the filtration of ECG is presented. Kaiser based Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter is used for noise reduction and identification of R peaks based on Peak Detection Algorithm (PDA). Two approaches are implemented for detecting the R peaks;Amplitude Threshold Value (ATV) and Peak Prediction Technique (PPT). Daubechies wavelet transform is applied to analyze the ECG of driver under stress, arrhythmia and sudden cardiac arrest signals. From the obtained results, it was found that the PPT is an effective and efficient technique in detecting the R peaks compared to ATV.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61873079,51707050)
文摘Interval type-2 fuzzy neural networks(IT2FNNs)can be seen as the hybridization of interval type-2 fuzzy systems(IT2FSs) and neural networks(NNs). Thus, they naturally inherit the merits of both IT2 FSs and NNs. Although IT2 FNNs have more advantages in processing uncertain, incomplete, or imprecise information compared to their type-1 counterparts, a large number of parameters need to be tuned in the IT2 FNNs,which increases the difficulties of their design. In this paper,big bang-big crunch(BBBC) optimization and particle swarm optimization(PSO) are applied in the parameter optimization for Takagi-Sugeno-Kang(TSK) type IT2 FNNs. The employment of the BBBC and PSO strategies can eliminate the need of backpropagation computation. The computing problem is converted to a simple feed-forward IT2 FNNs learning. The adoption of the BBBC or the PSO will not only simplify the design of the IT2 FNNs, but will also increase identification accuracy when compared with present methods. The proposed optimization based strategies are tested with three types of interval type-2 fuzzy membership functions(IT2FMFs) and deployed on three typical identification models. Simulation results certify the effectiveness of the proposed parameter optimization methods for the IT2 FNNs.
文摘Presence of different terms with various values can alter the thermal behavior of the nanofluids flow over porous surfaces.The aim of this research is to study the influence of nanoparticles volume fraction,nanoparticles type,suction or injection,the heat generation or absorption,the Eckert number,thermal and velocity slip parameters,and radiation on the velocity and temperature fields on the flow and heat transfer over a porous flat plate.Four different types of nanoparticles including metal nanoparticles (Cu),metal oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) and carbon-based nanomaterials (MWCNTs and SWCNTs) which were dispersed in the water (as based fluid) are studied.The governing equations are converted into the ordinary differential equations using similarity solution and solved numerically by the RKF45 algorithm.The results of the simulations showed a contradiction with the results of other researchers who expressed that using nanoparticles with higher thermal conductivity and volume fraction led to increasing heat transfer rate in nanofluids;this study proves that,in some cases,boosting the volume fraction of nanoparticles has a potential to decrease the heat transfer rate due to significant changes in values of some parameters including radiation,heat generation,and viscous dissipation.
文摘Wireless information and powered transfer networks(WIPT) has recently been implemented in 5th generation wireless networks. In this paper, we consider half-duplex relaying system in which the energy constrained relay node collects energy via radio frequency(RF) signals from the surrounding resources. Regarding energy harvesting protocol, we propose power time switching-based relaying(PTSR) architecture for both amplify-and-forward(AF) and decode-and-forward(DF). Especially, we reveal the analytical expressions of achievable throughput, ergodic capacity and energy-efficient in case of imperfect channel state information(CSI) for both AF and DF network. Through numerical analysis, we analyse the throughput performance, energy-efficient and ergodic capacity for different parameters, including power splitting ratio and energy harvesting time. Moreover, we also depict the performance comparison between AF and DF network with perfect and imperfect CSI. The results in numerical analysis reveal that the result of AF relaying network is less significant than DF relaying network in the various scenarios.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61873079)。
文摘As the extension of the linear inverted pendulum(LIP) and planar inverted pendulum(PIP), this paper proposes a novel spatial inverted pendulum(SIP). The SIP is the most general inverted pendulum(IP) than any existing IP. The model of the SIP is presented for the first time. The SIP inherits all the characteristics of the LIP and the PIP, which is a nonlinear,unstable and underactuated system. The SIP has five degrees of motion freedom and three control forces. Thus, it is a multipleinput and multiple-output(MIMO) system with nonlinear dynamics. To realize the spatial trajectory tracking of the SIP,the control structure with five PID controllers will be designed.The parameter tuning of the multiple PIDs is a challenging work for the proposed SIP model. To alleviate the difficulties of the parameter tuning for the multiple PID controllers, optimal PIDs can be achieved with the help of Big Bang – Big Crunch(BBBC) optimization. The BBBC algorithm can successfully optimize the parameters of the multiple PID controllers with high convergence speed. The optimization performance index of the BBBC algorithm is compared with that of the particle swarm optimization(PSO). Simulation results certify the rightness and effectiveness of the proposed control and optimization methods.
