The multiscale hybrid-mixed(MHM)method is applied to the numerical approximation of two-dimensional matrix fluid flow in porous media with fractures.The two-dimensional fluid flow in the reservoir and the one-dimensio...The multiscale hybrid-mixed(MHM)method is applied to the numerical approximation of two-dimensional matrix fluid flow in porous media with fractures.The two-dimensional fluid flow in the reservoir and the one-dimensional flow in the discrete fractures are approximated using mixed finite elements.The coupling of the two-dimensional matrix flow with the one-dimensional fracture flow is enforced using the pressure of the one-dimensional flow as a Lagrange multiplier to express the conservation of fluid transfer between the fracture flow and the divergence of the one-dimensional fracture flux.A zero-dimensional pressure(point element)is used to express conservation of mass where fractures intersect.The issuing simulation is then reduced using the MHM method leading to accurate results with a very reduced number of global equations.A general system was developed where fracture geometries and conductivities are specified in an input file and meshes are generated using the public domain mesh generator GMsh.Several test cases illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by comparing the multiscale results with direct simulations.展开更多
Objective. To report three cases of mycosis fungoides with milia formation in the regressing lesions. Patients and setting. Dermatology clinic of a university hospital (referral center). Three patients with mycosis fu...Objective. To report three cases of mycosis fungoides with milia formation in the regressing lesions. Patients and setting. Dermatology clinic of a university hospital (referral center). Three patients with mycosis fungoides with body sur face involvement of 10%in one case (stage IIb) and exceeding 30%in two cases ( stages IIb and III). All patients were treated with photochemotherapy and topica l nitrogen mustard ointment in a concentration of 0.01%. After approximately 3 months multiple milia erupted on regressing plaques. Results. The presence of mi lia was evident and was confirmed by histopathology. Regression of mycosis fungo ides was noted in these plaques both clinically and in comparison with the pretr eatment histologic appearance. Two of the patients showed a histological picture of follicular mucinosis. Conclusions. We do not know the significance of milia in mycosis fungoides (MF). However, we suggest that follicular rupture or a dege nerative process might result in milia formation.展开更多
Generally,conventional methods for anomaly detection rely on clustering,proximity,or classification.With themassive growth in surveillance videos,outliers or anomalies find ingenious ways to obscure themselves in the ...Generally,conventional methods for anomaly detection rely on clustering,proximity,or classification.With themassive growth in surveillance videos,outliers or anomalies find ingenious ways to obscure themselves in the network and make conventional techniques inefficient.This research explores the structure of Graph neural networks(GNNs)that generalize deep learning frameworks to graph-structured data.Every node in the graph structure is labeled and anomalies,represented by unlabeled nodes,are predicted by performing random walks on the node-based graph structures.Due to their strong learning abilities,GNNs gained popularity in various domains such as natural language processing,social network analytics and healthcare.Anomaly detection is a challenging task in computer vision but the proposed algorithm using GNNs efficiently performs the identification of anomalies.The Graph-based deep learning networks are designed to predict unknown objects and outliers.In our case,they detect unusual objects in the form of malicious nodes.The edges between nodes represent a relationship of nodes among each other.In case of anomaly,such as the bike rider in Pedestrians data,the rider node has a negative value for the edge and it is identified as an anomaly.The encoding and decoding layers are crucial for determining how statistical measurements affect anomaly identification and for correcting the graph path to the best possible outcome.Results show that the proposed framework is a step ahead of the traditional approaches in detecting unusual activities,which shows a huge potential in automatically monitoring surveillance videos.Performing autonomous monitoring of CCTV,crime control and damage or destruction by a group of people or crowd can be identified and alarms may be triggered in unusual activities in streets or public places.The suggested GNN model improves accuracy by 4%for the Pedestrian 2 dataset and 12%for the Pedestrian 1 dataset compared to a few state-of the-art techniques.展开更多
