Efficient battery charging requires a power conversion system capable of providing precise voltage regulation tailored to the battery’s needs.This study develops a buck converter with a 36 V input for charging a 14 V...Efficient battery charging requires a power conversion system capable of providing precise voltage regulation tailored to the battery’s needs.This study develops a buck converter with a 36 V input for charging a 14 V battery using the Constant Voltage(CV)method.The system is designed to ensure safe and efficient charging while protecting the battery from overcharging and extending its lifespan.In the proposed design,the converter maintains a constant output voltage while the charging current decreases as the battery approaches full capacity.Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)is used as a control strategy to modify the duty cycle of the converter.This keeps the voltage output stable whenever the load changes.The design process involves simulation and experimental validation to evaluate the system’s performance and efficiency.The test results show the significant impact of Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID)control on the stability of the output voltage to meet the requirements for 14 V battery charging and the efficiency of the battery charging process.The output voltage becomes more stable,with reduced oscillation and minimal steadystate error.The State of Charge(SOC)increases more stably,controllably,and efficiently thanks to the PID controller’s ability to adjust the duty cycle in real time based on system feedback.This dynamic adjustment ensures that the output current and voltage remain within the optimal range,which directly improves the battery charging process.In addition,PID control significantly improves the dynamic response of the system,reducing overshoot and settling time while maintaining precise voltage regulation.This speeds up the battery charging process and contributes to better energy efficiency,reduced power loss,and extended battery life.This research provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for applications in electric vehicles,renewable energy systems,and other battery-powered devices.展开更多
To enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment with microalgae, the effects of physical parameters need to be investigated and optimized. In this regard, the individual and interactive effects of temperature, p ...To enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment with microalgae, the effects of physical parameters need to be investigated and optimized. In this regard, the individual and interactive effects of temperature, p H and aeration rate on the performance of biological removal of nitrate and phosphate by Chlorella vulgaris were studied by response surface methodology(RSM). Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization technique was applied to the response equations to simultaneously find optimal combinations of input parameters capable of removing the highest possible amount of nitrate and phosphate. The optimal calculated values were temperature of 26.3 °C, pH of 8 and aeration rate of 4.7 L·min^(-1). Interestingly, under the optimum condition, approximately 85% of total nitrate and 77% of whole phosphate were removed after 48 h and 24 h, respectively, which were in excellent agreement with the predicted values. Finally, the effect of baffle on mixing performance and, as a result, on bioremoval efficiency was investigated in Stirred Tank Photobioreactor(STP) by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD). Flow behavior indicated substantial enhancement in mixing performance when the baffle was inserted into the tank. Obtained simulation results were validated experimentally. Under the optimum condition, due to proper mixing in baffled STP, nitrate and phosphate removal increased up to 93% and 86%,respectively, compared to unbaffled one.展开更多
A simple type of photonic crystal fiber （PCF） for supercontinuum generation is proposed for the first time. The proposed PCF is composed of a solid silica core and a cladding with square lattice uniform elliptical a...A simple type of photonic crystal fiber （PCF） for supercontinuum generation is proposed for the first time. The proposed PCF is composed of a solid silica core and a cladding with square lattice uniform elliptical air holes, which offers not only a large nonlinear coefficient but also a high birefringence and low leakage losses. The PCF with nonlinear coefficient as large as 46 W-1 · km-1 at the wavelength of 1.55 um and a total dispersion as low as ±2.5 ps. nm-1 · km -1 over an ultra-broad waveband range of the S-C-L band （wavelength from 1.46 um to 1.625 um） is optimized by adjusting its structure parameter, such as the lattice constant A, the air-filling fraction f, and the air-hole ellipticity η. The novel PCF with ultra-flattened dispersion, highly nonlinear coefficient, and nearly zero negative dispersion slope will offer a possibility of efficient super-continuum generation in telecommunication windows using a few ps pulses.展开更多
Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of chamomile on balance and motor learning in rats receiving scopolamine and intact rats.Methods: Fourty-two rats were divided into 6 groups(n = 7). Control group...Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of chamomile on balance and motor learning in rats receiving scopolamine and intact rats.Methods: Fourty-two rats were divided into 6 groups(n = 7). Control group received distilled water. Rats in Group 2 were given 1 mg/kg scopolamine. Groups 3 and 4received chamomile extract 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively, and scopolamine simultaneously for 20 days. Intact groups(Groups 5 and 6) only received chamomile extract 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Motor coordination of rats was assessed with rotarod apparatus.Results: According to the obtained results, compared with the control group, scopolamine significantly decreased time spent on rotarod performance(P < 0.001). Compared with scopolamine group, the strength and staying on rotarod apparatus in Group 3significantly increased(P < 0.05). The results of this research showed that intact groups that received only chamomile extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly increased time spent on rotarod, compared with scopolamine group(P < 0.001).Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the high antioxidant property and protective effect of chamomile extract on motor coordination in the groups that received scopolamine.展开更多
This paper reviews the achievements in the field of synthesis of new thermally resistant explosive compounds in the years 2009 through 2019. The performance characteristics of these compounds(sensitivity, thermal deco...This paper reviews the achievements in the field of synthesis of new thermally resistant explosive compounds in the years 2009 through 2019. The performance characteristics of these compounds(sensitivity, thermal decomposition parameters, and detonation parameters) were compared with those of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, which still seems to be an unrivalled model of a thermally resistant and generally low-sensitivity explosive material. New thermally stable explosives(TSEs) were found among macromolecular compounds with tri-and dinitrophenyl groups, nitro and amine-nitro derivatives of azoles, and polynitro derivatives of calixarenes. Some of them match TATB in terms of thermal resistance and additionally have higher detonation parameters.展开更多
Phage display is very strong technique in drug discovery and development.Phage display has many applications in improving the immunological studies.Development of monoclonal antibody,peptides,peptidomimetics and epito...Phage display is very strong technique in drug discovery and development.Phage display has many applications in improving the immunological studies.Development of monoclonal antibody,peptides,peptidomimetics and epitope mapping are main application of phage display.Selection of monoclonal antibody or peptides that are displayed on the surface of the phages can be occurred through biopanning process.In biopanning process phage library is incubated with antigen and particular phages can be identified and isolated.Increasing the stringency in the biopanning rounds can be help to select phages with high affinity and specificity.Here,we describe an overview of phage display application with focusing on monoclonal antibody production and epitope mapping.展开更多