文摘In this paper we focus on the target capturing problem for a swarm of agents modelled as double integrators in any finite space dimension.Each agent knows the relative position of the target and has only an estimation of its velocity and acceleration.Given that the estimation errors are bounded by some known values,it is possible to design a control law that ensures that agents enter a user-defined ellipsoidal ring around the moving target.Agents know the relative position of the other members whose distance is smaller than a common detection radius.Finally,in the case of no uncertainty about target data and homogeneous agents,we show how the swarm can reach a static configuration around the moving target.Some simulations are reported to show the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.
文摘In this paper, the system performance of a decode-and-forward(DF) full-duplex(FD) adaptive relaying network over the Rician fading environment is proposed, analyzed and demonstrated. In the first stage, the system is presented with the energy harvesting and information transmission processes. After that, the analytical expressions of the achievable throughput, the outage probability, and symbol error ratio(SER) were proposed, analyzed and demonstrated. Finally, the analytical results are also demonstrated by Monte-Carlo simulation in comparison with the closed-form expressions in the influence of the key system parameters. The results show that the analytical and simulated results match for all possible parameter values.
基金The author Adel Ouannas was supported by the Directorate General for Scientific Research and Technological Development of Algeria.The author Shaher Momani was supported by Ajman University in UAE.
文摘This paper studies the dynamics of a new fractional-order discrete system based on the Caputo-like difference operator.This is the first study to explore a three-dimensional fractional-order discrete chaotic system without equilibrium.Through phase portrait,bifurcation diagrams,and largest Lyapunov exponents,it is shown that the proposed fractional-order discrete system exhibits a range of different dynamical behaviors.Also,different tests are used to confirm the existence of chaos,such as 0-1 test and C0 complexity.In addition,the quantification of the level of chaos in the new fractional-order discrete system is measured by the approximate entropy technique.Furthermore,based on the fractional linearization method,a one-dimensional controller to stabilize the new system is proposed.Numerical results are presented to validate the findings of the paper.
文摘The economic and financial systems consist of many nonlinear factors that make them behave as the complex systems.Recently many chaotic finance systems have been proposed to study the complex dynamics of finance as a noticeable problem in economics.In fact,the intricate structure between financial institutions can be obtained by using a network of financial systems.Therefore,in this paper,we consider a ring network of coupled symmetric chaotic finance systems,and investigate its behavior by varying the coupling parameters.The results show that the coupling strength and range have significant effects on the behavior of the coupled systems,and various patterns such as the chimera and multi-chimera states are observed.Furthermore,changing the parameters'values,remarkably influences on the oscillators attractors.When several synchronous clusters are formed,the attractors of the synchronized oscillators are symmetric,but different from the single oscillator attractor.
基金Authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University for funding this work through Large Groups Project under Grant Number RGP.2/111/43supported in part by the Agencia Estatal de Investigación,Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación(MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033)+1 种基金the R+D+i Project under Grant PID2020-115323RB-C31in part by the Grant from the Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Digital Transformation and the European Union-NextGenerationEU under Grant UNICO-5G I+D/AROMA3D-Hybrid TSI-063000-2021-71.