Enabling green-printed organic solar cells(OSCs)with high efficiency,stability and flexibility is significant to industrialization.In the green-printed process,the slow film-forming process always induces adverse crys...Enabling green-printed organic solar cells(OSCs)with high efficiency,stability and flexibility is significant to industrialization.In the green-printed process,the slow film-forming process always induces adverse crystallization kinetics with over-size aggregation.Besides,the unfavorable rheological property always leads to severe Marangoni effect and non-uniform morphology.Nowadays,optimization of rheological properties and crystallinity kinetics relies on external methods,but lacks an indepth understanding of the relationship between the green-printed process and intrinsic material characteristics.Herein,we employ a conjugation-extension strategy to realize the collaborative regulation of the rheological property and crystallization kinetics in green processing.The spin-coated device based on the new tetramer 4BTPOD(BTPOD:2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile)achieves an outstanding efficiency of 18.49%for binary OSC and a top-level efficiency of 19.43%for ternary OSC.Furthermore,the rational conjugation extension strengthens the interchain interaction and prevents molecular rapid migration,thereby suppressing the over-size aggregation and Marangoni effect during the green-printed process.The resultant homogeneous film enables the first tetramer-based green-printed OSC with an outstanding efficiency of 17.57%.Moreover,the enhanced interchain entanglement endows OSCs with excellent photothermal stability and flexibility.This work provides a deep insight from intrinsic molecular characteristics into the optimization of rheological properties and crystallization kinetics for green-printed OSCs with high efficiency,stability and flexibility.展开更多
The heavy p-doping effect and intrinsic defectsof tin-based perovskites are two major challenges, whichgreatly limit the device performance of tin-based perovskitesolar cells (PSCs). In this study, a novel n-type orga...The heavy p-doping effect and intrinsic defectsof tin-based perovskites are two major challenges, whichgreatly limit the device performance of tin-based perovskitesolar cells (PSCs). In this study, a novel n-type organic smallmolecule dopant, namely, NDI2HD-Br2, is proposed to sy-nergistically alleviate the intrinsic severe p-type self-dopingand passivate the Sn-related defects of tin-based perovskites.Specifically, the carbonyl groups (C=O) with high electrondensity in the NDI2HD-Br2 can donate additional electrons tothe perovskite band edge, resulting in the conversion of thetin-based perovskite from a p-type to a weak n-type semi-conductor (i.e., up-shifting the Fermi level by 0.15 eV). By thisway, we achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.01%with a high open-circuit voltage of 0.95 V for the tin-basedPSCs. Moreover, the NDI2HD-Br2 incorporated devices ex-hibit excellent long-term stability that maintains 81% of theinitial PCE after 1500 h of storage in a nitrogen environment.This study provides a new pathway to modulate electronicstructures and passivate intrinsic defects of tin-based per-ovskites for efficient and stable solar cells.展开更多
Irreversible Zn plating/stripping and uncontrollable interface micro-environment fluctuation induced by competitive side reactions in the electrical double layer limit the reversibility of aqueous zinc ion batteries(A...Irreversible Zn plating/stripping and uncontrollable interface micro-environment fluctuation induced by competitive side reactions in the electrical double layer limit the reversibility of aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs).Here,we propose the molecule-adsorption-induced interface micro-environment regulating the electrical double layer(EDL)to stabilize Zn electrode/electrolyte interface electrochemistry by adding the Ellagic acid(Ea)electrolyte.Specially,the preferential adsorption of Ea on the Zn(002)facet creates a unique physical barrier interface on the Zn surface via the strong interaction between the Ea molecule and Zn anode.The Ea-molecule-induced adsorption layer could simultaneously act as a H_(2)O/H^(+)-shielding interphase for suppressing side reactions and promoting homogeneous Zn^(2+)transport for compact Zn(002)deposition.As a result,Zn//Zn symmetric cells demonstrated outstanding lifespans that cycled over 300 h under the periodic changes of current densities from 1 to 20 mA cm^(-2),and the Zn//Cu half cell delivered high Coulombic efficiency(99.53%)during 1000 cycles at 5 mA cm^(-2) with 1 mAh cm^(-2).Furthermore,the Zn//MnO_(2) full cells preserved 72.9%capacity even after 2000 cycles at 2 A g^(-1).This strategy opens a unique understanding of the relationship between electrical double layer regulation and highly efficient AZIBs.展开更多
