Purpose： This paper aims to gain an insight into the disciplinary structure of nanoscience ＆ nanotechnology （N＆N）： What is the disciplinary network of N＆N like？ Which disciplines are being integrated into N＆N...Purpose： This paper aims to gain an insight into the disciplinary structure of nanoscience ＆ nanotechnology （N＆N）： What is the disciplinary network of N＆N like？ Which disciplines are being integrated into N＆N over time？ For a specific discipline, how many other disciplines have direct or indirect connections with it？ What are the distinct subgroups of N＆N at different evolutionary stages？ Such critical issues are to be addressed in this paper. Design/methodology/approach： We map the disciplinary network structure of N＆N by employing the social network analysis tool, Netdraw, identifying which Web of Science Categories （WCs） mediate nbetweenness centrality in different stages of nano development. Cliques analysis embedded in the Ucinet program is applied to do the disciplinary cluster analysis in the study according to the path of ＂Network-Subgroup-Cliques,＂ and a tree diagram is selected as the visualizing type. Findings： The disciplinary network structure reveals the relationships among different disciplines in the N＆N developing process clearly, and it is easy for us to identify which disciplines are connected with the core ＂N＆N＂ directly or indirectly. The tree diagram showing N＆N related disciplines provides an interesting perspective on nano research and development （R＆D） structure. Research limitations： The matrices used to draw the N＆N disciplinary network are the original ones, and normalized matrix could be tried in future similar studies. Practical implications： Results in this paper can help us better understand the disciplinary structure of N＆N, and the dynamic evolution of N＆N related disciplines over time. The findings could benefit R＆D decision making. It can support policy makers from government agencies engaging in science and technology （S＆T） management or S＆T strategy planners to formulate efficient decisions according to a perspective of converging sciences and technologies. Originality/value： The novelty of this study lies in mapping the disciplinary network structure of N＆N clearly, identifying which WCs have a mediating effect in different developmental stages （especially analyzing clusters among disciplines related to N＆N, revealing close or distant relationships among distinct areas pertinent to N＆N）.展开更多
Recent research carried out in the public sector shows that outsourcing can indisputably bring many benefits to the organizations which master the art of devising, deploying and maintaining outsourcing relationships. ...Recent research carried out in the public sector shows that outsourcing can indisputably bring many benefits to the organizations which master the art of devising, deploying and maintaining outsourcing relationships. However, for many organizations, these benefits remain elusive, while outsourcing projects are usually accompanied by unexpected and often negative effects. The paper focuses on in-depth analysis of the current situation concerning outsourcing of information technology projects （IT-projects） in Slovenian public sector. Presented research initially analyses substantive, procedural and other relevant aspects of outsourcing and provides a set of applicable decision making criteria. Stemming from the analysis results, this paper eventually presents the development of a multi criteria decision-support model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） which could facilitate enhanced evaluation, selection and implementation of IT outsourcing projects in the public sector.展开更多
Urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole is to perfect the system of social security system in our country an important aspect, is to complete the task of the endowment insurance system covering both urba...Urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole is to perfect the system of social security system in our country an important aspect, is to complete the task of the endowment insurance system covering both urban and rural residents need to move. However the urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole cannot be simply understood as an unified system of urban and rural endowment insurance, simply cannot understand the endowment insurance system for urban and rural areas is the same as or standard is the same. In our country, because of the long-term existence and development of the urban and rural dual structure, the level of productivity, economic level, between urban and rural income levels there are significant differences in aspects, also directly caused a split between urban and rural social security system, including endowment insurance system. At present, our country＇s endowment insurance system takes the form of government subsidies combined with individual pay cost, which improve and perfect the endowment insurance system in China is in the form of the old-age insurance system in the direction of the long term hard work. On the one hand, government should continue to improve the system of town worker is basic endowment insurance, at the same time into the peasant workers＇ endowment insurance system, integrating the endowment insurance system for urban and rural worker; Through further, on the other hand, the new farming maintain is a new type of rural social endowment insurance system and “city ju bao”, urban social endowment insurance system integration, promote urban and rural residents endowment insurance system for better implementation.展开更多
