Shrimps of genus Artemia are the inhabitants of continental and marine waters with salinity of 70 to 350 g/l and above.Artemia is able to survive in the conditions in which other animals cannot exist.This is due to ad...Shrimps of genus Artemia are the inhabitants of continental and marine waters with salinity of 70 to 350 g/l and above.Artemia is able to survive in the conditions in which other animals cannot exist.This is due to adaptations:effective osmoregulation system,the ability to synthesize of respiratory pigment(hemoglobin)and diapauses cysts(Litvinenko at.al.,2009).Cysts of this展开更多
Many developing countries need ecologically clean power sources (PS). The nuclear power plants are such sources. However, a great number of the developing countries do not possess developed large capacity power system...Many developing countries need ecologically clean power sources (PS). The nuclear power plants are such sources. However, a great number of the developing countries do not possess developed large capacity power systems. Moreover, currently in the developing countries, there are no highly skilled personnel to provide construction and reliable and safe operation of the nuclear plants, which are complex and potentially hazardous systems. In some countries, the level of terroristic threat is extremely high. For that reason, there are specific requirements to the nuclear PSs intended for use in the developing countries. In the presented report, the specific requirements which must be met by the NPT proposed for use in developing countries are formulated, basic statements of the SVBR-100 concept are presented, design and principal scheme of the reactor fa-ility are described, major characteristics of SVBR-100 are summarized.展开更多
Revised simulations of ALT-like devices are presented.The results from these simulations closely match those from experiments and demonstrate the capabilities of the devices as applied to ramp compression of metals to...Revised simulations of ALT-like devices are presented.The results from these simulations closely match those from experiments and demonstrate the capabilities of the devices as applied to ramp compression of metals to pressures of 20 Mbar by imploding liners driven by∼10 MG azimuthal magnetic fields(with currents up to 55 MA).These results can be applied to the design of experiments on isentropic compression of materials.展开更多
Potential (non-nuclear) energy stored in reactor facility coolant is a crucial factor determining the NPP safety/hazard characteristics as it is inherent property of the material and cannot be changed. Enhancing safet...Potential (non-nuclear) energy stored in reactor facility coolant is a crucial factor determining the NPP safety/hazard characteristics as it is inherent property of the material and cannot be changed. Enhancing safety of the NPP with traditional type reactor facilities, in which potential energy is stored in large quantities, requires buildup of the number of safety systems and in-depth defense barriers, which reduce the probability of severe accidents (but do not exclude the opportunity of their realization) and seriousness of their consequences. Keeping the risk of radioactivity release for different type reactor facilities at a same level of social acceptability, the number of safety systems and in-depth defense barriers, which determine essentially the NPP economical parameters, can be reduced with diminishing the potential energy stored in the reactor facility. To analyze the effect of potential energy on reactor facility safety/hazard, a diagram of reactor facility hazard has been proposed. It presents a probability of radioactivity release as a function of radioactivity release values for reactor facilities with identical radiation potential, which differ by values of potential energy stored in coolant. It is proposed to account NPP safety/hazard effect on economics by adding a certain interest on the electricity cost for making payments in a special insurance fund assigned to compensate the expenses for elimination of consequences of a possible accident.展开更多
The article describes principles of developing steels for maritime structures and main pipelines.The scientific approach lies in forming an ultra fine-grained and submicrocrystal structure through thermomechanical tre...The article describes principles of developing steels for maritime structures and main pipelines.The scientific approach lies in forming an ultra fine-grained and submicrocrystal structure through thermomechanical treatment of low-carbon low-alloyed steels,providing higher strength and resistance to brittle fracture.The article presents results of assessing the operability characteristics and introducing new steels.展开更多