In the contemporary preparation of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the prevalent issue of hole transport layers(HTLs)materials is frequently incompatible with large-area deposition techniques.As the area increases,this r...In the contemporary preparation of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the prevalent issue of hole transport layers(HTLs)materials is frequently incompatible with large-area deposition techniques.As the area increases,this results in nonuniform preparation of the HTLs,which significantly reduces the efficiency and reliability of the device at the module level.To tackle this significant challenge,we propose a strategy for a dual-fiber network structure based on polymer HTLs.This strategy involves the use of organic solar cell polymer donor material(PM6)and poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT),which are spontaneously interwoven into micronsized fiber crystals to establish efficient carrier transport channels.This unique structure not only accelerates charge extraction but also takes advantage of the inherent benefits of polymers,such as excellent printability and homogeneous film formation while enhancing the protection of the perovskite layers.The resulting devices demonstrate a VOC of 1.18 V and a champion PCE of 24.90%,which is higher than the pristine devices(the PCE is 22.87%).Moreover,due to the improved printing characteristics,the PSMs prepared by blade-coating also demonstrate a high PCE of 15.15%within an aperture area of 100 cm^(2).Additionally,this strategy significantly improves the operational stability,thermal stability,and humidity stability of the devices.展开更多
The site activity,utilization,and mass transfer of single-atom catalysts(SACs)significantly influence oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)performance.However,optimizing and deeply evaluating their contributions to catalytic...The site activity,utilization,and mass transfer of single-atom catalysts(SACs)significantly influence oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)performance.However,optimizing and deeply evaluating their contributions to catalytic activity is challenging since the inherent interdependencies and trade-offs.Herein,a self-generating template tactic is proposed to fabricate N/S/P tri-doped hierarchical porous SACs with binary Zn/Fe isolated sites(Zn/Fe-NSPC).Benefiting from the porogenic effect of self-generated ZnS template,the modulation effect of N/S/P tri-doping,and auxiliary Zn sites for Fe sites,the optimized site microenvironment and efficient mass transfer channels are coupled in Zn/Fe-NSPC.Consequently,Zn/Fe-NSPC demonstrates excellent ORR performance in ampere-hour-scale zinc-air battery(ZAB)with a high capacity of 5.26 Ah at 1.0 A,and the further integrated ZAB pack delivers a peak power of 5.82 W.Comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterizations involving scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques and distribution of relaxation times analysis,reveal that the exceptional ORR properties of Zn/Fe-NSPC stem from the high site density(7.21×10^(19)site g^(-1) )and utilization(85.6%),high turnover frequency of1.51 e site^(-1)s^(-1)at 0.90 V,and rapid mass transfer.This work furnishes a promising method to optimize and evaluate siteactivity-utilization and mass transfer of electrocatalysts towards excellent electrochemical energy conversion properties.展开更多
Constructing ideal P-i-N-like network morphology and extending exciton diffusion length(L_(D))are considered bottleneck factors to further improve the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of organic photovoltaics(OPVs).How...Constructing ideal P-i-N-like network morphology and extending exciton diffusion length(L_(D))are considered bottleneck factors to further improve the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of organic photovoltaics(OPVs).However,simultaneous optimizations of the vertical phase separation morphology and L_(D)have rarely been reported.In this work,we apply a gradient thermal-annealing strategy to efficiently regulate the molecular stacking orientation and crystallinity of the polymer donor.The ordered molecular stacking significantly improves the exciton diffusion paths and enlarges the L_(D)from 19.47 nm(PM6-control)to 24.96 nm(PM6-target),enabling efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport.Moreover,the optimized crystallinity behavior inhibited PM6 film erosion from the upper acceptor solution.It ensured controlled donor-acceptor interpenetration,forming the desired pseudo planar heterojunction(PPHJ)structure.Eventually,benefiting from the ideal vertical morphology and the prolonged L_(D),the printing PPHJ(target)device achieves an outstanding PCE of 18.20%with suppressed non-radiative recombination losses(0.212 eV)and enhanced fill factor(78.2%),which is one of the top values for the reported eco-friendly printing binary OPVs.This study demonstrates a simple but feasible method to further improve the performance of polymer solar cells.展开更多
Carbon nanotube fibers(CNTFs),which hold a transformative potential across fields from aerospace to wearable electronics,have been reported as superstrong fibers,while the fabrication of continuous fibers with excelle...Carbon nanotube fibers(CNTFs),which hold a transformative potential across fields from aerospace to wearable electronics,have been reported as superstrong fibers,while the fabrication of continuous fibers with excellent strength remains a challenge.Herein,we proposed a mixed carbon-source strategy that engineered carbon nanotube(CNT)aerogels with optimally aligned and controlled-entanglement CNT bundles,ensuring structural uniformity and enabling densification into highly oriented architectures via chlorosulfonic acid-assisted stretching,thus yielding continuous high-performance CNTFs.These continuous CNTFs exhibited superior tensile strength(4.10±0.17 N·tex^(-1),exceeding T1100),modulus(268±16 N·tex^(-1),1.4 times of T1100),thermal conductivity(400 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),over 30 times of T1100)and electrical conductivity(1480 S·m^(2)·kg^(-1)),along with exceptional flexibility indicated by knot-strength retention exceeding 45%.Comprehensive multi-point assessments confirmed that this method yielded a remarkable uniformity in both structural and functional properties across kilometer-scale lengths.These findings highlight the crucial role of nanotube alignment and interfacial engineering in enabling the scalable industrial implementation of high-performance CNTFs.展开更多
