We studied the locomotor behaviour of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Francois＇ langurs T.francoisi to test two hypotheses： （1） these monkeys have evolved locomotor ability to support their a...We studied the locomotor behaviour of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Francois＇ langurs T.francoisi to test two hypotheses： （1） these monkeys have evolved locomotor ability to support their activities on limestone hills, and （2） Francois＇ langurs have evolved more diverse locomotor skills than white-headed langurs. Data were collected from 1996 - 1998 and in 2005 in Fusui Nature Reserve, Guangxi, and showed that the two species had similar locomotor types, but Francois＇ langurs had more locomotor modes （26） than white-headed langurs （12）. Quadrupedal walking and leaping were two major types, and white-headed langurs were more arboreal than Francois＇ langurs. We suggest that, while keeping their ancestral locomotor types, the two species have evolved new types allowing them to live on limestone cliffs. Compared to white-headed langurs, Francois＇ langurs have more diverse locomotor modes that probably have allowed them to live in more habitat types. As an evolutionary outcome, Francois＇ langurs have a larger distribution range .展开更多
Jiroft region is one of the most historical cities, placed in the southeastern of Iranian plateau. Its history dates back to the second millennium B.C. The ancient history of Jiroft and its proximity to the River ofHa...Jiroft region is one of the most historical cities, placed in the southeastern of Iranian plateau. Its history dates back to the second millennium B.C. The ancient history of Jiroft and its proximity to the River ofHalil Roud have attracted archeologists during the recent decades. So far various historical works have been unearthed from the region of which marble ones are especially noteworthy. Basically, marble works were used more commonly in central plateau of Iran than other ones. The marble works discovered in Jirofl region are only comparable with those from the recently excavation at Shahr-I Sokhta in Zabol. The scientific examination of such works may pave way to identify their internal structures and to compare them in terms of their provenance. The present study will focus on the characterization of marbles discovered in Konar Sandal, Jiroft. In addition to petro graphical studies, XRD and XRF investigations were used to identify the crystalline structures as well as balk chemical composition of the discovered marbles. The obtained results revealed that the major constituents of the discovered marbles in Jiroft were Ca and CaO. The structure of discovered marbles had orderly compact patterns resulted mainly from metamorphism conditions. This structure is actually Unsimilar to those from Shahr-I Sokhta.展开更多
It has been suggested that pairing behavior during winter in migratory ducks represents a trade-off between costs(defense of the female)and benefits(early access to females).To investigate the benefits and costs for b...It has been suggested that pairing behavior during winter in migratory ducks represents a trade-off between costs(defense of the female)and benefits(early access to females).To investigate the benefits and costs for both sexes in wintering pairs of ruddy shelducks(Tadorna ferruginea),we compared time budgets for paired males and females,and surveyed the sex ratio of the birds wintering at Lashihai Lake,southwest China.The behavior of the paired ruddy shelducks was monitored for 5 activity types:feeding,resting(including sleeping),preening,drinking and warning.Feeding was the most dominant activity.The feeding time of both sexes increased as the winter season progressed.However,the paired females always spent significantly more time feeding and less time warning than the paired males.Paired ruddy shelducks had access to better feeding grounds than unpaired individuals,resulting in a food benefit for paired individuals over single individuals.Because the sex ratio of the wintering population was strongly male biased(M:F=1.44:1.00),the paired male also gained the benefit of accessing a female in advance of the breeding season.展开更多
文摘We studied the locomotor behaviour of white-headed langurs Trachypithecus leucocephalus and Francois＇ langurs T.francoisi to test two hypotheses： （1） these monkeys have evolved locomotor ability to support their activities on limestone hills, and （2） Francois＇ langurs have evolved more diverse locomotor skills than white-headed langurs. Data were collected from 1996 - 1998 and in 2005 in Fusui Nature Reserve, Guangxi, and showed that the two species had similar locomotor types, but Francois＇ langurs had more locomotor modes （26） than white-headed langurs （12）. Quadrupedal walking and leaping were two major types, and white-headed langurs were more arboreal than Francois＇ langurs. We suggest that, while keeping their ancestral locomotor types, the two species have evolved new types allowing them to live on limestone cliffs. Compared to white-headed langurs, Francois＇ langurs have more diverse locomotor modes that probably have allowed them to live in more habitat types. As an evolutionary outcome, Francois＇ langurs have a larger distribution range .
文摘Jiroft region is one of the most historical cities, placed in the southeastern of Iranian plateau. Its history dates back to the second millennium B.C. The ancient history of Jiroft and its proximity to the River ofHalil Roud have attracted archeologists during the recent decades. So far various historical works have been unearthed from the region of which marble ones are especially noteworthy. Basically, marble works were used more commonly in central plateau of Iran than other ones. The marble works discovered in Jirofl region are only comparable with those from the recently excavation at Shahr-I Sokhta in Zabol. The scientific examination of such works may pave way to identify their internal structures and to compare them in terms of their provenance. The present study will focus on the characterization of marbles discovered in Konar Sandal, Jiroft. In addition to petro graphical studies, XRD and XRF investigations were used to identify the crystalline structures as well as balk chemical composition of the discovered marbles. The obtained results revealed that the major constituents of the discovered marbles in Jiroft were Ca and CaO. The structure of discovered marbles had orderly compact patterns resulted mainly from metamorphism conditions. This structure is actually Unsimilar to those from Shahr-I Sokhta.
文摘It has been suggested that pairing behavior during winter in migratory ducks represents a trade-off between costs(defense of the female)and benefits(early access to females).To investigate the benefits and costs for both sexes in wintering pairs of ruddy shelducks(Tadorna ferruginea),we compared time budgets for paired males and females,and surveyed the sex ratio of the birds wintering at Lashihai Lake,southwest China.The behavior of the paired ruddy shelducks was monitored for 5 activity types:feeding,resting(including sleeping),preening,drinking and warning.Feeding was the most dominant activity.The feeding time of both sexes increased as the winter season progressed.However,the paired females always spent significantly more time feeding and less time warning than the paired males.Paired ruddy shelducks had access to better feeding grounds than unpaired individuals,resulting in a food benefit for paired individuals over single individuals.Because the sex ratio of the wintering population was strongly male biased(M:F=1.44:1.00),the paired male also gained the benefit of accessing a female in advance of the breeding season.
