Since 1950, links between intake of saturated fatty acids and heart disease have led to recommendations to limit consumption of saturated fatty acid-rich foods, including beef. Over this time, changes in food consumpt...Since 1950, links between intake of saturated fatty acids and heart disease have led to recommendations to limit consumption of saturated fatty acid-rich foods, including beef. Over this time, changes in food consumption patterns in several countries including Canada and the USA have not led to improvements in health. Instead, the incidence of obesity, type II diabetes and associated diseases have reached epidemic proportions owing in part to replacement of dietary fat with refined carbohydrates. Despite the content of saturated fatty acids in beef, it is also rich in heart healthy cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, and can be an important source of long-chain omega-3（n-3） fatty acids in populations where little or no oily fish is consumed. Beef also contains polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products,including vaccenic and rumenic acids, which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic and hypolipidemic properties in cell culture and animal models. Beef can be enriched with these beneficial fatty acids through manipulation of beef cattle diets, which is now more important than ever because of increasing public understanding of the relationships between diet and health. The present review examines recommendations for beef in human diets, the need to recognize the complex nature of beef fat, how cattle diets and management can alter the fatty acid composition of beef, and to what extent content claims are currently possible for beef fatty acids.展开更多
Current tropical ruminant production systems,which are based on natural pasture,indigenous breeds and marketing of older animals produce less tender meat with limited economic value and low consumer acceptance.While p...Current tropical ruminant production systems,which are based on natural pasture,indigenous breeds and marketing of older animals produce less tender meat with limited economic value and low consumer acceptance.While plant cysteine proteases offer natural and potentially safer alternatives to chemical and mechanical meat tenderizers,challenges remain,particularly enzyme stability and over-tenderization.Interestingly,serine pro-teases derived from byproducts of the Cucurbitaceae family,one of the most widespread,abundant and geneti-cally diverse indigenous fruit plants in the tropics exhibit significant stability and substrate specificity suggesting greater potential for application in meat tenderization but remain underexploited.The current review explored the potential of serine proteases containing extracts derived from tropical Cucurbitaceae fruits byproducts(CFB)as meat tenderizers and customized a process conceptual framework for their biovaluation.Many in vitro studies indicated that CFB-derived serine proteases have wider substrate specificity and greater stability over a broad range of pH,thermal and oxidative environments.Evidence from the few available in producto studies on cucumisin-like serine proteases derived from Cucumis trigonus species in the Cucurbitaceae family suggests that they may possess collagenolytic activity and meat texture enhancing properties comparable to those of cysteine proteases.A transdisciplinary research approach was recommended to further explore purification,efficacy,underlying mechanisms of action,application conditions,safety and cost-effectiveness of novel CFB-based serine proteases as meat tenderizers.A process conceptual framework was customized to guide the biovaluation research of CFBs and promote innovative utilization and entrepreneurship along ruminant meat value chains.展开更多
The majority of off-type plants in in-dica hybrid rice were CMS and itsmaintainer lines.Discrimination ofmaintainer and CMS could only beconducted at heading stage.If main-tainer and CMS line could be distin-guished e...The majority of off-type plants in in-dica hybrid rice were CMS and itsmaintainer lines.Discrimination ofmaintainer and CMS could only beconducted at heading stage.If main-tainer and CMS line could be distin-guished earlier,it would be useful toavoid yield losses caused by usingcontaminated seeds.In this study,three pairs of A and B,Minghui 63,and Fand Fplants of Zhenshan97A/Minghui 63 were used to find展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of barley inclusion and glucanase supplementation on the productive performance and digestive function in laying ducks.The experiment used a randomized design with a 5×2 factorial...This study evaluated the effects of barley inclusion and glucanase supplementation on the productive performance and digestive function in laying ducks.The experiment used a randomized design with a 5×2 factorial arrangement of 5 graded levels of barley(0%,15%,30%,45%and 60%)with or without 1.5 g/kgβ-1,3-1,4-glucanase(15,000 U/kg).During the experimental period of 120 d,the weight and total number of eggs within each pen were recorded daily,and egg quality was determined every 4 wk.At the end of the experiment,3 randomly selected ducks within each replicate were sacrificed,then duodenal digesta and jejunal mucosa was collected.Dietary inclusion of barley had no effects on egg production,daily egg mass or FCR,but supplementation with glucanase improved egg production and FCR(P<0.01).Barley did not affect feed intake of laying ducks,but glucanase tended to increase feed intake(P=0.09).Neither barley norβ-glucanase had effects on the egg quality variables,except for yolk color score,which was decreased with increasing barley supplementation.Glucanase,but not barley,increased the activity of chymotrypsin and amylase in duodenal digesta.Barley inclusion affected the activity of alkaline phosphatase and maltase in jejunal mucosa(P<0.05),butβ-glucanase had no effects on the activity of these brush border enzymes.Barley inclusion increased the glucan content in duodenal digesta,but supplementation of glucanase to barley-based diet reduced digesta glucan content and reduced total volatile fatty acids and increased the proportion of acetic acid in cecal contents.The results indicate that,without glucanase,the optimal dietary barley level in the diets of laying ducks is about 13%for maximal production performance;glucanase supplementation of the barley diets improved production perfor-mance,probably through enhancing digestive function.展开更多
基金supported by the Alberta Meat and Livestock Agency(ALMA)and the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada(AAFC)Peer Review ProgramNSERC post-doctoral funding provided by the AAFC Peer Review programthe Alberta Crop Industry Development Fund(ACIDF)for funding support
文摘Since 1950, links between intake of saturated fatty acids and heart disease have led to recommendations to limit consumption of saturated fatty acid-rich foods, including beef. Over this time, changes in food consumption patterns in several countries including Canada and the USA have not led to improvements in health. Instead, the incidence of obesity, type II diabetes and associated diseases have reached epidemic proportions owing in part to replacement of dietary fat with refined carbohydrates. Despite the content of saturated fatty acids in beef, it is also rich in heart healthy cis-monounsaturated fatty acids, and can be an important source of long-chain omega-3（n-3） fatty acids in populations where little or no oily fish is consumed. Beef also contains polyunsaturated fatty acid biohydrogenation products,including vaccenic and rumenic acids, which have been shown to have anticarcinogenic and hypolipidemic properties in cell culture and animal models. Beef can be enriched with these beneficial fatty acids through manipulation of beef cattle diets, which is now more important than ever because of increasing public understanding of the relationships between diet and health. The present review examines recommendations for beef in human diets, the need to recognize the complex nature of beef fat, how cattle diets and management can alter the fatty acid composition of beef, and to what extent content claims are currently possible for beef fatty acids.