To increase corrosion resistance of the sample,its electrical impedance must be increased.Due to the fact that electrical impedance depends on elements such as electrical resistance,capacitance,and inductance,by incre...To increase corrosion resistance of the sample,its electrical impedance must be increased.Due to the fact that electrical impedance depends on elements such as electrical resistance,capacitance,and inductance,by increasing the electrical resistance,reducing the capacitance and inductance,electrical impedance and corrosion resistance can be increased.Based on the fact that these elements depend on the type of material and the geometry of the material,multilayer structures with different geometries are proposed.For this purpose,conventional multilayer thin films,multilayer thin film including zigzag structure(zigzag 1)and multilayer thin film including double zigzag structure(zigzag 2)of manganese nitride are considered to protect AISI 304 stainless steel against corrosion in salt solution.These multilayer coatings including zigzag structures are prepared by alternately using the conventional deposition of thin film and glancing angle deposition method.After deposition,the samples are placed in a furnace under nitrogen flux for nitriding.The cross sections of the structures are observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM).Atomic force microscope(AFM)is used to make surface analyses of the samples.The results show that the multilayer thin films including zigzag structures have smaller grains than conventional multilayer thin films,and the zigzag 2 structure has the smaller grain than the other two samples,which is attributed to the effect of shadowing and porosity on the oblique angle deposition method.Crystallography structures of the samples are studied by using x-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern and the results show that nitride phase formation in zigzag 2 structure is better than that in zigzag 1 structure and conventional multilayer thin film.To investigate the corrosion resistances of the structures,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and potentiodynamic polarization tests are performed.The results reveal that the multilayer thin films with zigzag structures have better corrosion protection than the conventional multilayer thin films,and the zigzag structure 2 has the smallest corrosion current and the highest corrosion resistance.The electrical impedances of the samples are investigated by simulating equivalent circuits.The high corrosion resistance of zigzag 2 structure as compared with conventional multilayer structure and zigzag 1 structure,is attributed to the high electrical impedance of the structure due to its small capacitance and high electrical resistance.Finally,the surfaces of corroded samples are observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM).展开更多
A direct comparison is made between the effectiveness of Al,Mg,and Be powders as additional fuels in model thermobaric compositions containing 20%fuel,20%ammonium perchlorate,and 60%RDX(1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacycl...A direct comparison is made between the effectiveness of Al,Mg,and Be powders as additional fuels in model thermobaric compositions containing 20%fuel,20%ammonium perchlorate,and 60%RDX(1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane)passivated with wax.Experimentally determined calorimetric measurements of the heat of detonation,along with the overpressure histories in an explosion chamber filled with nitrogen,were used to determine the quasi-static pressure(QSP)under anaerobic conditions.Overpressure measurements were also performed in a semi-closed bunker,and all blast wave parameters generated after the detonation of 500 g charges of the tested explosives were determined.Detonation calorimetry results,QSP values,and blast wave parameters(pressure amplitude,specific and total impulses)clearly indicate that Be is much more effective as an additional fuel than either Al or Mg in both anaerobic post-detonation reactions as well as the subsequent aerobic combustion.The heat of detonation of the RDXwax/AP/Be explosive mixture is over 40%and 50%higher than that of the mixture containing aluminum and magnesium instead of beryllium,respectively.Moreover,the TNT equivalent of the Be-containing composition due to the overpressure in the nitrogen-filled explosion chamber is 1.66,while the equivalent calculated using an air shock wave-specific impulse at a distance of 2.5 m is equal to 1.69.The high values of these parameters confirm the high reactivity of beryllium in both the anaerobic and aerobic stages of the thermobaric explosion.展开更多
Objective: To investigate the effect of Thymus vulgaris(T. vulgaris) on learning and memory functions in scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats. Memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was in...Objective: To investigate the effect of Thymus vulgaris(T. vulgaris) on learning and memory functions in scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats. Memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze and passive avoidance paradigm.Methods: A total of 42 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 equal groups as follow:control group: received water, scopolamine treated group: received scopolamine 1 mg/kg for 15 days, two scopolamine + T. vulgaris treated groups: received scopolamine and T. vulgaris extract 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day for 15 days, two intact groups:received T. vulgaris extract 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day for 15 days.Results: Administration of T. vulgaris extract significantly restored memory and learning impairments induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test.Conclusions: T. vulgaris extract has repairing effects on memory and behavioral disorders produced by scopolamine and may have beneficial effects in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.展开更多
In nanoresonators,thermoelastic damping(TED)is a primary energy dissipation mechanism.As a result,when designing nanoresonators,it is critical to limit this type of dissipation.This paper investigates the nonlocal TED...In nanoresonators,thermoelastic damping(TED)is a primary energy dissipation mechanism.As a result,when designing nanoresonators,it is critical to limit this type of dissipation.This paper investigates the nonlocal TED of circular single-layered graphene sheet(SLGS)nanoresonators in axisymmetric out-of-plane vibration utilizing the generalized dual-phase-lag thermoelasticity theory.The nonlocal elasticity and Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theories are employed to capture the small-scale and surface energy effects,respectively.By incorporating these effects into the model,the non-classical equations of the coupled thermoelastic problem are first obtained and then an analytical expression is introduced to predict TED in circular nanoplates.Moreover,the results obtained herein are validated by those of the classical continuum theory which can be found in the open literature.The influences of the aspect ratio,surface elastic modulus,surface residual stress and nonlocal parameter on TED of circular SLGS nanoresonators are investigated using numerical data.The calculated results show the significance of surface and nonlocal effects in nanoplate TED continuum modeling.展开更多