Energy consumption in urban environment in the EU accounts for about 40%of the total energy consumption,and the majority of this energy is utilised for heating and air conditioning of buildings.Hence the process of in...Energy consumption in urban environment in the EU accounts for about 40%of the total energy consumption,and the majority of this energy is utilised for heating and air conditioning of buildings.Hence the process of insulating and retrofitting of relatively old buildings is essential to enhance the thermal performance and hence contribute to energy and carbon emission reduction.There is a need to enhance people’s engagement and education in relation to such issues to inspire and encourage positive actions and investment from the public.This paper presents an approach of combining a novel training process using a low-cost infrared thermal camera with small scale building model to promote DIY(Do-It-Yourself)infrared survey for the public to evaluate the performance of their own homes in order to identify any issues related to insulation or air leaks from the building envelop to encourage them to take corrective actions.The work included the engagement of 50 people to survey their own homes to capture the technical findings as well as their personal reaction and feedback.The results show that 88%of participants have found the educational session helpful to understand the infrared thermography;and 92%have considered the infrared camera to be an effective tool to indicate location of heat losses.Additionally,90%of participants trust that the thermal camera has helped them to identify insulation defects that cause heat losses in their homes.Moreover,84%believe that the thermal imaging has convinced them to think more seriously about the heat losses of their homes and what they could do to improve that.The experimental thermography surveys have shown that many houses have limitations in terms of thermal insulation which have been identified by the participants.This DIY interaction has provided enhanced public engagement and energy awareness via the use of the technology.The financial issues are also found to be critical,as none of the participants would have done the survey if they had to pay for it.Hence,this paper provides a solution for households with limited budgets.展开更多
At present,the development of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is progressing rapidly,but the issue of poor stability remains a significant challenge.Achieving a stable precursor solution is crucial for the large-scale pro...At present,the development of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is progressing rapidly,but the issue of poor stability remains a significant challenge.Achieving a stable precursor solution is crucial for the large-scale production of high-quality PSC films.In this study,we successfully developed a strategy to improve the long-term stability of the precursor solution and improve device performance by employing 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium di-n-butyl phosphate(BMIMBP)as an anti-aging additive.The BP−component inhibits the reactivity of I−and formamidinium ion through multiple chemical bonds,thereby stabilizing the precursor solution.In addition,the BMIM+component,which contains an amino group,can form two-dimensional perovskite internally,further enhancing the device stability.This strategy provides valuable guidance for achieving long-term stability in solar cells.展开更多
Currently,highly efficient n-i-p perovskite solar cells rely on an organic interface layer for high efficiency,especially 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ami-no]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMeTAD),...Currently,highly efficient n-i-p perovskite solar cells rely on an organic interface layer for high efficiency,especially 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ami-no]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMeTAD),but the instability of organic materials in the photothermal field compromises device stability.In this study,we employ the oleic acid(YS)/oleamine(YA)end-sealing method to achieve uniform dispersion of NiO_(X)nanoparticles,effectively mitigating coagulation resulting from high local concentration and secondary motion adsorption.Furthermore,the conductivity of the hole transport layer and its energy level alignment with perovskite is enhanced by the additional 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetracyanodimethyl-p-benzoquinone(F4TCNQ),leading to a remarkable improvement of open-circuit voltage and fill factor,thus the high efficiency of 25.17%and 24.36%on 0.1 and 1.01cm2,respectively.Moreover,by realizing an all-inorganic interface layer,an initial efficiency exceeding 90%is maintained even after 2,800 h of heating at 85℃.展开更多