文摘The computational complexity of resource allocation processes,in cognitive radio networks(CRNs),is a major issue to be managed.Furthermore,the complicated solution of the optimal algorithm for handling resource allocation in CRNs makes it unsuitable to adopt in real-world applications where both cognitive users,CRs,and primary users,PUs,exist in the identical geographical area.Hence,this work offers a primarily price-based power algorithm to reduce computational complexity in uplink scenarioswhile limiting interference to PUs to allowable threshold.Hence,this paper,compared to other frameworks proposed in the literature,proposes a two-step approach to reduce the complexity of the proposed mathematical model.In the first step,the subcarriers are assigned to the users of the CRN,while the cost function includes a pricing scheme to provide better power control algorithm with improved reliability proposed in the second stage.The main contribution of this paper is to lessen the complexity of the proposed algorithm and to offer flexibility in controlling the interference produced to the users of the primary networks,which has been achieved by including a pricing function in the proposed cost function.Finally,the performance of the proposed power and subcarrier algorithm is confirmed for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM).Simulation results prove that the performance of the proposed algorithm is better than other algorithms,albeit with a lesser complexity of O(NM)+O(Nlog(N)).
基金The research leading to these results has received funding from The Research Council(TRC)of the Sultanate of Oman under the Block Funding Program with agreement no.TRC/BFP/ASU/01/2019,and it was also supported in part by the Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia(USIM),Malaysia.
文摘Fifth-generation(5G)cellular networks offer high transmission rates in dense urban environments.However,a massive deployment of small cells will be required to provide wide-area coverage,which leads to an increase in the number of handovers(HOs).Mobility management is an important issue that requires considerable attention in heterogeneous networks,where 5G ultra-dense small cells coexist with current fourth-generation(4G)networks.Although mobility robustness optimization(MRO)and load balancing optimization(LBO)functions have been introduced in the 3GPP standard to address HO problems,non-robust and nonoptimal algorithms for selecting appropriate HO control parameters(HCPs)still exist,and an optimal solution is subjected to compromise between LBO and MRO functions.Thus,HO decision algorithms become inefficient.This paper proposes a conflict resolution technique to address the contradiction between MRO and LBO functions.The proposed technique exploits received signal reference power(RSRP),cell load and user speed to adapt HO margin(HM)and time to trigger(TTT).Estimated HM and TTT depend on a weighting function and HO type which is represented by user status during mobility.The proposed technique is validated with other existing algorithms from the literature.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique outperforms existing algorithms overall performance metrics.The proposed technique reduces the overall average HO ping-pong probability,HO failure rate and interruption time by more than 90%,46%and 58%,respectively,compared with the other schemes overall speed scenarios and simulation time.
文摘Railway transportation system is a critical sector where design methods and techniques are defined by international standards in order to reduce possible risks to an acceptable minimum level. CENELEC 50128 strongly recommends the utilization of finite state machines during system modelling stage and formal proof methods during the verifi- cation and testing stages of control algorithms. Due to the high importance of interlocking table at the design state of a sig- nalization system, the modelling and verification of inter- locking tables are examined in this work. For this purpose, abstract state machines are used as a modelling tool. The developed models have been performed in a generalized structure such that the model control can be done automatically for the interlocking systems. In this study, NuSMV is used at the verification state. Also, the consistency of the developed models has been supervised through fault injection. The developed models and software components are applied on a real railway station operated by Metro Istanbul Co.
文摘Parkinson’s and Huntington’s diseases are two of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Tremor,muscle stiffness, and slowness of movement are symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. The symptoms of Huntington’s disease are severe reduction in muscle control, emotional disturbance, and pathological disorders in brain cells. These diseases are caused by destruction of the cells that secrete a substance called dopamine. In this paper, a new discrete chaotic system is introduced, which can mimic the brain’s behavior for neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson, Huntington, and Hypokinesia. This system is described based on the similarity between the brain’s behavior in normal and abnormal conditions and the chaotic systems. Bifurcation analysis is carried out with respect to different parameters, providing full spectrum of the behavior for different parameter values. Our results can be used to mathematically study the mechanisms behind these diseases.
基金Project supported by the Polish National Science Centre,MAESTRO Programme(No.2013/08/A/ST8/00780)the OPUS Programme(No.2018/29/B/ST8/00457)。
文摘Chimera state is a peculiar spatiotemporal pattern,wherein the coherence and incoherence coexist in the network of coupled identical oscillators.In this paper,we study the chimera states in a network of impact oscillators with nonlocal coupling.We investigate the effects of the coupling strength and the coupling range on the network behavior.The results reveal the emergence of the chimera state for significantly small values of coupling strength,and higher coupling strength values lead to unbounded motions in the oscillators.We also study the network in the case of excitation failure.We observe that the coupling helps in the maintenance of an oscillatory motion with a lower amplitude in the failed oscillator.