Objective Scorpion （Hemiscorpius lepturus） stings are a public health concern in Iran, particularly in south and southwestern regions of Iran. The gold standard for the treatment of a scorpion sting is anti-venom th...Objective Scorpion （Hemiscorpius lepturus） stings are a public health concern in Iran, particularly in south and southwestern regions of Iran. The gold standard for the treatment of a scorpion sting is anti-venom therapy. However, immunotherapy can have serious side effects, such as anaphylactic shock （which can sometimes even lead to death）. The aim of the current study was to demonstrate the protective effect of ozone against toxicity induced by Hemiscorpius lepturus （H. lepturus） venom in mice. Methods Eight hours after the injection of ozone to the experimental design groups, the male mice were decapitated and mitochondria were isolated from five different tissues （liver, kidney, heart, brain, and spinal cord） using differential ultracentrifugation. Then, assessment of mitochondrial parameters including mitochondrial reactive oxidative species （ROS） production, mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP）, ATP level, and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria was performed. Results Our results showed that H. lepturus venom-induced oxidative stress is related to ROS production and MMP collapse, which is correlated with cytochrome c release and ATP depletion, indicating the predisposition to the cell death signaling. Conclusion In general, ozone therapy in moderate dose can be considered as clinically effective for the treatment of H. lepturus sting as a protective and antioxidant agent.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the impact of niosome nanoparticles carrying umbelliprenin(UMB),an anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory plant compound,on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF-A)and connective ...AIM:To investigate the impact of niosome nanoparticles carrying umbelliprenin(UMB),an anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory plant compound,on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF-A)and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)genes in a human retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)-like retina-derived cell line.METHODS:UMB-containing niosomes were created,optimized,and characterized.RPE-like cells were treated with free UMB and UMB-containing niosomes.The IC_(50)values of the treatments were determined using an MTT assay.Gene expression of VEGF-A and CTGF was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis.Niosomes’characteristics,including drug entrapment efficiency,size,dispersion index,and zeta potential were assessed.Free UMB had an IC_(50)of 96.2μg/mL,while UMB-containing niosomes had an IC_(50)of 25μg/mL.RESULTS:Treatment with UMB-containing niosomes and free UMB resulted in a significant reduction in VEGF-A expression compared to control cells(P=0.001).Additionally,UMB-containing niosomes demonstrated a significant reduction in CTGF expression compared to control cells(P=0.05).However,there was no significant reduction in the expression of both genes in cells treated with free UMB.CONCLUSION:Both free UMB and niosome-encapsulated UMB inhibits VEGF-A and CTGF genes expression.However,the latter demonstrates significantly greater efficacy,potentially due to the lower UMB dosage and gradual delivery.These findings have implications for anti-angiogenesis therapeutic approaches targeting age-related macular degeneration.展开更多
Zn nano rods were produced on glass substrates using oblique angle deposition method at different deposition angles.For oxidation,the samples were placed in a furnace under oxygen flux.AFM and FESEM images were used t...Zn nano rods were produced on glass substrates using oblique angle deposition method at different deposition angles.For oxidation,the samples were placed in a furnace under oxygen flux.AFM and FESEM images were used to morphology analysis of the structures.The results showed that with increasing the angle of deposition,the grain size decreases and the porosity of the structures increases.XRD pattern and XPS depth profile analysis were used to crystallography and oxide thickness investigations,respectively.The XRD results confirmed oxide phase formation,and the XPS results analyzed the oxide layer thickness.The result showed that as the deposition angle of the nanorods increases,the thickness of the oxide layer increases.The reason for the increase in the thickness of the oxide layer with increasing deposition angle was investigated and attributed to the increase in the porosity of the thin films.The optical spectra of the structures for p polarized light at 10incident light angle were obtained using single beam spectrophotometer in the 300 nm to 1000 nm wavelengths.The results showed that the formed structures although annealed in oxygen flux,tend to behave like metal.To calculate the optical constant of the structures,the reverse homogenization theory was used and the void fraction and complex refractive index of the structures were obtained.Finally,by calculating permittivity and optical conductivity of the structures,their changes with the deposition angle were investigated.展开更多
Leukemia is one of the ten types of cancer that causes the biggest death in the world.Compared to other types of cancer,leukemia has a low life expectancy,so an early diagnosis of the cancer is necessary.A new strateg...Leukemia is one of the ten types of cancer that causes the biggest death in the world.Compared to other types of cancer,leukemia has a low life expectancy,so an early diagnosis of the cancer is necessary.A new strategy has been developed to identify various leukemia biomarkers by making blood cancer biosensors,especially by developing nanomaterial applications so that they can improve the performance of the biosensor.Although many biosensors have been developed,the detection of leukemia by using nanomaterials with electrochemical and optical methods is still less carried out compare to other types of cancer biosensors.Even the acoustic and calorimetric testing methods for the detection of leukemia by utilizing nanomaterials have not yet been carried out.Most of the reviewed works reported the use of gold nanoparticles and electrochemical characterization methods for leukemia detection with the object of study being conventional cancer cells.In order to be used clinically by the community,future research must be carried out with a lot of patient blood objects,develop non-invasive leukemia detection,and be able to detect all types of blood cancer specifically with one biosensor.This can lead to a fast and accurate diagnosis thus allowing for early treatment and easy periodic condition monitoring for various types of leukemia based on its biomarker and future design controlable via internet of things(IoT)so that why would be monitoring real times.展开更多
Self-starting Q-switching,Q-switched mode-locking and mode-locking operation modes are achieved sequentially in an all-fiber erbium-doped fiber laser with thulium-doped fiber saturable absorber for the first time.The ...Self-starting Q-switching,Q-switched mode-locking and mode-locking operation modes are achieved sequentially in an all-fiber erbium-doped fiber laser with thulium-doped fiber saturable absorber for the first time.The central wavelengths of Q-switching,Q-switched mode-locking and mode-locking operation modes are 1569.7 nm,1570.9 nm,and 1572 nm,respectively.The mode-locking operation of the proposed fiber laser generates stable dark soliton with a repetition rate of 0.99 MHz and signal-to-noise ratio of 65 dB.The results validate the capability of generating soliton pulse by doped fiber saturable absorber.Furthermore,the proposed fiber laser is beneficial to the applications of optical communication and signal processing system.展开更多
AIM:To evaluate the effect of auraptene(AUR)treatment in forms of free and encapsulated in niosome nanoparticles by investigating the mRNA expression level of vascular endothelium growth factor(VEGF)-A and platelet-de...AIM:To evaluate the effect of auraptene(AUR)treatment in forms of free and encapsulated in niosome nanoparticles by investigating the mRNA expression level of vascular endothelium growth factor(VEGF)-A and platelet-derived growth factors(PDGFs)in human retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cell line.METHODS:Niosome nanocarriers were produced using two surfactants Span 60 and Tween 80.RPE cell line was treated with both free AUR and niosome-encapsulated.Optimum dosage of treatments was calculated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Expression of VEGF-A and PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C,PDGF-D genes was measured after total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis,using real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).RESULTS:The highest entrapment efficiency(EE)was achieved by Span 60:cholesterol(1:1)with 64.3%.The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of free and niosome-encapsulated AUR were 38.5 and 27.78µg/mL,respectively.Release study revealed that niosomal AUR had more gradual delivery to the cells.RT-PCR results showed reduced expression levels of VEGF-A,PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C,and PDGF-D after treatment with both free and niosomal AUR.CONCLUSION:Niosomal formulation of Span 60:cholesterol(1:1)is an effective drug delivery approach to transfer AUR to RPE cells.VEGF-A,PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C,and PDGF-D are four angiogenic factors,inhibiting which by niosomal AUR may be effective in age-related macular degeneration.展开更多