The surplus rural labors transferring to the city is an inevitable trend in the economic development of the reform and opening up. The household register system has made urban migrant workers free from the social secu...The surplus rural labors transferring to the city is an inevitable trend in the economic development of the reform and opening up. The household register system has made urban migrant workers free from the social security system and drift on the brink of city. Social assistance system concerning their interests is few. This article starts with the current situation of rural migrant workers in social assistance system, states the necessity and feasibility for bringing the migrant workers into the urban minimum living security system and according to the characteristics of the migrant workers on the reasonable classification, finally talks about existing obstacles and countermeasures of the migrant workers joining into the urban low income system. I believe that with the continuous reform of the registered permanent household register system, the continuous development of urbanization, the basic life of migrant worker will be guaranteed.展开更多
Though Knowledge based entrepreneurship (KBE) is yet an evolving concept and globalization is without an acceptable concept globally, their tenets represent sound methods and strategies for socioeconomic development. ...Though Knowledge based entrepreneurship (KBE) is yet an evolving concept and globalization is without an acceptable concept globally, their tenets represent sound methods and strategies for socioeconomic development. Inextricably, KBE and globalization phenomena could be seen as mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive in exploiting socioeconomic development capital. In this paper, the authors investigated and found out that the defining role of both KBE and globalization was to relate as correlates for the wealth of nations, and also was in an invaluable relationship. KBE is defined as variables that engender innovation, creativity, entrepreneurial culture and orientation with science and technology to underpin optima value creation. These include measurable inputs such as micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) performance and literacy rates at a given time period in the economy. Globalization on the other hand is a multifaceted, multidisciplinary and complex phenomenon that is proxy on economic, political and social globalization indexes, and internet penetration at a given time period in the same economy. This paper tested two hypotheses to prove the construct that KBE and globalization were correlates for wealth of nations with very significant results using secondary data. Research triangulation was also performed to pragmatically prove the results using primary data. Both meta-analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS 21 software on the main model, the multiple regression, a confirmatory model and the chi-square. Finally, the paper called for policy for improving training and education of science and technology content to the entrepreneurs, while taking a 360 degrees approach to promote and intensify globalization practices in Nigeria, and by extension, to other global economies.展开更多
Earth Apple(Helianthus tuberosus)phenolic compounds were extracted using two methods ethanol extraction(98 percent ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature)and water extraction(distilled water for 24 hours at room tem...Earth Apple(Helianthus tuberosus)phenolic compounds were extracted using two methods ethanol extraction(98 percent ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature)and water extraction(distilled water for 24 hours at room temperature).To measure the sum of phenols in the extract,the Folin-Ciocateu method was used.The alcohol extract gave a higher phenol content of 58.29 mg/g(gallic acid),while the alcoholic extract had flavonoids 26.63 mg/g(gallic acid).Water extract was phenols content of 42.62 mg/g(gallic acid)while the alcoholic extract had flavonoids 11.23 mg/g(gallic acid).The alcoholic extract from Earth Apple gave the highest antioxidant effect at 88.32%,while the water extract was 77.43%.The inhibitory effect of the added Earth Apple extract oil to inhibit oxidation,remove concentrations(0.1,0.15,0.2 percent)of Palm Oil and Sunflower oil as it exceeded the reduction of peroxide values during the reservoir periods(15,30,45,60 days).展开更多
To better understand trades impact on the environment, we construct a four-equation simultaneous system in whichthree economic determinants define emissions: scale, composition and technique effects, all embodied dire...To better understand trades impact on the environment, we construct a four-equation simultaneous system in whichthree economic determinants define emissions: scale, composition and technique effects, all embodied directly by trade.Supposing the three economic determinants are also endogenous to trade, we check the indirect impacts of trade onthe environment in the following three functions through the intermediation of the three effects.We then estimate 29Chinese provinces’ panel data in the model on industrial SO<sub>2</sub> emissions （1993-2001）.Our estimation results revealthat export expansion and the accumulation of manufactured goods imports had the opposite roles on industrial SO2emissions determination.The results do not support the "pollution haven" hypothesis; the reinforced competitionexporters face is a positive factor that encourages technological progress in pollution abatement.China’s actualcomparative advantage resides in labor-intensive industries; exporting to the world market actually helps to reduce thepollution increases caused by China’s heavy-industry-oriented industrialization strategy, which government-intervenedimport activities traditionally support.展开更多
