Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine ...Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine the tolerance of four market classes of dry beans to sulfentrazone (210 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied alone and in combination. The registration of these two herbicides would provide Ontario dry bean producers with two additional modes of action for broadleaf weed control. Pyroxasulfone caused up to 23%, 6%, 7% and 10% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively;sulfentrazone caused up to 51%, 12%, 15% and 44% injury and the combination caused up to 90%, 23%, 29% and 62% injury, respectively. Kidney and small red Mexican bean density, height, seed moisture content and yield were not affected. Pyroxasulfone (200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced adzuki and white bean density, shoot dry weight, height and yield. This study concludes that pyroxasulfone (100 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (210 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied PRE can be safely used to control weeds in Ontario kidney and small red Mexican bean production.展开更多
Halosulfuron was recently registered as the second soil-applied herbicide for broadleaf weed control in Ontario dry beans, but does not provide an alternative mode of action. Sulfentrazone is used to control broadleaf...Halosulfuron was recently registered as the second soil-applied herbicide for broadleaf weed control in Ontario dry beans, but does not provide an alternative mode of action. Sulfentrazone is used to control broadleaf weeds in soybean and other pulse crops, and its registration for Ontario dry beans would provide a different mode of action for broadleaf weed control. Five field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine if the spectrum of broadleaf weed control is improved by adding a half-rate of halosulfuron to sulfentrazone PRE, and to determine the tolerance of white bean to sulfentrazone (140 or 210 g ai ha-1), s-metolachlor (1050 g ai ha-1), and halosulfuron (17.5 g ai ha-1) applied alone and in combination. Crop injury was assessed at 2 and 4 weeks after crop emergence. Weed control was assessed at 4 and 8 weeks after herbicide application (WAA), and weed density and biomass were determined at 8 WAA. Seed moisture and yield were determined at harvest. Halosulfuron added to sulfentrazone improved the control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sinapis arvensis. Sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused up to 23% crop injury. Therefore, this study concludes that sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron provides broad spectrum weed control, but is too injurious to white bean for registration in Ontario.展开更多
Like most U.S. chemical companies, you probably know where your security-sensitive inventories are located within your sites and have assured yourself that you have taken reasonable precautions to reduce the risk of t...Like most U.S. chemical companies, you probably know where your security-sensitive inventories are located within your sites and have assured yourself that you have taken reasonable precautions to reduce the risk of their being used in a terrorist attack. What about when you ship them? How secure are the various parts of your value chain-offsite storage and transportation of your products, raw materials, intermediates, and wastes, and processing of ordering and invoicing transactions? Value chain security focuses on tampering and misuse of materials handled outside the plant boundaries.At FMC, we took a three-stage approach to identifying and dealing with potential security issues posed by materials in transit. Stage 1 was a quick review to determine which of our products, intermediates, or raw materials might be potentially useful to terrorists. In Stage 2 we looked for specific security-emergency scenarios that might involve those chemicals, estimated the risk of those scenarios, and made recommendations to reduce the vulnerability to terrorist attack. In Stage 3 we are implementing the plans we developed.FMC’s approach has successfully focused our efforts and used familiar techniques to break down complex Value Chains into manageable sections and then to identify the possible scenarios and (relative) risks at each section. We were able to do this with minimal travel costs.This paper describes the general organization of FMC’s value chain security efforts and our analysis technique, and discusses lessons (including a few surprises) that we have learned from the analyses. 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 24: 6-11, 20051. ORGANIZATION (FORMAL AND INFORMAL) OF SECURITY ACTIVITIESShortly after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, FMC Corporation formed a Transportation Secu-展开更多
Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control;therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activit...Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control;therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activity on some annual grass and broadleaf weed species. Four field trials were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine the tolerance of four commonly grown dry bean market classes (adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean) to PRE applications of sulfentrazone at 140, 210, 280 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>. Crop injury, plant height, plant density, shoot biomass, seed moisture content and yield were examined. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) caused up to 74%, 22%, 30%, and 57% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively. Plant density, height and yield were not reduced for kidney or small red Mexican bean. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced white bean plant density, height and yield by 28%, 29% and 29%, respectively;and reduced adzuki bean plant density, height and yield by 51%, 34% and 57%, respectively. Overall, kidney and small red Mexican bean were the most tolerant to sulfentrazone, followed by white bean, and then adzuki. This study determined sulfentrazone applied PRE is safe for Ontario kidney bean and small red Mexican bean crops.展开更多