Latent heat thermal energy storage technique has demonstrate to be a better engineering option mainly due to its benefit of supplying higher energy storage density in a smaller temperature difference between retrieval...Latent heat thermal energy storage technique has demonstrate to be a better engineering option mainly due to its benefit of supplying higher energy storage density in a smaller temperature difference between retrieval and storage. For this purpose, a micro electro-mechanical system, MEMS-based heat exchanger with microencapsulated PCM (MEPCM) slurry as cold fluid, has been simulated three dimensionally. This work investigates the influence of using MEPCM-slurry on the temperature of the cold and hot fluids. The MEPCM and water properties have been considered temperature dependent. MEPCM-slurry is used with different volume fractions. The result shows that using MEPCM with 25% volume fraction leads to the improvement in fluids temperatures, that is, for hot fluid the rate of temperature reduction increases up to 23.5% and for cold fluid the rate of temperature rise decreases to 9%, compared to using only water in the MEMS.展开更多
Drug addiction is one of the current world’s hygienic, mental and social problems. There are different treatments for this illness. MMT (Methadone Maintenance Therapy) is considered as a standard and acceptable thera...Drug addiction is one of the current world’s hygienic, mental and social problems. There are different treatments for this illness. MMT (Methadone Maintenance Therapy) is considered as a standard and acceptable therapy for addiction;and there are many affecting factors regarding gaining success in this type of treatment. In this study, we investigated some of these factors. One of the most important issues in MMT is to keep up patient on his/her treatment till complete abstinence;therefore, it is recommended that the patient does not leave his/her therapy without discretion of the therapist. In this study, 230 patients, who began MMT, and admitted to addiction treatment centers of Yazd province were included. In this study, the survival rate in the first, third, and sixth months were evaluated as 93.9%, 63.48%, and 28.36%, respectively. It was found that following parameters are important in rate of survival during treatment: family support, gender, dose of methadone and concomitant use of morphine during treatment. Moreover, factors like level of education, marital status, age and concomitant use of methamphetamine during treatment can be effective in this regard.展开更多
The presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity is named endometriosis and is the most common gynecologic disorder in women. Determining the inhibitory effect of a Deforolimus on angiogenesis in a thr...The presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity is named endometriosis and is the most common gynecologic disorder in women. Determining the inhibitory effect of a Deforolimus on angiogenesis in a three-dimensional (3-D) culture of human endometrial stromal cells (hEnCs) in vitro. The important mechanism in the pathogenesis of endometriosis is angiogenesis, and deforolimus has been shown to have anti-angiogenic activity. This was an in vitro study of human endometrial stromal cells in 3-D culture of fibrin matrix. Endometrial stromal cells isolated and placed in a 3-D fibrin matrix culture system for angiogenesis with VEGF and inhibit angiogenesis by deforolimus. Finally these cells analyzed by CD31 antibodies. After 3 weeks, in cells treated with VEGF, endothelial cell branching was observed and rudimentary capillary-like structures formed. In the presence of 5μM of deforolimus, angiogenesis was reduced. The deforolimus were shown to be effective in inhibiting the mechanisms of angiogenesis.展开更多
Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to tre...Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma,bronchitis,and emphysema,has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0μmol·L^(-1)in adults.Accurate monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause se-rious side effects.In this regard,non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity,portability,and high sensitivity.This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection,highlighting the basic principles,electro-oxidation mechanisms,catalytic effects,and the role of modifying materials on electrode performance.Carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes(GCEs),carbon paste electrodes(CPEs),and carbon screen-printed electrodes(SPCEs)have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability,low cost,and flexibility in modification.This article identifies the sig-nificant contribution of various modifying materials,including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene,metal oxides,and multi-element nanocomposites.These modifications enhance sensors’electron transfer,sensitivity,and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical samples.The electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth,emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode materials.These mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode ma-terial for a particular application.The main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.In a recent study,the combination of multi-element nanocomposites based on titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),CNTs,and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)resulted in the lowest detection limit of 3×10^(-5)μmol·L^(-1),reflecting the great potential of these materials for developing high-performance electrochemical sensors.The main conclusion of this article is the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in electrode material design to support the sensitivity and selectivity of TP detection.In addition,there is still a research gap in understanding TP’s more detailed oxidation mechanism,especially under pH variations and complex environments.Therefore,further research on electrode modification and analysis of the TP oxidation mechanism are urgently needed to improve the accuracy and sta-bility of the sensor while expanding its applications in pharmaceutical monitoring and medical diagnostics.By integrating various innovative materials and technical approaches,this review is expected to be an essential reference for developing efficient and affordable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.展开更多
文摘Efficient battery charging requires a power conversion system capable of providing precise voltage regulation tailored to the battery’s needs.This study develops a buck converter with a 36 V input for charging a 14 V battery using the Constant Voltage(CV)method.The system is designed to ensure safe and efficient charging while protecting the battery from overcharging and extending its lifespan.In the proposed design,the converter maintains a constant output voltage while the charging current decreases as the battery approaches full capacity.Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)is used as a control strategy to modify the duty cycle of the converter.This keeps the voltage output stable whenever the load changes.The design process involves simulation and experimental validation to evaluate the system’s performance and efficiency.The test results show the significant impact of Proportional-Integral-Derivative(PID)control on the stability of the output voltage to meet the requirements for 14 V battery charging and the efficiency of the battery charging process.The output voltage becomes more stable,with reduced oscillation and minimal steadystate error.The State of Charge(SOC)increases more stably,controllably,and efficiently thanks to the PID controller’s ability to adjust the duty cycle in real time based on system feedback.This dynamic adjustment ensures that the output current and voltage remain within the optimal range,which directly improves the battery charging process.In addition,PID control significantly improves the dynamic response of the system,reducing overshoot and settling time while maintaining precise voltage regulation.This speeds up the battery charging process and contributes to better energy efficiency,reduced power loss,and extended battery life.This research provides a reliable and cost-effective solution for applications in electric vehicles,renewable energy systems,and other battery-powered devices.