Time series forecasting plays a significant role in numerous applications,including but not limited to,industrial planning,water consumption,medical domains,exchange rates and consumer price index.The main problem is ...Time series forecasting plays a significant role in numerous applications,including but not limited to,industrial planning,water consumption,medical domains,exchange rates and consumer price index.The main problem is insufficient forecasting accuracy.The present study proposes a hybrid forecastingmethods to address this need.The proposed method includes three models.The first model is based on the autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)statistical model;the second model is a back propagation neural network(BPNN)with adaptive slope and momentum parameters;and the thirdmodel is a hybridization between ARIMA and BPNN(ARIMA/BPNN)and artificial neural networks and ARIMA(ARIMA/ANN)to gain the benefits of linear and nonlinearmodeling.The forecasting models proposed in this study are used to predict the indices of the consumer price index(CPI),and predict the expected number of cancer patients in the Ibb Province in Yemen.Statistical standard measures used to evaluate the proposed method include(i)mean square error,(ii)mean absolute error,(iii)root mean square error,and(iv)mean absolute percentage error.Based on the computational results,the improvement rate of forecasting the CPI dataset was 5%,71%,and 4%for ARIMA/BPNN model,ARIMA/ANN model,and BPNN model respectively;while the result for cancer patients’dataset was 7%,200%,and 19%for ARIMA/BPNNmodel,ARIMA/ANN model,and BPNNmodel respectively.Therefore,it is obvious that the proposed method reduced the randomness degree,and the alterations affected the time series with data non-linearity.The ARIMA/ANN model outperformed each of its components when it was applied separately in terms of increasing the accuracy of forecasting and decreasing the overall errors of forecasting.展开更多
The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce br...The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce briefly the long-term care insurance system in German, Japan and America for our learning. Therefore, China＇s long-term care insurance system could not totally indiscriminately imitate the mandatory long-term care insurance system in German and Japan, it also could not copy the business model of nursing insurance system in America. The conclusion is that long-term care insurance system in China should use the experience of developed countries based on the basic national conditions, doing some relative works, such as establishing policies and regulations, strengthening personnel training, and improving the market specification.展开更多
Organizations make many informed decisions such as increasing production capacity, improving human capital, entering a new market etc. This paper shows that executives take either of the two major types of decisions: ...Organizations make many informed decisions such as increasing production capacity, improving human capital, entering a new market etc. This paper shows that executives take either of the two major types of decisions: programmed (structured) and nonprogrammed (unstructured) decisions. While the programmed decisions are for perfectly stable situations, the nonprogrammed decisions are for the real world situation surrounded by uncertainties, risks and ambiguities. For an optima value creation, this paper is succinct that a robust decision theory and analysis serve as a precursor. The environment of decision-making keeps changing and it takes decision-making for organizations to change proportionately to these environmental changes if they must survive. The decision-maker uses probability values to convert uncertainties and risks into perfect knowledge poles so as to make informed decisions. Models are veritable decision making tools and are deterministic and probabilistic (or stochastic) for programmed and nonprogrammed decisions respectively. Real-world value optimization in this paper centres on decisions under pure uncertainty and risky situations generating model fits for an optima value creation. Finally, the optima value creation models under the uncertainty and risk are suggested and organizations advised to use professional decision theorists and analysts as the need arise.展开更多
Spiritual demand as one of the basic requirements of human, has more important significance for the elderly group. Descriptive statistic analysis shows that in the CLHLS, the elderly spiritual demand and supply is in ...Spiritual demand as one of the basic requirements of human, has more important significance for the elderly group. Descriptive statistic analysis shows that in the CLHLS, the elderly spiritual demand and supply is in a state of disequilibrium in our country, supply is far less than demand. The main factors of restricting the old people＇s spiritual need are not being met, including economic factors, intergenerational relations factors, emotional factors and the particularity of spiritual demand, etc. So we need to change our ideas, with the demand of the old structure and strength, by constructing a complete supply system of family, society and government to strengthen for the supply of the spiritual needs of old people, so that the elderly would be happy during his or her later lives.展开更多
The self-scaling quasi-Newton method solves an unconstrained optimization problem by scaling the Hessian approximation matrix before it is updated at each iteration to avoid the possible large eigenvalues in the Hessi...The self-scaling quasi-Newton method solves an unconstrained optimization problem by scaling the Hessian approximation matrix before it is updated at each iteration to avoid the possible large eigenvalues in the Hessian approximation matrices of the objective function. It has been proved in the literature that this method has the global and superlinear convergence when the objective function is convex （or even uniformly convex）. We propose to solve unconstrained nonconvex optimization problems by a self-scaling BFGS algorithm with nonmonotone linear search. Nonmonotone line search has been recognized in numerical practices as a competitive approach for solving large-scale nonlinear problems. We consider two different nonmonotone line search forms and study the global convergence of these nonmonotone self-scale BFGS algorithms. We prove that, under some weaker condition than that in the literature, both forms of the self-scaling BFGS algorithm are globally convergent for unconstrained nonconvex optimization problems.展开更多