Ontario dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growers have few options for broadleaf weed control. Sulfentrazone is a group 14 herbicide that provides good control of several common Ontario weed species, and would provide ...Ontario dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growers have few options for broadleaf weed control. Sulfentrazone is a group 14 herbicide that provides good control of several common Ontario weed species, and would provide another mode of action for broadleaf weed control if registered for use in Ontario dry beans. Five field studies were conducted during 2014 and 2015 to determine if a low dose of imazethapyr added to a tank mix of sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor would improve broadleaf control in white bean. Sulfentrazone (140 and 210 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) was mixed with imazethapyr and s-metolachlor and evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks after crop emergence for crop injury. Weed control was assessed visually at 4 and 8 weeks after herbicide application (WAA), and weed stand counts and biomass were determined at 8 WAA. Seed moisture and yield were determined at harvest. At 8 WAA, sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) controlled pigweed species, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyard grass and green foxtail 100%, 4%, 100%, 2%, 86% and 62%, respectively. The addition of imazethapyr (37.5 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) to sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) improved the control of common ragweed, wild mustard and green foxtail by 19%, 98% and 33%, respectively. The three-way tank mix of sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) plus s-metolachlor (1050 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) plus imazethapyr (37.5 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) controlled pigweed species, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyard grass and green foxtail 100%, 35%, 100%, 100%, 96% and 100%, respectively. The tank mixes evaluated caused unacceptably high levels of crop injury;this study does not support the registration of sulfentrazone plus s-metolachlor + imazethapyr for use in Ontario white bean.展开更多
文摘Only one herbicide mode of action (ALS inhibitor) is currently available to Ontario dry bean producers for soil-applied broadleaf weed control. Four field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to examine the tolerance of four market classes of dry beans to sulfentrazone (210 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) and pyroxasulfone (100 and 200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied alone and in combination. The registration of these two herbicides would provide Ontario dry bean producers with two additional modes of action for broadleaf weed control. Pyroxasulfone caused up to 23%, 6%, 7% and 10% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively;sulfentrazone caused up to 51%, 12%, 15% and 44% injury and the combination caused up to 90%, 23%, 29% and 62% injury, respectively. Kidney and small red Mexican bean density, height, seed moisture content and yield were not affected. Pyroxasulfone (200 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced adzuki and white bean density, shoot dry weight, height and yield. This study concludes that pyroxasulfone (100 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) + sulfentrazone (210 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) applied PRE can be safely used to control weeds in Ontario kidney and small red Mexican bean production.
文摘Halosulfuron was recently registered as the second soil-applied herbicide for broadleaf weed control in Ontario dry beans, but does not provide an alternative mode of action. Sulfentrazone is used to control broadleaf weeds in soybean and other pulse crops, and its registration for Ontario dry beans would provide a different mode of action for broadleaf weed control. Five field studies were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine if the spectrum of broadleaf weed control is improved by adding a half-rate of halosulfuron to sulfentrazone PRE, and to determine the tolerance of white bean to sulfentrazone (140 or 210 g ai ha-1), s-metolachlor (1050 g ai ha-1), and halosulfuron (17.5 g ai ha-1) applied alone and in combination. Crop injury was assessed at 2 and 4 weeks after crop emergence. Weed control was assessed at 4 and 8 weeks after herbicide application (WAA), and weed density and biomass were determined at 8 WAA. Seed moisture and yield were determined at harvest. Halosulfuron added to sulfentrazone improved the control of Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Sinapis arvensis. Sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron caused up to 23% crop injury. Therefore, this study concludes that sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor + halosulfuron provides broad spectrum weed control, but is too injurious to white bean for registration in Ontario.