基金The research leading to these results has received funding from The Research Council(TRC)of the Sultanate of Oman under the Block Funding Program with Agreement No.TRC/BFP/ASU/01/2019.
文摘Mobile broadband(MBB)networks are expanding rapidly to deliver higher data speeds.The fifth-generation cellular network promises enhanced-MBB with high-speed data rates,low power connectivity,and ultralow latency video streaming.However,existing cellular networks are unable to perform well due to high latency and low bandwidth,which degrades the performance of various applications.As a result,monitoring and evaluation of the performance of these network-supported services is critical.Mobile network providers optimize and monitor their network performance to ensure the highest quality of service to their end-users.This paper proposes a Bayesian model to estimate the minimum opinion score(MOS)of video streaming services for any particular cellular network.The MOS is the most commonly used metric to assess the quality of experience.The proposed Bayesian model consists of several input data,namely,round-trip time,stalling load,and bite rates.It was examined and evaluated using several test data sizes with various performance metrics.Simulation results show the proposed Bayesian network achieved higher accuracy overall test data sizes than a neural network.The proposed Bayesian network obtained a remarkable overall accuracy of 90.36%and outperformed the neural network.
基金This work is supported by Ministry of Higher Education(MOHE)through Fundamental Research Grant Scheme(FRGS)(FRGS/1/2020/STG06/UTHM/03/7).
文摘Radial Basis Function Neural Network(RBFNN)ensembles have long suffered from non-efficient training,where incorrect parameter settings can be computationally disastrous.This paper examines different evolutionary algorithms for training the Symbolic Radial Basis Function Neural Network(SRBFNN)through the behavior’s integration of satisfiability programming.Inspired by evolutionary algorithms,which can iteratively find the nearoptimal solution,different Evolutionary Algorithms(EAs)were designed to optimize the producer output weight of the SRBFNN that corresponds to the embedded logic programming 2Satisfiability representation(SRBFNN-2SAT).The SRBFNN’s objective function that corresponds to Satisfiability logic programming can be minimized by different algorithms,including Genetic Algorithm(GA),Evolution Strategy Algorithm(ES),Differential Evolution Algorithm(DE),and Evolutionary Programming Algorithm(EP).Each of these methods is presented in the steps in the flowchart form which can be used for its straightforward implementation in any programming language.With the use of SRBFNN-2SAT,a training method based on these algorithms has been presented,then training has been compared among algorithms,which were applied in Microsoft Visual C++software using multiple metrics of performance,including Mean Absolute Relative Error(MARE),Root Mean Square Error(RMSE),Mean Absolute Percentage Error(MAPE),Mean Bias Error(MBE),Systematic Error(SD),Schwarz Bayesian Criterion(SBC),and Central Process Unit time(CPU time).Based on the results,the EP algorithm achieved a higher training rate and simple structure compared with the rest of the algorithms.It has been confirmed that the EP algorithm is quite effective in training and obtaining the best output weight,accompanied by the slightest iteration error,which minimizes the objective function of SRBFNN-2SAT.
基金This work was supported in part by the German Academic Exchange Service(Deutsche Akademische Austausch Dienst(DAAD)),and in part by the University of Kassel.
文摘Intracavity absorption spectroscopy is a strikingly sensitive technique that has been integrated with a two-wavelength setup to develop a sensor for human breath.Various factors are considered in such a scenario,out of which Relative Intensity Noise(RIN)has been exploited as an important parameter to characterize and calibrate the said setup.During the performance of an electrical based assessment arrangement which has been developed in the laboratory as an alternative to the expensive Agilent setup,the optical amplifier plays a pivotal role in its development and operation,along with other components and their significance.Therefore,the investigation and technical analysis of the amplifier in the system has been explored in detail.The algorithm developed for the automatic measurements of the system has been effectively deployed in terms of the laser’s performance.With this in perspective,a frequency dependent calibration has been pursued in depth with this scheme which enhances the sensor’s efficiency in terms of its sensitivity.In this way,our investigation helps us in a better understanding and implementation perspective of the proposed system,as the outcomes of our analysis adds to the precision and accuracy of the entire system.