In this paper we consider an on-line scheduling problem, where jobs with similar processing times within [1, r] arrive one by one to be scheduled in an on-line setting on two identical parallel processors without pree...In this paper we consider an on-line scheduling problem, where jobs with similar processing times within [1, r] arrive one by one to be scheduled in an on-line setting on two identical parallel processors without preemption. The objective is to nlinimize makespan. We devise a randomized on-line algorithm for this problem along with a lower bound.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(Grant No.:71473028)the Project of Dalian University of Technology (DLUT) Educational Reform(Grant No.:ZD201509)
文摘Purpose： This paper aims to gain an insight into the disciplinary structure of nanoscience ＆ nanotechnology （N＆N）： What is the disciplinary network of N＆N like？ Which disciplines are being integrated into N＆N over time？ For a specific discipline, how many other disciplines have direct or indirect connections with it？ What are the distinct subgroups of N＆N at different evolutionary stages？ Such critical issues are to be addressed in this paper. Design/methodology/approach： We map the disciplinary network structure of N＆N by employing the social network analysis tool, Netdraw, identifying which Web of Science Categories （WCs） mediate nbetweenness centrality in different stages of nano development. Cliques analysis embedded in the Ucinet program is applied to do the disciplinary cluster analysis in the study according to the path of ＂Network-Subgroup-Cliques,＂ and a tree diagram is selected as the visualizing type. Findings： The disciplinary network structure reveals the relationships among different disciplines in the N＆N developing process clearly, and it is easy for us to identify which disciplines are connected with the core ＂N＆N＂ directly or indirectly. The tree diagram showing N＆N related disciplines provides an interesting perspective on nano research and development （R＆D） structure. Research limitations： The matrices used to draw the N＆N disciplinary network are the original ones, and normalized matrix could be tried in future similar studies. Practical implications： Results in this paper can help us better understand the disciplinary structure of N＆N, and the dynamic evolution of N＆N related disciplines over time. The findings could benefit R＆D decision making. It can support policy makers from government agencies engaging in science and technology （S＆T） management or S＆T strategy planners to formulate efficient decisions according to a perspective of converging sciences and technologies. Originality/value： The novelty of this study lies in mapping the disciplinary network structure of N＆N clearly, identifying which WCs have a mediating effect in different developmental stages （especially analyzing clusters among disciplines related to N＆N, revealing close or distant relationships among distinct areas pertinent to N＆N）.
文摘Recent research carried out in the public sector shows that outsourcing can indisputably bring many benefits to the organizations which master the art of devising, deploying and maintaining outsourcing relationships. However, for many organizations, these benefits remain elusive, while outsourcing projects are usually accompanied by unexpected and often negative effects. The paper focuses on in-depth analysis of the current situation concerning outsourcing of information technology projects （IT-projects） in Slovenian public sector. Presented research initially analyses substantive, procedural and other relevant aspects of outsourcing and provides a set of applicable decision making criteria. Stemming from the analysis results, this paper eventually presents the development of a multi criteria decision-support model based on Analytic Hierarchy Process （AHP） which could facilitate enhanced evaluation, selection and implementation of IT outsourcing projects in the public sector.
文摘Urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole is to perfect the system of social security system in our country an important aspect, is to complete the task of the endowment insurance system covering both urban and rural residents need to move. However the urban and rural endowment insurance system as a whole cannot be simply understood as an unified system of urban and rural endowment insurance, simply cannot understand the endowment insurance system for urban and rural areas is the same as or standard is the same. In our country, because of the long-term existence and development of the urban and rural dual structure, the level of productivity, economic level, between urban and rural income levels there are significant differences in aspects, also directly caused a split between urban and rural social security system, including endowment insurance system. At present, our country＇s endowment insurance system takes the form of government subsidies combined with individual pay cost, which improve and perfect the endowment insurance system in China is in the form of the old-age insurance system in the direction of the long term hard work. On the one hand, government should continue to improve the system of town worker is basic endowment insurance, at the same time into the peasant workers＇ endowment insurance system, integrating the endowment insurance system for urban and rural worker; Through further, on the other hand, the new farming maintain is a new type of rural social endowment insurance system and “city ju bao”, urban social endowment insurance system integration, promote urban and rural residents endowment insurance system for better implementation.