文摘To enhance the efficiency of wastewater biotreatment with microalgae, the effects of physical parameters need to be investigated and optimized. In this regard, the individual and interactive effects of temperature, p H and aeration rate on the performance of biological removal of nitrate and phosphate by Chlorella vulgaris were studied by response surface methodology(RSM). Furthermore, a multi-objective optimization technique was applied to the response equations to simultaneously find optimal combinations of input parameters capable of removing the highest possible amount of nitrate and phosphate. The optimal calculated values were temperature of 26.3 °C, pH of 8 and aeration rate of 4.7 L·min^(-1). Interestingly, under the optimum condition, approximately 85% of total nitrate and 77% of whole phosphate were removed after 48 h and 24 h, respectively, which were in excellent agreement with the predicted values. Finally, the effect of baffle on mixing performance and, as a result, on bioremoval efficiency was investigated in Stirred Tank Photobioreactor(STP) by means of Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD). Flow behavior indicated substantial enhancement in mixing performance when the baffle was inserted into the tank. Obtained simulation results were validated experimentally. Under the optimum condition, due to proper mixing in baffled STP, nitrate and phosphate removal increased up to 93% and 86%,respectively, compared to unbaffled one.
基金Project supported by the China Scholarship Council Western Talent Project, China (Grant No. 20095004)the Key Science and Technology Program of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2010K01-078)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of Shaanxi Province, China (Grant No. 2010JK403)the Science and Technology Program of Baoji, China (Grant No. 2010BJ02)the Key Program of Scientific Research of Baoji College of Arts and Science,China (Grant No. ZK11016)
文摘A simple type of photonic crystal fiber （PCF） for supercontinuum generation is proposed for the first time. The proposed PCF is composed of a solid silica core and a cladding with square lattice uniform elliptical air holes, which offers not only a large nonlinear coefficient but also a high birefringence and low leakage losses. The PCF with nonlinear coefficient as large as 46 W-1 · km-1 at the wavelength of 1.55 um and a total dispersion as low as ±2.5 ps. nm-1 · km -1 over an ultra-broad waveband range of the S-C-L band （wavelength from 1.46 um to 1.625 um） is optimized by adjusting its structure parameter, such as the lattice constant A, the air-filling fraction f, and the air-hole ellipticity η. The novel PCF with ultra-flattened dispersion, highly nonlinear coefficient, and nearly zero negative dispersion slope will offer a possibility of efficient super-continuum generation in telecommunication windows using a few ps pulses.
基金Supported by the Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences,Shahrekord,with Iran foundation number of 1756
文摘Objective: To evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of chamomile on balance and motor learning in rats receiving scopolamine and intact rats.Methods: Fourty-two rats were divided into 6 groups(n = 7). Control group received distilled water. Rats in Group 2 were given 1 mg/kg scopolamine. Groups 3 and 4received chamomile extract 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively, and scopolamine simultaneously for 20 days. Intact groups(Groups 5 and 6) only received chamomile extract 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg, respectively. Motor coordination of rats was assessed with rotarod apparatus.Results: According to the obtained results, compared with the control group, scopolamine significantly decreased time spent on rotarod performance(P < 0.001). Compared with scopolamine group, the strength and staying on rotarod apparatus in Group 3significantly increased(P < 0.05). The results of this research showed that intact groups that received only chamomile extract at doses of 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg significantly increased time spent on rotarod, compared with scopolamine group(P < 0.001).Conclusions: The results of this study indicated the high antioxidant property and protective effect of chamomile extract on motor coordination in the groups that received scopolamine.
基金Financial support of this work by the Military University of Technology in Warsaw is gratefully acknowledged。
文摘This paper reviews the achievements in the field of synthesis of new thermally resistant explosive compounds in the years 2009 through 2019. The performance characteristics of these compounds(sensitivity, thermal decomposition parameters, and detonation parameters) were compared with those of 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene, which still seems to be an unrivalled model of a thermally resistant and generally low-sensitivity explosive material. New thermally stable explosives(TSEs) were found among macromolecular compounds with tri-and dinitrophenyl groups, nitro and amine-nitro derivatives of azoles, and polynitro derivatives of calixarenes. Some of them match TATB in terms of thermal resistance and additionally have higher detonation parameters.
文摘Phage display is very strong technique in drug discovery and development.Phage display has many applications in improving the immunological studies.Development of monoclonal antibody,peptides,peptidomimetics and epitope mapping are main application of phage display.Selection of monoclonal antibody or peptides that are displayed on the surface of the phages can be occurred through biopanning process.In biopanning process phage library is incubated with antigen and particular phages can be identified and isolated.Increasing the stringency in the biopanning rounds can be help to select phages with high affinity and specificity.Here,we describe an overview of phage display application with focusing on monoclonal antibody production and epitope mapping.