文摘Like most U.S. chemical companies, you probably know where your security-sensitive inventories are located within your sites and have assured yourself that you have taken reasonable precautions to reduce the risk of their being used in a terrorist attack. What about when you ship them? How secure are the various parts of your value chain-offsite storage and transportation of your products, raw materials, intermediates, and wastes, and processing of ordering and invoicing transactions? Value chain security focuses on tampering and misuse of materials handled outside the plant boundaries.At FMC, we took a three-stage approach to identifying and dealing with potential security issues posed by materials in transit. Stage 1 was a quick review to determine which of our products, intermediates, or raw materials might be potentially useful to terrorists. In Stage 2 we looked for specific security-emergency scenarios that might involve those chemicals, estimated the risk of those scenarios, and made recommendations to reduce the vulnerability to terrorist attack. In Stage 3 we are implementing the plans we developed.FMC’s approach has successfully focused our efforts and used familiar techniques to break down complex Value Chains into manageable sections and then to identify the possible scenarios and (relative) risks at each section. We were able to do this with minimal travel costs.This paper describes the general organization of FMC’s value chain security efforts and our analysis technique, and discusses lessons (including a few surprises) that we have learned from the analyses. 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 24: 6-11, 20051. ORGANIZATION (FORMAL AND INFORMAL) OF SECURITY ACTIVITIESShortly after the terrorist attack on September 11, 2001, FMC Corporation formed a Transportation Secu-
文摘Ontario dry bean growers are currently limited to ALS inhibitor herbicides for soilapplied broadleaf weed control;therefore another mode of action is needed. Sulfentrazone is a PPO inhibitor herbicide that has activity on some annual grass and broadleaf weed species. Four field trials were conducted over two years (2014, 2015) to determine the tolerance of four commonly grown dry bean market classes (adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean) to PRE applications of sulfentrazone at 140, 210, 280 and 420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>. Crop injury, plant height, plant density, shoot biomass, seed moisture content and yield were examined. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) caused up to 74%, 22%, 30%, and 57% injury in adzuki, kidney, small red Mexican and white bean, respectively. Plant density, height and yield were not reduced for kidney or small red Mexican bean. Sulfentrazone (420 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) reduced white bean plant density, height and yield by 28%, 29% and 29%, respectively;and reduced adzuki bean plant density, height and yield by 51%, 34% and 57%, respectively. Overall, kidney and small red Mexican bean were the most tolerant to sulfentrazone, followed by white bean, and then adzuki. This study determined sulfentrazone applied PRE is safe for Ontario kidney bean and small red Mexican bean crops.
文摘Ontario dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) growers have few options for broadleaf weed control. Sulfentrazone is a group 14 herbicide that provides good control of several common Ontario weed species, and would provide another mode of action for broadleaf weed control if registered for use in Ontario dry beans. Five field studies were conducted during 2014 and 2015 to determine if a low dose of imazethapyr added to a tank mix of sulfentrazone + s-metolachlor would improve broadleaf control in white bean. Sulfentrazone (140 and 210 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) was mixed with imazethapyr and s-metolachlor and evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks after crop emergence for crop injury. Weed control was assessed visually at 4 and 8 weeks after herbicide application (WAA), and weed stand counts and biomass were determined at 8 WAA. Seed moisture and yield were determined at harvest. At 8 WAA, sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) controlled pigweed species, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyard grass and green foxtail 100%, 4%, 100%, 2%, 86% and 62%, respectively. The addition of imazethapyr (37.5 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) to sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) improved the control of common ragweed, wild mustard and green foxtail by 19%, 98% and 33%, respectively. The three-way tank mix of sulfentrazone (140 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) plus s-metolachlor (1050 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) plus imazethapyr (37.5 g·ai·ha<sup>-1</sup>) controlled pigweed species, common ragweed, common lambsquarters, wild mustard, barnyard grass and green foxtail 100%, 35%, 100%, 100%, 96% and 100%, respectively. The tank mixes evaluated caused unacceptably high levels of crop injury;this study does not support the registration of sulfentrazone plus s-metolachlor + imazethapyr for use in Ontario white bean.