文摘The surplus rural labors transferring to the city is an inevitable trend in the economic development of the reform and opening up. The household register system has made urban migrant workers free from the social security system and drift on the brink of city. Social assistance system concerning their interests is few. This article starts with the current situation of rural migrant workers in social assistance system, states the necessity and feasibility for bringing the migrant workers into the urban minimum living security system and according to the characteristics of the migrant workers on the reasonable classification, finally talks about existing obstacles and countermeasures of the migrant workers joining into the urban low income system. I believe that with the continuous reform of the registered permanent household register system, the continuous development of urbanization, the basic life of migrant worker will be guaranteed.
文摘Though Knowledge based entrepreneurship (KBE) is yet an evolving concept and globalization is without an acceptable concept globally, their tenets represent sound methods and strategies for socioeconomic development. Inextricably, KBE and globalization phenomena could be seen as mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive in exploiting socioeconomic development capital. In this paper, the authors investigated and found out that the defining role of both KBE and globalization was to relate as correlates for the wealth of nations, and also was in an invaluable relationship. KBE is defined as variables that engender innovation, creativity, entrepreneurial culture and orientation with science and technology to underpin optima value creation. These include measurable inputs such as micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME) performance and literacy rates at a given time period in the economy. Globalization on the other hand is a multifaceted, multidisciplinary and complex phenomenon that is proxy on economic, political and social globalization indexes, and internet penetration at a given time period in the same economy. This paper tested two hypotheses to prove the construct that KBE and globalization were correlates for wealth of nations with very significant results using secondary data. Research triangulation was also performed to pragmatically prove the results using primary data. Both meta-analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS 21 software on the main model, the multiple regression, a confirmatory model and the chi-square. Finally, the paper called for policy for improving training and education of science and technology content to the entrepreneurs, while taking a 360 degrees approach to promote and intensify globalization practices in Nigeria, and by extension, to other global economies.
文摘Earth Apple(Helianthus tuberosus)phenolic compounds were extracted using two methods ethanol extraction(98 percent ethanol for 24 hours at room temperature)and water extraction(distilled water for 24 hours at room temperature).To measure the sum of phenols in the extract,the Folin-Ciocateu method was used.The alcohol extract gave a higher phenol content of 58.29 mg/g(gallic acid),while the alcoholic extract had flavonoids 26.63 mg/g(gallic acid).Water extract was phenols content of 42.62 mg/g(gallic acid)while the alcoholic extract had flavonoids 11.23 mg/g(gallic acid).The alcoholic extract from Earth Apple gave the highest antioxidant effect at 88.32%,while the water extract was 77.43%.The inhibitory effect of the added Earth Apple extract oil to inhibit oxidation,remove concentrations(0.1,0.15,0.2 percent)of Palm Oil and Sunflower oil as it exceeded the reduction of peroxide values during the reservoir periods(15,30,45,60 days).
文摘To better understand trades impact on the environment, we construct a four-equation simultaneous system in whichthree economic determinants define emissions: scale, composition and technique effects, all embodied directly by trade.Supposing the three economic determinants are also endogenous to trade, we check the indirect impacts of trade onthe environment in the following three functions through the intermediation of the three effects.We then estimate 29Chinese provinces’ panel data in the model on industrial SO<sub>2</sub> emissions （1993-2001）.Our estimation results revealthat export expansion and the accumulation of manufactured goods imports had the opposite roles on industrial SO2emissions determination.The results do not support the "pollution haven" hypothesis; the reinforced competitionexporters face is a positive factor that encourages technological progress in pollution abatement.China’s actualcomparative advantage resides in labor-intensive industries; exporting to the world market actually helps to reduce thepollution increases caused by China’s heavy-industry-oriented industrialization strategy, which government-intervenedimport activities traditionally support.
基金Researchers would like to thank the Deanship of Scientific Research,Qassim University for funding the publication of this project.