Today,there is a growing interest in developing energy efficient buildings since it is estimated that buildings account for about 40%of the total primary energy consumption in the world.In relation to existing buildin...Today,there is a growing interest in developing energy efficient buildings since it is estimated that buildings account for about 40%of the total primary energy consumption in the world.In relation to existing buildings,energy efficiency retrofits have become an important opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of commercial,public and residential buildings that may reduce the energy consumption,demand and cost.In this paper we cover the energy efficiency deep retrofit process that has been carried out for Nottingham Playhouse theatre building for the aim of enhancing its environmental performance and analysing the energy efficiency gained after implementing certain proposed modifications.It is a nationally protected historic building,listed as Grade II*on The National Heritage List for England(NHLE).The building has had insulation enhancement,doors modifications,solar energy installations,energy-saving lights,in addition to improved heating and air conditioning system.The paper presents a novel methodology;and its results indicate significant improvements in the building’s energy performance which is demonstrated using infrared thermographic images and data logger sensors where significant energy savings to the building’s thermal performance are obtained.The energy saving measures have been completed while maintaining the heritage building’s general appearance and architectural features,which have received a Commendation Certificate from The Nottingham Civic Society for this achievement.展开更多
The coast is home to unique ecosystems,where complex ecological processes take place through the interaction of terrestrial,aquatic,atmospheric,and human landscapes.However,there are considerable knowledge and data ga...The coast is home to unique ecosystems,where complex ecological processes take place through the interaction of terrestrial,aquatic,atmospheric,and human landscapes.However,there are considerable knowledge and data gaps in achieving effective and future change-proof sustainable management of coastal zones around the world due to both technical and social barriers,as well as governance challenges.Currently,the role of Earth observation(EO)in addressing many of the recognised information gaps is small and under-utilised.While EO can provide much of the spatiotemporal information required for historical analysis and current status mapping,and offers the advantage of global coverage;its uptake can be limited by technical and methodological challenges associated mostly with lack of capacity and infrastructure,product accuracy and accessibility,costs,and institutional acceptance.While new initiatives and recent technological progress in the EO and information technology arena aim to tackle some of these issues so that EO products can be more easily used by non-EO experts,uptake is still limited.This paper discusses how EO can potentially inform transformative practices of planning in the coastal water zone,by using examples to demonstrate the EO potential in providing information relevant to decisionmaking framed by international agreements,such as the United Nations Agenda 2030,the Convention on Biological Diversity,and the Sendai Framework for Risk Reduction.By presenting evidence for how EO can contribute to innovative opportunities and data synergies at scale,the paper discusses opportunities and challenges for a more solution-led approach to sustainable coastal management.展开更多
文摘The multiscale hybrid-mixed(MHM)method is applied to the numerical approximation of two-dimensional matrix fluid flow in porous media with fractures.The two-dimensional fluid flow in the reservoir and the one-dimensional flow in the discrete fractures are approximated using mixed finite elements.The coupling of the two-dimensional matrix flow with the one-dimensional fracture flow is enforced using the pressure of the one-dimensional flow as a Lagrange multiplier to express the conservation of fluid transfer between the fracture flow and the divergence of the one-dimensional fracture flux.A zero-dimensional pressure(point element)is used to express conservation of mass where fractures intersect.The issuing simulation is then reduced using the MHM method leading to accurate results with a very reduced number of global equations.A general system was developed where fracture geometries and conductivities are specified in an input file and meshes are generated using the public domain mesh generator GMsh.Several test cases illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach by comparing the multiscale results with direct simulations.