基金Project supported by the Funds from the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili and University of Tehran and the Iran National Science Foundation(INSF)the Centre of Excellence for Physics of Structure and Microscopic Properties of Matter,Department of Physics,University of Tehran.
文摘To increase corrosion resistance of the sample,its electrical impedance must be increased.Due to the fact that electrical impedance depends on elements such as electrical resistance,capacitance,and inductance,by increasing the electrical resistance,reducing the capacitance and inductance,electrical impedance and corrosion resistance can be increased.Based on the fact that these elements depend on the type of material and the geometry of the material,multilayer structures with different geometries are proposed.For this purpose,conventional multilayer thin films,multilayer thin film including zigzag structure(zigzag 1)and multilayer thin film including double zigzag structure(zigzag 2)of manganese nitride are considered to protect AISI 304 stainless steel against corrosion in salt solution.These multilayer coatings including zigzag structures are prepared by alternately using the conventional deposition of thin film and glancing angle deposition method.After deposition,the samples are placed in a furnace under nitrogen flux for nitriding.The cross sections of the structures are observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy(FESEM).Atomic force microscope(AFM)is used to make surface analyses of the samples.The results show that the multilayer thin films including zigzag structures have smaller grains than conventional multilayer thin films,and the zigzag 2 structure has the smaller grain than the other two samples,which is attributed to the effect of shadowing and porosity on the oblique angle deposition method.Crystallography structures of the samples are studied by using x-ray diffraction(XRD)pattern and the results show that nitride phase formation in zigzag 2 structure is better than that in zigzag 1 structure and conventional multilayer thin film.To investigate the corrosion resistances of the structures,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS)and potentiodynamic polarization tests are performed.The results reveal that the multilayer thin films with zigzag structures have better corrosion protection than the conventional multilayer thin films,and the zigzag structure 2 has the smallest corrosion current and the highest corrosion resistance.The electrical impedances of the samples are investigated by simulating equivalent circuits.The high corrosion resistance of zigzag 2 structure as compared with conventional multilayer structure and zigzag 1 structure,is attributed to the high electrical impedance of the structure due to its small capacitance and high electrical resistance.Finally,the surfaces of corroded samples are observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM).
基金financed by the Military University of Technology under research project UGB 2024the Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)。
文摘A direct comparison is made between the effectiveness of Al,Mg,and Be powders as additional fuels in model thermobaric compositions containing 20%fuel,20%ammonium perchlorate,and 60%RDX(1,3,5-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane)passivated with wax.Experimentally determined calorimetric measurements of the heat of detonation,along with the overpressure histories in an explosion chamber filled with nitrogen,were used to determine the quasi-static pressure(QSP)under anaerobic conditions.Overpressure measurements were also performed in a semi-closed bunker,and all blast wave parameters generated after the detonation of 500 g charges of the tested explosives were determined.Detonation calorimetry results,QSP values,and blast wave parameters(pressure amplitude,specific and total impulses)clearly indicate that Be is much more effective as an additional fuel than either Al or Mg in both anaerobic post-detonation reactions as well as the subsequent aerobic combustion.The heat of detonation of the RDXwax/AP/Be explosive mixture is over 40%and 50%higher than that of the mixture containing aluminum and magnesium instead of beryllium,respectively.Moreover,the TNT equivalent of the Be-containing composition due to the overpressure in the nitrogen-filled explosion chamber is 1.66,while the equivalent calculated using an air shock wave-specific impulse at a distance of 2.5 m is equal to 1.69.The high values of these parameters confirm the high reactivity of beryllium in both the anaerobic and aerobic stages of the thermobaric explosion.
基金Supported by Research and Technology Deputy of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences(Grant No.1756)
文摘Objective: To investigate the effect of Thymus vulgaris(T. vulgaris) on learning and memory functions in scopolamine-induced memory deficit in rats. Memory enhancing activity in scopolamine-induced amnesic rats was investigated by assessing the Morris water maze and passive avoidance paradigm.Methods: A total of 42 male Wistar rats were divided into 6 equal groups as follow:control group: received water, scopolamine treated group: received scopolamine 1 mg/kg for 15 days, two scopolamine + T. vulgaris treated groups: received scopolamine and T. vulgaris extract 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day for 15 days, two intact groups:received T. vulgaris extract 50 and 100 mg/kg body weight per day for 15 days.Results: Administration of T. vulgaris extract significantly restored memory and learning impairments induced by scopolamine in the passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test.Conclusions: T. vulgaris extract has repairing effects on memory and behavioral disorders produced by scopolamine and may have beneficial effects in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
文摘In nanoresonators,thermoelastic damping(TED)is a primary energy dissipation mechanism.As a result,when designing nanoresonators,it is critical to limit this type of dissipation.This paper investigates the nonlocal TED of circular single-layered graphene sheet(SLGS)nanoresonators in axisymmetric out-of-plane vibration utilizing the generalized dual-phase-lag thermoelasticity theory.The nonlocal elasticity and Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theories are employed to capture the small-scale and surface energy effects,respectively.By incorporating these effects into the model,the non-classical equations of the coupled thermoelastic problem are first obtained and then an analytical expression is introduced to predict TED in circular nanoplates.Moreover,the results obtained herein are validated by those of the classical continuum theory which can be found in the open literature.The influences of the aspect ratio,surface elastic modulus,surface residual stress and nonlocal parameter on TED of circular SLGS nanoresonators are investigated using numerical data.The calculated results show the significance of surface and nonlocal effects in nanoplate TED continuum modeling.
