The section,“Beyond the Olympic Games”is dedicated to the world of sport science and sports medicine,with particular focus on the Paris Olympic and Paralympic Games.By delving into diverse hot topics,we aim to provi...The section,“Beyond the Olympic Games”is dedicated to the world of sport science and sports medicine,with particular focus on the Paris Olympic and Paralympic Games.By delving into diverse hot topics,we aim to provide readers with aflavour of the multifaceted nature of the science and medicine of sports today.This special section touches upon certain critical and sensitive issues impacting athletes’health and performance,such as doping,gender issues in sport,the intriguing question why athletes from East Africa dominate distance running andfinally,equality issues related to the participation in sports events around the world.This section is entirely within the core scope of the journal Translation Exercise Biomedicine(TEB),and is timely given the occurrence of the XXXIII Olympiad.The Paris 2024 Olympics could mark the start of a new era for the Olympic Movement after the challenges over doping and gender issues faced in London 2012,Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020.Therefore,this dedicated Olympic and Paralympic section is envisaged to provide the reader with a broad but highly relevant overview of some of the most significant threats to the modern Games such as doping,gender and inclusion,while also highlighting cutting-edge research and science opportunities that need to be at the heart of a concerted reaction by the sport science and medicine community.展开更多
Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of applying anodal tDCS(2 mA for 20 min)over the scalp from T3(anodal-tDCS)to Fp2(cathodal-tDCS)on the perceptual,physiological and performance responses ...Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of applying anodal tDCS(2 mA for 20 min)over the scalp from T3(anodal-tDCS)to Fp2(cathodal-tDCS)on the perceptual,physiological and performance responses during maximal incremental and constant-load exercise(CLE)in trained cyclists.Methods Eleven male cyclists performed maximal incremental exercise(MIE)on a cycle ergometer under either tDCS or sham,with power output,heart rate(HR),oxygen uptake(V̇O_(2)),ratings of perceived exertion(RPE)assessed throughout,and blood samples collected before and after MIE.On two separate occasions,nine subjects performed CLE at 62%of the peak power output followed by a 15 km time trial under either tDCS or sham(n=8 for the time trial).Results HR,V̇O_(2),RPE and blood samples were collected at regular intervals.There were no differences between tDCS and sham in any variable during the MIE.tDCS elicited a decreased HR(F_(4,8)=9.232;p=0.016;η_(p)^(2)=0.54),increased V̇O_(2)(F_(4,8)=8.920;p=0.015;η_(p)^(2)=0.50)and increased blood non-esterified fatty acids(F_(6,8)=11.754;p=0.009;η_(p)^(2)=0.60)and glycerol(F_(6,8)=6.603;p=0.037;η_(p)^(2)=0.49)concentrations during the CLE when compared to sham.tDCS also improved 15 km time trial performance by 3.6%(p=0.02;d=0.47)without affecting RPE,HR and blood lactate.Conclusions The application of tDCS over the temporal cortex in trained cyclists improved cycling performance during a self-paced time trial but did not enhance performance during maximal incremental exercise.These results are encouraging and merit further investigation of the ergogenic effects of tDCS in trained athletes.展开更多
Purpose To determine the association between lower-body strength and lower-body power capacities with sprint swimming performance in adolescent competitive swimmers.Methods A total of 44 front crawl swimmers(27 males ...Purpose To determine the association between lower-body strength and lower-body power capacities with sprint swimming performance in adolescent competitive swimmers.Methods A total of 44 front crawl swimmers(27 males and 17 females)performed anthropometric assessments,lower-body strength tests(half squat maximum isometric strength,dynamic half squat with 20,30 and 40%of the maximum isometric strength,and knee extension maximum isometric strength)and lower-body power tests(squat jump[SJ],countermovement jump[CMJ]and Abalakov jump).Further front crawl swimming best times in 50 and 100 m were recorded from official swimming competitions and front crawl technique was assessed by an experienced coach using a visual analogue scale.Results Swimming performance was correlated with lower-body power variables(SJ[r=−0.573 for 50 m and−0.642 for 100 m],CMJ[r=−0.497 for 50 m and−0.544 for 100 m],and Abalakov jump[r=−0.452 for 50 m and−0.415 for 100 m];p≤0.05)and lower-body strength(half squat maximum isometric strength[r=−0.430 for 50 m and−0.443 for 100 m];p≤0.05)in males but not in females.Further linear regression models showed that only lower-body power predicted both 50 m(Abalakov jump;r^(2)=0.58;change in r^(2)=0.18)and 100 m(SJ;r^(2)=0.66;change in r^(2)=0.15)performance in male swimmers.Conclusions This study emphasizes the greater association between lower-body power and sprint front crawl performance in adolescent males compared to females.Practical tests(i.e.,SJ and Abalakov jump)are shown to predict front crawl swimming performance,which may facilitate the performance control by coaches and trainers.展开更多
Introduction:Runners from East Africa including Kenya,Ethiopia and Uganda have dominated middle-and longdistance running events,for almost six decades.This narrative review examines and updates current understanding o...Introduction:Runners from East Africa including Kenya,Ethiopia and Uganda have dominated middle-and longdistance running events,for almost six decades.This narrative review examines and updates current understanding of the factors explaining the dominance of East Africans in distance running from a holistic perspective.Content:The dominance of East African distance runners has puzzled researchers,with various factors proposed to explain their unparalleled success.Four key elements emerge:1)biomechanical and physiological attributes,2)training characteristics,3)psychological motivations,and 4)African diet.Runners from East Africa often exhibit ectomorphic somatotypes,characterized by lean body compositions which lead them to an extraordinary biomechanical and metabolic effciency.Their sociocultural lifestyle,training