文摘Objective. To report three cases of mycosis fungoides with milia formation in the regressing lesions. Patients and setting. Dermatology clinic of a university hospital (referral center). Three patients with mycosis fungoides with body sur face involvement of 10%in one case (stage IIb) and exceeding 30%in two cases ( stages IIb and III). All patients were treated with photochemotherapy and topica l nitrogen mustard ointment in a concentration of 0.01%. After approximately 3 months multiple milia erupted on regressing plaques. Results. The presence of mi lia was evident and was confirmed by histopathology. Regression of mycosis fungo ides was noted in these plaques both clinically and in comparison with the pretr eatment histologic appearance. Two of the patients showed a histological picture of follicular mucinosis. Conclusions. We do not know the significance of milia in mycosis fungoides (MF). However, we suggest that follicular rupture or a dege nerative process might result in milia formation.
文摘Generally,conventional methods for anomaly detection rely on clustering,proximity,or classification.With themassive growth in surveillance videos,outliers or anomalies find ingenious ways to obscure themselves in the network and make conventional techniques inefficient.This research explores the structure of Graph neural networks(GNNs)that generalize deep learning frameworks to graph-structured data.Every node in the graph structure is labeled and anomalies,represented by unlabeled nodes,are predicted by performing random walks on the node-based graph structures.Due to their strong learning abilities,GNNs gained popularity in various domains such as natural language processing,social network analytics and healthcare.Anomaly detection is a challenging task in computer vision but the proposed algorithm using GNNs efficiently performs the identification of anomalies.The Graph-based deep learning networks are designed to predict unknown objects and outliers.In our case,they detect unusual objects in the form of malicious nodes.The edges between nodes represent a relationship of nodes among each other.In case of anomaly,such as the bike rider in Pedestrians data,the rider node has a negative value for the edge and it is identified as an anomaly.The encoding and decoding layers are crucial for determining how statistical measurements affect anomaly identification and for correcting the graph path to the best possible outcome.Results show that the proposed framework is a step ahead of the traditional approaches in detecting unusual activities,which shows a huge potential in automatically monitoring surveillance videos.Performing autonomous monitoring of CCTV,crime control and damage or destruction by a group of people or crowd can be identified and alarms may be triggered in unusual activities in streets or public places.The suggested GNN model improves accuracy by 4%for the Pedestrian 2 dataset and 12%for the Pedestrian 1 dataset compared to a few state-of the-art techniques.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51973087,52173170,22169012,51973032)the support from the Thousand Talents Plan of Jiangxi Province(jxsq2019201004)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20212ACB203010)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20212BAB204052)the support from the Graduate Innovation Funding of Nanchang University(YC2023-B015)。
文摘Enabling green-printed organic solar cells(OSCs)with high efficiency,stability and flexibility is significant to industrialization.In the green-printed process,the slow film-forming process always induces adverse crystallization kinetics with over-size aggregation.Besides,the unfavorable rheological property always leads to severe Marangoni effect and non-uniform morphology.Nowadays,optimization of rheological properties and crystallinity kinetics relies on external methods,but lacks an indepth understanding of the relationship between the green-printed process and intrinsic material characteristics.Herein,we employ a conjugation-extension strategy to realize the collaborative regulation of the rheological property and crystallization kinetics in green processing.The spin-coated device based on the new tetramer 4BTPOD(BTPOD:2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]thiadiazolo[3,4-e]thieno[2'',3'':4',5']thieno[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo[3,2-g]thieno[2',3':4,5]thieno[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile)achieves