At present the most promising principal solution of the divertor problemappears to be the use of liquid metals and primarily of lithium Capillary-Pore Systems (CPS) as ofplasma facing materials. A solid CPS filled wit...At present the most promising principal solution of the divertor problemappears to be the use of liquid metals and primarily of lithium Capillary-Pore Systems (CPS) as ofplasma facing materials. A solid CPS filled with liquid lithium will have a high resistance tosurface and volume damage because of neutron radiation effects, melting, splashing and thermalstress-induced cracking in steady state and during plasma transitions to provide the normaloperation of divertor target plates and first-wall protecting elements. These materials will not bethe sources of impurities inducing an increase of Z_(eff) and they will not be collected as dust inthe divertor area and in ducts. Experiments with lithium CPS under simulating conditions of plasmadisruption on a hydrogen plasma accelerator MK-200 [~ (10 - 15) MJ/m^2, ~ 50 μs] have beenperformed. The formation of a shielding layer of lithium plasma and the high stability of thesesystems have been shown. The new lithium limiter tests on an up-graded T-11M tokamak (plasma currentup to 100 kA, pulse length ~0.3 s) have been performed. Sorption and desorption of plasma-forminggas, lithium emission into discharge, lithium erosion, deposited power of the limiter areinvestigated in these experiments. The first results of experiments are presented.展开更多
The problems of formation of neutron fields are using the radionuclide neutron sources. Theoretical estimates of the contribution to the values of the neutron flux density, kerma and ambient dose equivalent scattered ...The problems of formation of neutron fields are using the radionuclide neutron sources. Theoretical estimates of the contribution to the values of the neutron flux density, kerma and ambient dose equivalent scattered neutron radiation under various conditions of use of neutron sources. The coefficients for calculating the values of different variables at different distances from the source are using the measured values at certain distances from the source. The values of the average energies for neutron spectra are obtained using the radionuclide neutron sources.展开更多
The paper describes the operation features of plasma focus chambers using deuteriumetritium mixture.Handling tritium requires the use of sealed,vacuum-tight plasma focus chambers.In these chambers,there is an accumula...The paper describes the operation features of plasma focus chambers using deuteriumetritium mixture.Handling tritium requires the use of sealed,vacuum-tight plasma focus chambers.In these chambers,there is an accumulation of the impurity gases released from the inside surfaces of the electrodes and the insulator while moving plasma current sheath inside chambers interacting with b-electrons generated due to the decay of tritium.Decay of tritium is also accompanied by the accumulation of helium.Impurities lead to a decreased yield of neutron emission from plasma focus chambers,especially for long term operation.The paper presents an option of absorption type gas generator in the chamber based on porous titanium,which allows to significantly increase the lifetime and shelf life of tritium chambers.It also shows the results of experiments on the comparison of the operation of sealed plasma focus chambers with and without the gas generator.展开更多
X-ray emission from metal cathodes in glow discharge （current is up to 300 mA, voltage is 1,500-4,300 V） experiments in the spectral range from 700 eV to 6 keV has been observed. The effect has been seen with a vari...X-ray emission from metal cathodes in glow discharge （current is up to 300 mA, voltage is 1,500-4,300 V） experiments in the spectral range from 700 eV to 6 keV has been observed. The effect has been seen with a variety of different metal cathodes （including AI, Sc, Ti, V, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt）, as well as with different gasses （including D2, H2, Kr, Ar, and Xe） at low pressure （3-10 Torr）. We present results from a variety of diagnostics, including： pinhole camera imaging; thermo luminescent detector measurements; time-resolved scintillator measurements; and a curved mica spectrometer to register X-ray spectra. Both diffuse and collimated X-ray emission have been observed.. Diffuse emission occurs in bursts of X-rays; with up to 10^5 bursts per second, with up to 10^6 photons per burst during the discharge. Collimated X-ray emission appears in the form of beamlets directed normal to the cathodes surface with a very small angular divergence; with up to 104 bursts per second, and up to 1013 photons overall up to 20 h after discharge switch off. Based on these experimental results we propose a phenomenological model of processes.展开更多
It reviewed results on low-energy nuclear reaction （LENR） processes in a high-voltage （1,000-4,000 V） electric discharge system. The experimental results are divided into three sets： excess heat measurements; yie...It reviewed results on low-energy nuclear reaction （LENR） processes in a high-voltage （1,000-4,000 V） electric discharge system. The experimental results are divided into three sets： excess heat measurements; yield of impurity nuclides （nuclear ash）; X-ray measurements. Up to 8 W of excess power was observed, with a power gain of up to 170% was seen in glow discharge experiments. Up to 300 W of excess power, with a power gain up to 340% was observed in experiments using a high-voltage electrolysis cell. The impurity nuclide yield showing a shift of up to a few per cent from natural isotopic abundances was detected by spark mass spectrometry, by secondary ionic mass spectrometry, and by secondary neutral mass spectrometry. X-ray emission in the range of 0.6-6.0 keV, has been observed. Based on these experimental results we propose a phenomenological model for LENR based on the interaction of an electric discharge with condensed matter （of the cathode）.展开更多