文摘Time series forecasting plays a significant role in numerous applications,including but not limited to,industrial planning,water consumption,medical domains,exchange rates and consumer price index.The main problem is insufficient forecasting accuracy.The present study proposes a hybrid forecastingmethods to address this need.The proposed method includes three models.The first model is based on the autoregressive integrated moving average(ARIMA)statistical model;the second model is a back propagation neural network(BPNN)with adaptive slope and momentum parameters;and the thirdmodel is a hybridization between ARIMA and BPNN(ARIMA/BPNN)and artificial neural networks and ARIMA(ARIMA/ANN)to gain the benefits of linear and nonlinearmodeling.The forecasting models proposed in this study are used to predict the indices of the consumer price index(CPI),and predict the expected number of cancer patients in the Ibb Province in Yemen.Statistical standard measures used to evaluate the proposed method include(i)mean square error,(ii)mean absolute error,(iii)root mean square error,and(iv)mean absolute percentage error.Based on the computational results,the improvement rate of forecasting the CPI dataset was 5%,71%,and 4%for ARIMA/BPNN model,ARIMA/ANN model,and BPNN model respectively;while the result for cancer patients’dataset was 7%,200%,and 19%for ARIMA/BPNNmodel,ARIMA/ANN model,and BPNNmodel respectively.Therefore,it is obvious that the proposed method reduced the randomness degree,and the alterations affected the time series with data non-linearity.The ARIMA/ANN model outperformed each of its components when it was applied separately in terms of increasing the accuracy of forecasting and decreasing the overall errors of forecasting.
文摘The objective is to explore the foundation of the elderly long-term care insurance system in China, which is to face the problem resulted from aging of the population. Adopting the contrastive analysis to introduce briefly the long-term care insurance system in German, Japan and America for our learning. Therefore, China＇s long-term care insurance system could not totally indiscriminately imitate the mandatory long-term care insurance system in German and Japan, it also could not copy the business model of nursing insurance system in America. The conclusion is that long-term care insurance system in China should use the experience of developed countries based on the basic national conditions, doing some relative works, such as establishing policies and regulations, strengthening personnel training, and improving the market specification.
文摘Organizations make many informed decisions such as increasing production capacity, improving human capital, entering a new market etc. This paper shows that executives take either of the two major types of decisions: programmed (structured) and nonprogrammed (unstructured) decisions. While the programmed decisions are for perfectly stable situations, the nonprogrammed decisions are for the real world situation surrounded by uncertainties, risks and ambiguities. For an optima value creation, this paper is succinct that a robust decision theory and analysis serve as a precursor. The environment of decision-making keeps changing and it takes decision-making for organizations to change proportionately to these environmental changes if they must survive. The decision-maker uses probability values to convert uncertainties and risks into perfect knowledge poles so as to make informed decisions. Models are veritable decision making tools and are deterministic and probabilistic (or stochastic) for programmed and nonprogrammed decisions respectively. Real-world value optimization in this paper centres on decisions under pure uncertainty and risky situations generating model fits for an optima value creation. Finally, the optima value creation models under the uncertainty and risk are suggested and organizations advised to use professional decision theorists and analysts as the need arise.
文摘Spiritual demand as one of the basic requirements of human, has more important significance for the elderly group. Descriptive statistic analysis shows that in the CLHLS, the elderly spiritual demand and supply is in a state of disequilibrium in our country, supply is far less than demand. The main factors of restricting the old people＇s spiritual need are not being met, including economic factors, intergenerational relations factors, emotional factors and the particularity of spiritual demand, etc. So we need to change our ideas, with the demand of the old structure and strength, by constructing a complete supply system of family, society and government to strengthen for the supply of the spiritual needs of old people, so that the elderly would be happy during his or her later lives.
基金supported by NSFC 10001031 and 70472074supported by NSERC Grant 283103
文摘The self-scaling quasi-Newton method solves an unconstrained optimization problem by scaling the Hessian approximation matrix before it is updated at each iteration to avoid the possible large eigenvalues in the Hessian approximation matrices of the objective function. It has been proved in the literature that this method has the global and superlinear convergence when the objective function is convex （or even uniformly convex）. We propose to solve unconstrained nonconvex optimization problems by a self-scaling BFGS algorithm with nonmonotone linear search. Nonmonotone line search has been recognized in numerical practices as a competitive approach for solving large-scale nonlinear problems. We consider two different nonmonotone line search forms and study the global convergence of these nonmonotone self-scale BFGS algorithms. We prove that, under some weaker condition than that in the literature, both forms of the self-scaling BFGS algorithm are globally convergent for unconstrained nonconvex optimization problems.
文摘In this paper we consider an on-line scheduling problem, where jobs with similar processing times within [1, r] arrive one by one to be scheduled in an on-line setting on two identical parallel processors without preemption. The objective is to nlinimize makespan. We devise a randomized on-line algorithm for this problem along with a lower bound.