an outstanding efficiency of 18.49%for binary OSC and a top-level efficiency of 19.43%for ternary OSC.Furthermore,the rational conjugation extension strengthens the interchain interaction and prevents molecular rapid migration,thereby suppressing the over-size aggregation and Marangoni effect during the green-printed process.The resultant homogeneous film enables the first tetramer-based green-printed OSC with an outstanding efficiency of 17.57%.Moreover,the enhanced interchain entanglement endows OSCs with excellent photothermal stability and flexibility.This work provides a deep insight from intrinsic molecular characteristics into the optimization of rheological properties and crystallization kinetics for green-printed OSCs with high efficiency,stability and flexibility.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China: Strategic International lnnovation Cooperation (2024YFE0209400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (52402104 and 52373186)。
文摘The heavy p-doping effect and intrinsic defectsof tin-based perovskites are two major challenges, whichgreatly limit the device performance of tin-based perovskitesolar cells (PSCs). In this study, a novel n-type organic smallmolecule dopant, namely, NDI2HD-Br2, is proposed to sy-nergistically alleviate the intrinsic severe p-type self-dopingand passivate the Sn-related defects of tin-based perovskites.Specifically, the carbonyl groups (C=O) with high electrondensity in the NDI2HD-Br2 can donate additional electrons tothe perovskite band edge, resulting in the conversion of thetin-based perovskite from a p-type to a weak n-type semi-conductor (i.e., up-shifting the Fermi level by 0.15 eV). By thisway, we achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.01%with a high open-circuit voltage of 0.95 V for the tin-basedPSCs. Moreover, the NDI2HD-Br2 incorporated devices ex-hibit excellent long-term stability that maintains 81% of theinitial PCE after 1500 h of storage in a nitrogen environment.This study provides a new pathway to modulate electronicstructures and passivate intrinsic defects of tin-based per-ovskites for efficient and stable solar cells.
基金financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China:Strategic International Innovation Cooperation(2024YFE0209400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203083)+3 种基金Youth Science and Technology Top notch Talents Project of Guizhou Provincial Department of Education([2024]314)Guizhou Province Science and Technology Achievement Application and Industrialization Plan(Major Project)(2023-010)Guizhou Province Basic Research Program(ZK[2024]078)Specific Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou University(X2022009).
文摘Irreversible Zn plating/stripping and uncontrollable interface micro-environment fluctuation induced by competitive side reactions in the electrical double layer limit the reversibility of aqueous zinc ion batteries(AZIBs).Here,we propose the molecule-adsorption-induced interface micro-environment regulating the electrical double layer(EDL)to stabilize Zn electrode/electrolyte interface electrochemistry by adding the Ellagic acid(Ea)electrolyte.Specially,the preferential adsorption of Ea on the Zn(002)facet creates a unique physical barrier interface on the Zn surface via the strong interaction between the Ea molecule and Zn anode.The Ea-molecule-induced adsorption layer could simultaneously act as a H_(2)O/H^(+)-shielding interphase for suppressing side reactions and promoting homogeneous Zn^(2+)transport for compact Zn(002)deposition.As a result,Zn//Zn symmetric cells demonstrated outstanding lifespans that cycled over 300 h under the periodic changes of current densities from 1 to 20 mA cm^(-2),and the Zn//Cu half cell delivered high Coulombic efficiency(99.53%)during 1000 cycles at 5 mA cm^(-2) with 1 mAh cm^(-2).Furthermore,the Zn//MnO_(2) full cells preserved 72.9%capacity even after 2000 cycles at 2 A g^(-1).This strategy opens a unique understanding of the relationship between electrical double layer regulation and highly efficient AZIBs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China:Strategic International Innovation Cooperation(2024YFE0209400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52222312,52173169,22461142139,52263027,22379060,52203311,and 52463021)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20231ZDH04036,20224ACB204007).