基金supported by Molecular Biology Research Center,Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences(NO.340-5-5771.Sin)
文摘Objective Scorpion （Hemiscorpius lepturus） stings are a public health concern in Iran, particularly in south and southwestern regions of Iran. The gold standard for the treatment of a scorpion sting is anti-venom therapy. However, immunotherapy can have serious side effects, such as anaphylactic shock （which can sometimes even lead to death）. The aim of the current study was to demonstrate the protective effect of ozone against toxicity induced by Hemiscorpius lepturus （H. lepturus） venom in mice. Methods Eight hours after the injection of ozone to the experimental design groups, the male mice were decapitated and mitochondria were isolated from five different tissues （liver, kidney, heart, brain, and spinal cord） using differential ultracentrifugation. Then, assessment of mitochondrial parameters including mitochondrial reactive oxidative species （ROS） production, mitochondrial membrane potential （MMP）, ATP level, and the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria was performed. Results Our results showed that H. lepturus venom-induced oxidative stress is related to ROS production and MMP collapse, which is correlated with cytochrome c release and ATP depletion, indicating the predisposition to the cell death signaling. Conclusion In general, ozone therapy in moderate dose can be considered as clinically effective for the treatment of H. lepturus sting as a protective and antioxidant agent.
基金Supported by Stem Cell Research Center of Golestan University of Medical Sciences(No.110480).
文摘AIM:To investigate the impact of niosome nanoparticles carrying umbelliprenin(UMB),an anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory plant compound,on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF-A)and connective tissue growth factor(CTGF)genes in a human retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)-like retina-derived cell line.METHODS:UMB-containing niosomes were created,optimized,and characterized.RPE-like cells were treated with free UMB and UMB-containing niosomes.The IC_(50)values of the treatments were determined using an MTT assay.Gene expression of VEGF-A and CTGF was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction after RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis.Niosomes’characteristics,including drug entrapment efficiency,size,dispersion index,and zeta potential were assessed.Free UMB had an IC_(50)of 96.2μg/mL,while UMB-containing niosomes had an IC_(50)of 25μg/mL.RESULTS:Treatment with UMB-containing niosomes and free UMB resulted in a significant reduction in VEGF-A expression compared to control cells(P=0.001).Additionally,UMB-containing niosomes demonstrated a significant reduction in CTGF expression compared to control cells(P=0.05).However,there was no significant reduction in the expression of both genes in cells treated with free UMB.CONCLUSION:Both free UMB and niosome-encapsulated UMB inhibits VEGF-A and CTGF genes expression.However,the latter demonstrates significantly greater efficacy,potentially due to the lower UMB dosage and gradual delivery.These findings have implications for anti-angiogenesis therapeutic approaches targeting age-related macular degeneration.
基金Project supported by the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili.
文摘Zn nano rods were produced on glass substrates using oblique angle deposition method at different deposition angles.For oxidation,the samples were placed in a furnace under oxygen flux.AFM and FESEM images were used to morphology analysis of the structures.The results showed that with increasing the angle of deposition,the grain size decreases and the porosity of the structures increases.XRD pattern and XPS depth profile analysis were used to crystallography and oxide thickness investigations,respectively.The XRD results confirmed oxide phase formation,and the XPS results analyzed the oxide layer thickness.The result showed that as the deposition angle of the nanorods increases,the thickness of the oxide layer increases.The reason for the increase in the thickness of the oxide layer with increasing deposition angle was investigated and attributed to the increase in the porosity of the thin films.The optical spectra of the structures for p polarized light at 10incident light angle were obtained using single beam spectrophotometer in the 300 nm to 1000 nm wavelengths.The results showed that the formed structures although annealed in oxygen flux,tend to behave like metal.To calculate the optical constant of the structures,the reverse homogenization theory was used and the void fraction and complex refractive index of the structures were obtained.Finally,by calculating permittivity and optical conductivity of the structures,their changes with the deposition angle were investigated.
基金support from the Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember under the project scheme of BRIN awards number:6/IV/KS/05/2023.
文摘Leukemia is one of the ten types of cancer that causes the biggest death in the world.Compared to other types of cancer,leukemia has a low life expectancy,so an early diagnosis of the cancer is necessary.A new strategy has been developed to identify various leukemia biomarkers by making blood cancer biosensors,especially by developing nanomaterial applications so that they can improve the performance of the biosensor.Although many biosensors have been developed,the detection of leukemia by using nanomaterials with electrochemical and optical methods is still less carried out compare to other types of cancer biosensors.Even the acoustic and calorimetric testing methods for the detection of leukemia by utilizing nanomaterials have not yet been carried out.Most of the reviewed works reported the use of gold nanoparticles and electrochemical characterization methods for leukemia detection with the object of study being conventional cancer cells.In order to be used clinically by the community,future research must be carried out with a lot of patient blood objects,develop non-invasive leukemia detection,and be able to detect all types of blood cancer specifically with one biosensor.This can lead to a fast and accurate diagnosis thus allowing for early treatment and easy periodic condition monitoring for various types of leukemia based on its biomarker and future design controlable via internet of things(IoT)so that why would be monitoring real times.
基金supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province,China(Grant No.2021RC5012).
文摘Self-starting Q-switching,Q-switched mode-locking and mode-locking operation modes are achieved sequentially in an all-fiber erbium-doped fiber laser with thulium-doped fiber saturable absorber for the first time.The central wavelengths of Q-switching,Q-switched mode-locking and mode-locking operation modes are 1569.7 nm,1570.9 nm,and 1572 nm,respectively.The mode-locking operation of the proposed fiber laser generates stable dark soliton with a repetition rate of 0.99 MHz and signal-to-noise ratio of 65 dB.The results validate the capability of generating soliton pulse by doped fiber saturable absorber.Furthermore,the proposed fiber laser is beneficial to the applications of optical communication and signal processing system.
基金Supported by Golestan University of Medical Sciences(No.111294).