The aim of the work was the assessment of capability for the change control in the structure of a compact material of pelletized heatproof nickel alloy grade EP741NP using the atomic emission method. The proposed meth...The aim of the work was the assessment of capability for the change control in the structure of a compact material of pelletized heatproof nickel alloy grade EP741NP using the atomic emission method. The proposed method of evaluation is based on the statistical significance of the analytical response differences during atomic emission spectroscopy of solid specimens taken from one sample before and after heat treatment using the instruments AtomComp 81 and ARL 4460 with a high-voltage spark excitation. For calculations, the ratio of the line intensity of the analyzed element to the line intensity of the main sample component (in our case Ni<sub>2254</sub>) was used. The difference confidence estimation was made by the averages comparison method in a variance analysis. The study results are presented on the effect of material structure on analytical response during atomic emission spectroscopy of solid specimens. It was proved that the samples before and after heat treatment give statistically differing results while analyzed.展开更多
Impact diamond is one of perspective natural type of superhard carbon materials,forming huge resources sometimes,such as Popigai impact structure counting the largest diamond storage on the Earth.By present,there are ...Impact diamond is one of perspective natural type of superhard carbon materials,forming huge resources sometimes,such as Popigai impact structure counting the largest diamond storage on the Earth.By present,there are two known types of impact diamonds-after-graphitic and after-coal varieties formed from different carbon precursors.Here we present for the first time a new impact diamond type-diamond fossils,named by"karite",formed about 70 Ma from unmetamorphosed organics in the giant Kara impact crater(Pay-Khoy,Russia).A full complex of the diamond fossil characteristics is described proving its nature and phase state.Karite is presented with supernanocrystalline diamond aggregates,nicely preserves tiny cell morphology and relict features of lignin and cellulose.The diamond fossils are spread widely through the Kara impactites,point to possible wider distribution of impact diamonds within large impact occurrences around the world,can be used for impact modeling,astrobiological and material studies.展开更多
The author review results on LENR （low-energy nuclear reaction） processes in the cathodes of a high current glow discharge and a HVEC （high-voltage electrolysis cell）. The cathodes used in the experiments were mad...The author review results on LENR （low-energy nuclear reaction） processes in the cathodes of a high current glow discharge and a HVEC （high-voltage electrolysis cell）. The cathodes used in the experiments were made of Ni foil, Pd foil, Pd coated Re and solid-state nanostructured Pd. Up to 300 W of excess heat power, with a power gain up to 340%, was observed in experiments using a high-voltage electrolysis cell. Based on these experimental results, we propose a phenomenological model for LENR.展开更多
文摘Shrimps of genus Artemia are the inhabitants of continental and marine waters with salinity of 70 to 350 g/l and above.Artemia is able to survive in the conditions in which other animals cannot exist.This is due to adaptations:effective osmoregulation system,the ability to synthesize of respiratory pigment(hemoglobin)and diapauses cysts(Litvinenko at.al.,2009).Cysts of this
文摘Many developing countries need ecologically clean power sources (PS). The nuclear power plants are such sources. However, a great number of the developing countries do not possess developed large capacity power systems. Moreover, currently in the developing countries, there are no highly skilled personnel to provide construction and reliable and safe operation of the nuclear plants, which are complex and potentially hazardous systems. In some countries, the level of terroristic threat is extremely high. For that reason, there are specific requirements to the nuclear PSs intended for use in the developing countries. In the presented report, the specific requirements which must be met by the NPT proposed for use in developing countries are formulated, basic statements of the SVBR-100 concept are presented, design and principal scheme of the reactor fa-ility are described, major characteristics of SVBR-100 are summarized.