文摘Necessity of electricity access in remote area is the main reason for expanding decentralized energy system such as stand-alone power systems. The best electrical power supply must provide a constant magnitude and frequency voltage. Therefore, good power quality is an important factor for the reliable operation of electrical loads in a power system. However, the current drawn by most of electronic devices and non-linear loads are non-sinusoidal, which can result in a poor power quality, especially in off-grid power systems. Poor power quality is characterized by electrical disturbances such as transients, sags, swells, harmonics and even interruptions in the power supply. Off-grid power systems worldwide often struggle with system failures and equipment damage due to poor power quality. In this paper, MAT- LAB/Simulink is used to model and analyses power quality in an off-grid renewable energy system. The results show high voltage transient when the inductive loads were switched OFF. The voltage and current harmonics are also determined and compared for various types of loads.
基金the financial support provided by Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al Sultan Abdullah(www.umpsa.edu.my,accessed 10 April 2024)through the Doctoral Research Scheme(DRS)toMr.Rittick Maity and the Postgraduate Research Scheme(PGRS220390).
文摘The United Nations’Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)highlight the importance of affordable and clean energy sources.Solar energy is a perfect example,being both renewable and abundant.Its popularity shows no signs of slowing down,with solar photovoltaic(PV)panels being the primary technology for converting sunlight into electricity.Advancements are continuously being made to ensure cost-effectiveness,high-performing cells,extended lifespans,and minimal maintenance requirements.This study focuses on identifying suitable locations for implementing solar PVsystems at theUniversityMalaysia PahangAl SultanAbdullah(UMPSA),Pekan campus including buildings,water bodies,and forest areas.A combined technical and economic analysis is conducted using Helioscope for simulations and the Photovoltaic Geographic Information System(PVGIS)for economic considerations.Helioscope simulation examine case studies for PV installations in forested areas,lakes,and buildings.This approach provides comprehensive estimations of solar photovoltaic potential,annual cost savings,electricity costs,and greenhouse gas emission reductions.Based on land coverage percentages,Floatovoltaics have a large solar PV capacity of 32.3 Megawatts(MW);forest-based photovoltaics(Forestvoltaics)achieve maximum yearly savings of RM 37,268,550;and Building Applied Photovoltaics(BAPV)have the lowest CO2 emissions and net carbon dioxide reduction compared to other plant sizes.It also clarifies the purpose of using both software tools to achieve a comprehensive understanding of both technical and economic aspects.
文摘Load Frequency Control (LFC) is one of power systems important requirements which maintain the zero steady-state errors in the frequency changing and restoring the natural frequency to its normal position. Many problems are subject to LFC such as suddenly large load or suddenly disconnecting generating unit by the protection device. In this paper, multi-area Frequency Control by using the combination of PSO and fuzzy logic control (FLC) technique. PSO optimization method is used to tuning the fuzzy controller input and output gains. Four of an interconnected electrical power system used as a testing the effectiveness of the proposed method compared to a conventional PI controller and scaled-fuzzy controller. The simulation result has been shown that the controller can generate the best dynamic response in multi-load conditions.
文摘The evaluation of distortion diagnosis using Wavelet function for Electrocardiogram (ECG), Electroencephalogram (EEG) and Phonocardiography (PCG) is not novel. However, some of the technological and economic issues remain challenging. The work in this paper is focusing on the reduction of the noise interferences and analyzes different kinds of ECG signals. Furthermore, a physiological monitoring system with a programming model for the filtration of ECG is presented. Kaiser based Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter is used for noise reduction and identification of R peaks based on Peak Detection Algorithm (PDA). Two approaches are implemented for detecting the R peaks;Amplitude Threshold Value (ATV) and Peak Prediction Technique (PPT). Daubechies wavelet transform is applied to analyze the ECG of driver under stress, arrhythmia and sudden cardiac arrest signals. From the obtained results, it was found that the PPT is an effective and efficient technique in detecting the R peaks compared to ATV.