文摘AIM:To evaluate the effect of auraptene(AUR)treatment in forms of free and encapsulated in niosome nanoparticles by investigating the mRNA expression level of vascular endothelium growth factor(VEGF)-A and platelet-derived growth factors(PDGFs)in human retinal pigment epithelium(RPE)cell line.METHODS:Niosome nanocarriers were produced using two surfactants Span 60 and Tween 80.RPE cell line was treated with both free AUR and niosome-encapsulated.Optimum dosage of treatments was calculated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Expression of VEGF-A and PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C,PDGF-D genes was measured after total RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis,using real-time polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR).RESULTS:The highest entrapment efficiency(EE)was achieved by Span 60:cholesterol(1:1)with 64.3%.The half maximal inhibitory concentration(IC50)of free and niosome-encapsulated AUR were 38.5 and 27.78µg/mL,respectively.Release study revealed that niosomal AUR had more gradual delivery to the cells.RT-PCR results showed reduced expression levels of VEGF-A,PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C,and PDGF-D after treatment with both free and niosomal AUR.CONCLUSION:Niosomal formulation of Span 60:cholesterol(1:1)is an effective drug delivery approach to transfer AUR to RPE cells.VEGF-A,PDGF-A,PDGF-B,PDGF-C,and PDGF-D are four angiogenic factors,inhibiting which by niosomal AUR may be effective in age-related macular degeneration.
文摘Latent heat thermal energy storage technique has demonstrate to be a better engineering option mainly due to its benefit of supplying higher energy storage density in a smaller temperature difference between retrieval and storage. For this purpose, a micro electro-mechanical system, MEMS-based heat exchanger with microencapsulated PCM (MEPCM) slurry as cold fluid, has been simulated three dimensionally. This work investigates the influence of using MEPCM-slurry on the temperature of the cold and hot fluids. The MEPCM and water properties have been considered temperature dependent. MEPCM-slurry is used with different volume fractions. The result shows that using MEPCM with 25% volume fraction leads to the improvement in fluids temperatures, that is, for hot fluid the rate of temperature reduction increases up to 23.5% and for cold fluid the rate of temperature rise decreases to 9%, compared to using only water in the MEMS.
文摘Drug addiction is one of the current world’s hygienic, mental and social problems. There are different treatments for this illness. MMT (Methadone Maintenance Therapy) is considered as a standard and acceptable therapy for addiction;and there are many affecting factors regarding gaining success in this type of treatment. In this study, we investigated some of these factors. One of the most important issues in MMT is to keep up patient on his/her treatment till complete abstinence;therefore, it is recommended that the patient does not leave his/her therapy without discretion of the therapist. In this study, 230 patients, who began MMT, and admitted to addiction treatment centers of Yazd province were included. In this study, the survival rate in the first, third, and sixth months were evaluated as 93.9%, 63.48%, and 28.36%, respectively. It was found that following parameters are important in rate of survival during treatment: family support, gender, dose of methadone and concomitant use of morphine during treatment. Moreover, factors like level of education, marital status, age and concomitant use of methamphetamine during treatment can be effective in this regard.
文摘The presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine cavity is named endometriosis and is the most common gynecologic disorder in women. Determining the inhibitory effect of a Deforolimus on angiogenesis in a three-dimensional (3-D) culture of human endometrial stromal cells (hEnCs) in vitro. The important mechanism in the pathogenesis of endometriosis is angiogenesis, and deforolimus has been shown to have anti-angiogenic activity. This was an in vitro study of human endometrial stromal cells in 3-D culture of fibrin matrix. Endometrial stromal cells isolated and placed in a 3-D fibrin matrix culture system for angiogenesis with VEGF and inhibit angiogenesis by deforolimus. Finally these cells analyzed by CD31 antibodies. After 3 weeks, in cells treated with VEGF, endothelial cell branching was observed and rudimentary capillary-like structures formed. In the presence of 5μM of deforolimus, angiogenesis was reduced. The deforolimus were shown to be effective in inhibiting the mechanisms of angiogenesis.
基金the funding from Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat(LPPM)Universitas Indonesia,by Riset Kolaborasi Indonesia(RKI)-World Class University(WCU)Program with grant number NKB-1067/UN2-RST/HKP.05.00/2023 and NKB-781/UN2.RST/HKP.05.00/2024.
文摘Detection of target analytes at low concentrations is significant in various fields,including pharmaceuticals,healthcare,and environmental protection.Theophylline(TP),a natural alkaloid used as a bronchodilator to treat respiratory disorders such as asthma,bronchitis,and emphysema,has a narrow therapeutic window with a safe plasma concentration ranging from 55.5-111.0μmol·L^(-1)in adults.Accurate monitoring of TP levels is essential because too low or too high can cause se-rious side effects.In this regard,non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors offer a practical solution with rapidity,portability,and high sensitivity.This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the recent developments of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for TP detection,highlighting the basic principles,electro-oxidation mechanisms,catalytic effects,and the role of modifying materials on electrode performance.Carbon-based electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes(GCEs),carbon paste electrodes(CPEs),and carbon screen-printed electrodes(SPCEs)have become the primary choices for non-enzymatic sensors due to their chemical stability,low cost,and flexibility in modification.This article identifies the sig-nificant contribution of various modifying materials,including nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes(CNTs),graphene,metal oxides,and multi-element nanocomposites.These modifications enhance sensors’electron transfer,sensitivity,and selectivity in detecting TP at low concentrations in complex media such as blood plasma and pharmaceutical samples.The electro-oxidation mechanism of TP is also discussed in depth,emphasizing the hydroxyl and carbonyl reaction pathways strongly influenced by pH and electrode materials.These mechanisms guide the selection of the appropriate electrode ma-terial for a particular application.The main contribution of this article is to identify superior modifying materials that can improve the performance of non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.In a recent study,the combination of multi-element nanocomposites based on titanium dioxide(TiO_(2)),CNTs,and gold nanoparticles(AuNPs)resulted in the lowest detection limit of 3×10^(-5)μmol·L^(-1),reflecting the great potential of these materials for developing high-performance electrochemical sensors.The main conclusion of this article is the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in electrode material design to support the sensitivity and selectivity of TP detection.In addition,there is still a research gap in understanding TP’s more detailed oxidation mechanism,especially under pH variations and complex environments.Therefore,further research on electrode modification and analysis of the TP oxidation mechanism are urgently needed to improve the accuracy and sta-bility of the sensor while expanding its applications in pharmaceutical monitoring and medical diagnostics.By integrating various innovative materials and technical approaches,this review is expected to be an essential reference for developing efficient and affordable non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors.