文摘Revised simulations of ALT-like devices are presented.The results from these simulations closely match those from experiments and demonstrate the capabilities of the devices as applied to ramp compression of metals to pressures of 20 Mbar by imploding liners driven by∼10 MG azimuthal magnetic fields(with currents up to 55 MA).These results can be applied to the design of experiments on isentropic compression of materials.
文摘Potential (non-nuclear) energy stored in reactor facility coolant is a crucial factor determining the NPP safety/hazard characteristics as it is inherent property of the material and cannot be changed. Enhancing safety of the NPP with traditional type reactor facilities, in which potential energy is stored in large quantities, requires buildup of the number of safety systems and in-depth defense barriers, which reduce the probability of severe accidents (but do not exclude the opportunity of their realization) and seriousness of their consequences. Keeping the risk of radioactivity release for different type reactor facilities at a same level of social acceptability, the number of safety systems and in-depth defense barriers, which determine essentially the NPP economical parameters, can be reduced with diminishing the potential energy stored in the reactor facility. To analyze the effect of potential energy on reactor facility safety/hazard, a diagram of reactor facility hazard has been proposed. It presents a probability of radioactivity release as a function of radioactivity release values for reactor facilities with identical radiation potential, which differ by values of potential energy stored in coolant. It is proposed to account NPP safety/hazard effect on economics by adding a certain interest on the electricity cost for making payments in a special insurance fund assigned to compensate the expenses for elimination of consequences of a possible accident.
文摘The article describes principles of developing steels for maritime structures and main pipelines.The scientific approach lies in forming an ultra fine-grained and submicrocrystal structure through thermomechanical treatment of low-carbon low-alloyed steels,providing higher strength and resistance to brittle fracture.The article presents results of assessing the operability characteristics and introducing new steels.
文摘At present the most promising principal solution of the divertor problemappears to be the use of liquid metals and primarily of lithium Capillary-Pore Systems (CPS) as ofplasma facing materials. A solid CPS filled with liquid lithium will have a high resistance tosurface and volume damage because of neutron radiation effects, melting, splashing and thermalstress-induced cracking in steady state and during plasma transitions to provide the normaloperation of divertor target plates and first-wall protecting elements. These materials will not bethe sources of impurities inducing an increase of Z_(eff) and they will not be collected as dust inthe divertor area and in ducts. Experiments with lithium CPS under simulating conditions of plasmadisruption on a hydrogen plasma accelerator MK-200 [~ (10 - 15) MJ/m^2, ~ 50 μs] have beenperformed. The formation of a shielding layer of lithium plasma and the high stability of thesesystems have been shown. The new lithium limiter tests on an up-graded T-11M tokamak (plasma currentup to 100 kA, pulse length ~0.3 s) have been performed. Sorption and desorption of plasma-forminggas, lithium emission into discharge, lithium erosion, deposited power of the limiter areinvestigated in these experiments. The first results of experiments are presented.
文摘The problems of formation of neutron fields are using the radionuclide neutron sources. Theoretical estimates of the contribution to the values of the neutron flux density, kerma and ambient dose equivalent scattered neutron radiation under various conditions of use of neutron sources. The coefficients for calculating the values of different variables at different distances from the source are using the measured values at certain distances from the source. The values of the average energies for neutron spectra are obtained using the radionuclide neutron sources.
文摘The paper describes the operation features of plasma focus chambers using deuteriumetritium mixture.Handling tritium requires the use of sealed,vacuum-tight plasma focus chambers.In these chambers,there is an accumulation of the impurity gases released from the inside surfaces of the electrodes and the insulator while moving plasma current sheath inside chambers interacting with b-electrons generated due to the decay of tritium.Decay of tritium is also accompanied by the accumulation of helium.Impurities lead to a decreased yield of neutron emission from plasma focus chambers,especially for long term operation.The paper presents an option of absorption type gas generator in the chamber based on porous titanium,which allows to significantly increase the lifetime and shelf life of tritium chambers.It also shows the results of experiments on the comparison of the operation of sealed plasma focus chambers with and without the gas generator.