文摘Current tropical ruminant production systems,which are based on natural pasture,indigenous breeds and marketing of older animals produce less tender meat with limited economic value and low consumer acceptance.While plant cysteine proteases offer natural and potentially safer alternatives to chemical and mechanical meat tenderizers,challenges remain,particularly enzyme stability and over-tenderization.Interestingly,serine pro-teases derived from byproducts of the Cucurbitaceae family,one of the most widespread,abundant and geneti-cally diverse indigenous fruit plants in the tropics exhibit significant stability and substrate specificity suggesting greater potential for application in meat tenderization but remain underexploited.The current review explored the potential of serine proteases containing extracts derived from tropical Cucurbitaceae fruits byproducts(CFB)as meat tenderizers and customized a process conceptual framework for their biovaluation.Many in vitro studies indicated that CFB-derived serine proteases have wider substrate specificity and greater stability over a broad range of pH,thermal and oxidative environments.Evidence from the few available in producto studies on cucumisin-like serine proteases derived from Cucumis trigonus species in the Cucurbitaceae family suggests that they may possess collagenolytic activity and meat texture enhancing properties comparable to those of cysteine proteases.A transdisciplinary research approach was recommended to further explore purification,efficacy,underlying mechanisms of action,application conditions,safety and cost-effectiveness of novel CFB-based serine proteases as meat tenderizers.A process conceptual framework was customized to guide the biovaluation research of CFBs and promote innovative utilization and entrepreneurship along ruminant meat value chains.
文摘The majority of off-type plants in in-dica hybrid rice were CMS and itsmaintainer lines.Discrimination ofmaintainer and CMS could only beconducted at heading stage.If main-tainer and CMS line could be distin-guished earlier,it would be useful toavoid yield losses caused by usingcontaminated seeds.In this study,three pairs of A and B,Minghui 63,and Fand Fplants of Zhenshan97A/Minghui 63 were used to find
基金the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant No.2018YFE0128200,2018YFD0501504)Fund for China Agricultural Research System(CARS-42-13)+6 种基金Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System Innovation Team of Guangdong Province(2019KJ137)Key Project of the Science and Technology Program of Guangzhou City(Grant No.201904020001)Foreign Expert Project(QNL20200130001)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(2019A050505007)Special Fund for Scientific Innovation Strategy-Construction of High Level Academy of Agriculture Science(R2017PY-QY008,R2016PY-JG002)Presidential Foundation of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences,P.R.China(201803B,201808B,201810B)the Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences(202106TD).
文摘This study evaluated the effects of barley inclusion and glucanase supplementation on the productive performance and digestive function in laying ducks.The experiment used a randomized design with a 5×2 factorial arrangement of 5 graded levels of barley(0%,15%,30%,45%and 60%)with or without 1.5 g/kgβ-1,3-1,4-glucanase(15,000 U/kg).During the experimental period of 120 d,the weight and total number of eggs within each pen were recorded daily,and egg quality was determined every 4 wk.At the end of the experiment,3 randomly selected ducks within each replicate were sacrificed,then duodenal digesta and jejunal mucosa was collected.Dietary inclusion of barley had no effects on egg production,daily egg mass or FCR,but supplementation with glucanase improved egg production and FCR(P<0.01).Barley did not affect feed intake of laying ducks,but glucanase tended to increase feed intake(P=0.09).Neither barley norβ-glucanase had effects on the egg quality variables,except for yolk color score,which was decreased with increasing barley supplementation.Glucanase,but not barley,increased the activity of chymotrypsin and amylase in duodenal digesta.Barley inclusion affected the activity of alkaline phosphatase and maltase in jejunal mucosa(P<0.05),butβ-glucanase had no effects on the activity of these brush border enzymes.Barley inclusion increased the glucan content in duodenal digesta,but supplementation of glucanase to barley-based diet reduced digesta glucan content and reduced total volatile fatty acids and increased the proportion of acetic acid in cecal contents.The results indicate that,without glucanase,the optimal dietary barley level in the diets of laying ducks is about 13%for maximal production performance;glucanase supplementation of the barley diets improved production perfor-mance,probably through enhancing digestive function.