regimens beginning at a young age with aerobic activities,seem crucial,as well as moderate volume,high-intensity workouts at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 m.Psychological factors,including a strong motivation to succeed driven by aspirations for socioeconomic improvement and a rich tradition of running excellence,also contribute significantly.A multifactorial explanation considering these factors,without a clear genetic influence,is nowadays the strongest argument to explain the East African phenomenon.Summary and outlook:To unravel the mystery behind the supremacy of East African runners,it is imperative to consider these multifaceted factors.The predominantly rural lifestyle of the East African population underscores the importance of aligning modern lifestyles with the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens,where physical activity was integral to daily life.Further research is required to explain this phenomenon,with a focus on genetics.展开更多
In [5, 6] the relationships between test words, generic elements, almost primitivity and tame almost primitivity were examined in free groups. In this paper we extend the concepts and connections to general free produ...In [5, 6] the relationships between test words, generic elements, almost primitivity and tame almost primitivity were examined in free groups. In this paper we extend the concepts and connections to general free products and in particular to free products of cyclic groups.展开更多
The automation of ab initio simulations is essential in view of performing high-throughput(HT)computational screenings oriented to the discovery of novel materials with desired physical properties.In this work,we prop...The automation of ab initio simulations is essential in view of performing high-throughput(HT)computational screenings oriented to the discovery of novel materials with desired physical properties.In this work,we propose algorithms and implementations that are relevant to extend this approach beyond density functional theory(DFT),in order to automate many-body perturbation theory(MBPT)calculations.Notably,an algorithm pursuing the goal of an efficient and robust convergence procedure for GW and BSE simulations is provided,together with its implementation in a fully automated framework.This is accompanied by an automatic GW band interpolation scheme based on maximally localized Wannier functions,aiming at a reduction of the computational burden of quasiparticle band structures while preserving high accuracy.The proposed developments are validated on a set of representative semiconductor and metallic systems.展开更多
In this paper, the authors consider the Gevrey class regularity of a semigroup associated with a nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries （KdV for short） equation. By estimating the resolvent of the corresponding linear operator...In this paper, the authors consider the Gevrey class regularity of a semigroup associated with a nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries （KdV for short） equation. By estimating the resolvent of the corresponding linear operator, the authors conclude that the semigroup 3 generated by the linear operator is not analytic but of Gevrey class δ ε （5, ） for t 〉 0,展开更多
Sport-related concussion(SRC)is a common and increasingly recognised sport-related injury and accounts for between 1%and 9%of all cycling-specific injuries.Attention has been drawn to the difficulty in managing suspec...Sport-related concussion(SRC)is a common and increasingly recognised sport-related injury and accounts for between 1%and 9%of all cycling-specific injuries.Attention has been drawn to the difficulty in managing suspected SRC in a fast-paced sport such as road cycling,particularly the lack of an effective and time-efficient assessment protocol.A meeting on cycling SRC was convened in Harrogate,United Kingdom,in an attempt to resolve this problem.The aim was to agree on standard terminology,definitions,diagnostic protocols and return to play protocols for the various differing codes of cycle sport.Seven experts in the field of cycling medicine were invited to participate by the International Cycling Union and are the authors of this report.The panel recognised that the sport of cycling consists of varied disciplines,some of which provide a setting in which a sideline assessment is possible which is in line with the Berlin Consensus statement.However,other disciplines provide challenging circumstances where health care providers have limited access to participants and where participants are unable to discontinue participation and participate in sideline assessment.Consensus-based discipline-specific protocols and guidelines which recognise the limitations posed by these circumstances,but nevertheless,improve on the current situation specific to the sport of cycling are presented as a potential solution to the unique chal-lenges posed by these cycling disciplines.展开更多
文摘The section,“Beyond the Olympic Games”is dedicated to the world of sport science and sports medicine,with particular focus on the Paris Olympic and Paralympic Games.By delving into diverse hot topics,we aim to provide readers with aflavour of the multifaceted nature of the science and medicine of sports today.This special section touches upon certain critical and sensitive issues impacting athletes’health and performance,such as doping,gender issues in sport,the intriguing question why athletes from East Africa dominate distance running andfinally,equality issues related to the participation in sports events around the world.This section is entirely within the core scope of the journal Translation Exercise Biomedicine(TEB),and is timely given the occurrence of the XXXIII Olympiad.The Paris 2024 Olympics could mark the start of a new era for the Olympic Movement after the challenges over doping and gender issues faced in London 2012,Rio 2016 and Tokyo 2020.Therefore,this dedicated Olympic and Paralympic section is envisaged to provide the reader with a broad but highly relevant overview of some of the most significant threats to the modern Games such as doping,gender and inclusion,while also highlighting cutting-edge research and science opportunities that need to be at the heart of a concerted reaction by the sport science and medicine community.