文摘X-ray emission from metal cathodes in glow discharge （current is up to 300 mA, voltage is 1,500-4,300 V） experiments in the spectral range from 700 eV to 6 keV has been observed. The effect has been seen with a variety of different metal cathodes （including AI, Sc, Ti, V, Ni, Nb, Zr, Mo, Pd, Ta, W, and Pt）, as well as with different gasses （including D2, H2, Kr, Ar, and Xe） at low pressure （3-10 Torr）. We present results from a variety of diagnostics, including： pinhole camera imaging; thermo luminescent detector measurements; time-resolved scintillator measurements; and a curved mica spectrometer to register X-ray spectra. Both diffuse and collimated X-ray emission have been observed.. Diffuse emission occurs in bursts of X-rays; with up to 10^5 bursts per second, with up to 10^6 photons per burst during the discharge. Collimated X-ray emission appears in the form of beamlets directed normal to the cathodes surface with a very small angular divergence; with up to 104 bursts per second, and up to 1013 photons overall up to 20 h after discharge switch off. Based on these experimental results we propose a phenomenological model of processes.
文摘It reviewed results on low-energy nuclear reaction （LENR） processes in a high-voltage （1,000-4,000 V） electric discharge system. The experimental results are divided into three sets： excess heat measurements; yield of impurity nuclides （nuclear ash）; X-ray measurements. Up to 8 W of excess power was observed, with a power gain of up to 170% was seen in glow discharge experiments. Up to 300 W of excess power, with a power gain up to 340% was observed in experiments using a high-voltage electrolysis cell. The impurity nuclide yield showing a shift of up to a few per cent from natural isotopic abundances was detected by spark mass spectrometry, by secondary ionic mass spectrometry, and by secondary neutral mass spectrometry. X-ray emission in the range of 0.6-6.0 keV, has been observed. Based on these experimental results we propose a phenomenological model for LENR based on the interaction of an electric discharge with condensed matter （of the cathode）.
文摘The aim of the work was the assessment of capability for the change control in the structure of a compact material of pelletized heatproof nickel alloy grade EP741NP using the atomic emission method. The proposed method of evaluation is based on the statistical significance of the analytical response differences during atomic emission spectroscopy of solid specimens taken from one sample before and after heat treatment using the instruments AtomComp 81 and ARL 4460 with a high-voltage spark excitation. For calculations, the ratio of the line intensity of the analyzed element to the line intensity of the main sample component (in our case Ni<sub>2254</sub>) was used. The difference confidence estimation was made by the averages comparison method in a variance analysis. The study results are presented on the effect of material structure on analytical response during atomic emission spectroscopy of solid specimens. It was proved that the samples before and after heat treatment give statistically differing results while analyzed.
基金supported by the RFBR Project#17-0500516 for diamond fossils studiesthe frame of NIR#AAA-A17-117121270036-7the Russian Science Foundation Project#17-17-01080
文摘Impact diamond is one of perspective natural type of superhard carbon materials,forming huge resources sometimes,such as Popigai impact structure counting the largest diamond storage on the Earth.By present,there are two known types of impact diamonds-after-graphitic and after-coal varieties formed from different carbon precursors.Here we present for the first time a new impact diamond type-diamond fossils,named by"karite",formed about 70 Ma from unmetamorphosed organics in the giant Kara impact crater(Pay-Khoy,Russia).A full complex of the diamond fossil characteristics is described proving its nature and phase state.Karite is presented with supernanocrystalline diamond aggregates,nicely preserves tiny cell morphology and relict features of lignin and cellulose.The diamond fossils are spread widely through the Kara impactites,point to possible wider distribution of impact diamonds within large impact occurrences around the world,can be used for impact modeling,astrobiological and material studies.
文摘The author review results on LENR （low-energy nuclear reaction） processes in the cathodes of a high current glow discharge and a HVEC （high-voltage electrolysis cell）. The cathodes used in the experiments were made of Ni foil, Pd foil, Pd coated Re and solid-state nanostructured Pd. Up to 300 W of excess heat power, with a power gain up to 340%, was observed in experiments using a high-voltage electrolysis cell. Based on these experimental results, we propose a phenomenological model for LENR.