文摘Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of applying anodal tDCS(2 mA for 20 min)over the scalp from T3(anodal-tDCS)to Fp2(cathodal-tDCS)on the perceptual,physiological and performance responses during maximal incremental and constant-load exercise(CLE)in trained cyclists.Methods Eleven male cyclists performed maximal incremental exercise(MIE)on a cycle ergometer under either tDCS or sham,with power output,heart rate(HR),oxygen uptake(V̇O_(2)),ratings of perceived exertion(RPE)assessed throughout,and blood samples collected before and after MIE.On two separate occasions,nine subjects performed CLE at 62%of the peak power output followed by a 15 km time trial under either tDCS or sham(n=8 for the time trial).Results HR,V̇O_(2),RPE and blood samples were collected at regular intervals.There were no differences between tDCS and sham in any variable during the MIE.tDCS elicited a decreased HR(F_(4,8)=9.232;p=0.016;η_(p)^(2)=0.54),increased V̇O_(2)(F_(4,8)=8.920;p=0.015;η_(p)^(2)=0.50)and increased blood non-esterified fatty acids(F_(6,8)=11.754;p=0.009;η_(p)^(2)=0.60)and glycerol(F_(6,8)=6.603;p=0.037;η_(p)^(2)=0.49)concentrations during the CLE when compared to sham.tDCS also improved 15 km time trial performance by 3.6%(p=0.02;d=0.47)without affecting RPE,HR and blood lactate.Conclusions The application of tDCS over the temporal cortex in trained cyclists improved cycling performance during a self-paced time trial but did not enhance performance during maximal incremental exercise.These results are encouraging and merit further investigation of the ergogenic effects of tDCS in trained athletes.
基金funded by Spanish‘Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad’‘Plan Nacional I+D+i 2008–2011(Project DEP DEP2011-29093)’and the“Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional”(MICINN-FEDER)for supporting this project.
文摘Purpose To determine the association between lower-body strength and lower-body power capacities with sprint swimming performance in adolescent competitive swimmers.Methods A total of 44 front crawl swimmers(27 males and 17 females)performed anthropometric assessments,lower-body strength tests(half squat maximum isometric strength,dynamic half squat with 20,30 and 40%of the maximum isometric strength,and knee extension maximum isometric strength)and lower-body power tests(squat jump[SJ],countermovement jump[CMJ]and Abalakov jump).Further front crawl swimming best times in 50 and 100 m were recorded from official swimming competitions and front crawl technique was assessed by an experienced coach using a visual analogue scale.Results Swimming performance was correlated with lower-body power variables(SJ[r=−0.573 for 50 m and−0.642 for 100 m],CMJ[r=−0.497 for 50 m and−0.544 for 100 m],and Abalakov jump[r=−0.452 for 50 m and−0.415 for 100 m];p≤0.05)and lower-body strength(half squat maximum isometric strength[r=−0.430 for 50 m and−0.443 for 100 m];p≤0.05)in males but not in females.Further linear regression models showed that only lower-body power predicted both 50 m(Abalakov jump;r^(2)=0.58;change in r^(2)=0.18)and 100 m(SJ;r^(2)=0.66;change in r^(2)=0.15)performance in male swimmers.Conclusions This study emphasizes the greater association between lower-body power and sprint front crawl performance in adolescent males compared to females.Practical tests(i.e.,SJ and Abalakov jump)are shown to predict front crawl swimming performance,which may facilitate the performance control by coaches and trainers.
文摘Introduction:Runners from East Africa including Kenya,Ethiopia and Uganda have dominated middle-and longdistance running events,for almost six decades.This narrative review examines and updates current understanding of the factors explaining the dominance of East Africans in distance running from a holistic perspective.Content:The dominance of East African distance runners has puzzled researchers,with various factors proposed to explain their unparalleled success.Four key elements emerge:1)biomechanical and physiological attributes,2)training characteristics,3)psychological motivations,and 4)African diet.Runners from East Africa often exhibit ectomorphic somatotypes,characterized by lean body compositions which lead them to an extraordinary biomechanical and metabolic effciency.Their sociocultural lifestyle,training regimens beginning at a young age with aerobic activities,seem crucial,as well as moderate volume,high-intensity workouts at altitudes ranging from 2,000 to 3,000 m.Psychological factors,including a strong motivation to succeed driven by aspirations for socioeconomic improvement and a rich tradition of running excellence,also contribute significantly.A multifactorial explanation considering these factors,without a clear genetic influence,is nowadays the strongest argument to explain the East African phenomenon.Summary and outlook:To unravel the mystery behind the supremacy of East African runners,it is imperative to consider these multifaceted factors.The predominantly rural lifestyle of the East African population underscores the importance of aligning modern lifestyles with the evolutionary past of Homo sapiens,where physical activity was integral to daily life.Further research is required to explain this phenomenon,with a focus on genetics.
文摘In [5, 6] the relationships between test words, generic elements, almost primitivity and tame almost primitivity were examined in free groups. In this paper we extend the concepts and connections to general free products and in particular to free products of cyclic groups.
基金This work was supported by:the Centre of Excellence“MaX-Materials Design at the Exascale”funded by European Union(H2020-EINFRA-2015-1,Grant No.676598,H2020-INFRAEDI-2018-1,Grant No.824143,HORIZON-EUROHPC-JU-2021-COE-1,Grant No.101093324)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program(BIG-MAP,Grant No.957189,also part of the BATTERY 2030+initiative,Grant No.957213)+4 种基金SUPER(Supercomputing Unified Platform-Emilia-Romagna)from Emilia-Romagna PORFESR 2014-2020 regional fundsthe Italian national program PRIN20172017BZPKSZ“Excitonic insulator in two-dimensional long-range interacting systems”the ICSC-Centro Nazionale di Ricerca in High Performance Computing,Big Data and Quantum Computing,funded by European Union-NextGenerationEU-PNRR,Missione 4 Componente 2 Investimento 1.4the Swiss National Science Foundation(SNSF)Project Funding(Grant No.200021E_206190“FISH4DIET”)NCCR MARVEL,a National Centre of Competence in Research,funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation(Grant No.205602).Computational time on the Marconi100 and Galileo100 machines at CINECA was provided by the Italian ISCRA program.
文摘The automation of ab initio simulations is essential in view of performing high-throughput(HT)computational screenings oriented to the discovery of novel materials with desired physical properties.In this work,we propose algorithms and implementations that are relevant to extend this approach beyond density functional theory(DFT),in order to automate many-body perturbation theory(MBPT)calculations.Notably,an algorithm pursuing the goal of an efficient and robust convergence procedure for GW and BSE simulations is provided,together with its implementation in a fully automated framework.This is accompanied by an automatic GW band interpolation scheme based on maximally localized Wannier functions,aiming at a reduction of the computational burden of quasiparticle band structures while preserving high accuracy.The proposed developments are validated on a set of representative semiconductor and metallic systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.11401021,11471044,11771336,11571257)the LIASFMA,the ANR project Finite4SoS(No.ANR 15-CE23-0007)the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Nos.20130006120011,20130072120008)
文摘In this paper, the authors consider the Gevrey class regularity of a semigroup associated with a nonlinear Korteweg-de Vries （KdV for short） equation. By estimating the resolvent of the corresponding linear operator, the authors conclude that the semigroup 3 generated by the linear operator is not analytic but of Gevrey class δ ε （5, ） for t 〉 0,
文摘Sport-related concussion(SRC)is a common and increasingly recognised sport-related injury and accounts for between 1%and 9%of all cycling-specific injuries.Attention has been drawn to the difficulty in managing suspected SRC in a fast-paced sport such as road cycling,particularly the lack of an effective and time-efficient assessment protocol.A meeting on cycling SRC was convened in Harrogate,United Kingdom,in an attempt to resolve this problem.The aim was to agree on standard terminology,definitions,diagnostic protocols and return to play protocols for the various differing codes of cycle sport.Seven experts in the field of cycling medicine were invited to participate by the International Cycling Union and are the authors of this report.The panel recognised that the sport of cycling consists of varied disciplines,some of which provide a setting in which a sideline assessment is possible which is in line with the Berlin Consensus statement.However,other disciplines provide challenging circumstances where health care providers have limited access to participants and where participants are unable to discontinue participation and participate in sideline assessment.Consensus-based discipline-specific protocols and guidelines which recognise the limitations posed by these circumstances,but nevertheless,improve on the current situation specific to the sport of cycling are presented as a potential solution to the unique chal-lenges posed by these cycling disciplines.