文摘In the contemporary preparation of perovskite solar cells(PSCs),the prevalent issue of hole transport layers(HTLs)materials is frequently incompatible with large-area deposition techniques.As the area increases,this results in nonuniform preparation of the HTLs,which significantly reduces the efficiency and reliability of the device at the module level.To tackle this significant challenge,we propose a strategy for a dual-fiber network structure based on polymer HTLs.This strategy involves the use of organic solar cell polymer donor material(PM6)and poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT),which are spontaneously interwoven into micronsized fiber crystals to establish efficient carrier transport channels.This unique structure not only accelerates charge extraction but also takes advantage of the inherent benefits of polymers,such as excellent printability and homogeneous film formation while enhancing the protection of the perovskite layers.The resulting devices demonstrate a VOC of 1.18 V and a champion PCE of 24.90%,which is higher than the pristine devices(the PCE is 22.87%).Moreover,due to the improved printing characteristics,the PSMs prepared by blade-coating also demonstrate a high PCE of 15.15%within an aperture area of 100 cm^(2).Additionally,this strategy significantly improves the operational stability,thermal stability,and humidity stability of the devices.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China:Strategic International Innovation Cooperation(2024YFE0209400)the National Youth Top-notch Talent Support Program of China+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52373187)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20224ACB204006)
文摘The site activity,utilization,and mass transfer of single-atom catalysts(SACs)significantly influence oxygen reduction reaction(ORR)performance.However,optimizing and deeply evaluating their contributions to catalytic activity is challenging since the inherent interdependencies and trade-offs.Herein,a self-generating template tactic is proposed to fabricate N/S/P tri-doped hierarchical porous SACs with binary Zn/Fe isolated sites(Zn/Fe-NSPC).Benefiting from the porogenic effect of self-generated ZnS template,the modulation effect of N/S/P tri-doping,and auxiliary Zn sites for Fe sites,the optimized site microenvironment and efficient mass transfer channels are coupled in Zn/Fe-NSPC.Consequently,Zn/Fe-NSPC demonstrates excellent ORR performance in ampere-hour-scale zinc-air battery(ZAB)with a high capacity of 5.26 Ah at 1.0 A,and the further integrated ZAB pack delivers a peak power of 5.82 W.Comprehensive structural and electrochemical characterizations involving scanning electrochemical microscopy techniques and distribution of relaxation times analysis,reveal that the exceptional ORR properties of Zn/Fe-NSPC stem from the high site density(7.21×10^(19)site g^(-1) )and utilization(85.6%),high turnover frequency of1.51 e site^(-1)s^(-1)at 0.90 V,and rapid mass transfer.This work furnishes a promising method to optimize and evaluate siteactivity-utilization and mass transfer of electrocatalysts towards excellent electrochemical energy conversion properties.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(52333006 and 52303232)Jiangxi Provincial Natural Science Foundation(20242BAB20184)+1 种基金Graduate Innovation Fund of Jiangxi Province(YC2024-S267)Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2023A1515110160).
文摘Constructing ideal P-i-N-like network morphology and extending exciton diffusion length(L_(D))are considered bottleneck factors to further improve the power conversion efficiency(PCE)of organic photovoltaics(OPVs).However,simultaneous optimizations of the vertical phase separation morphology and L_(D)have rarely been reported.In this work,we apply a gradient thermal-annealing strategy to efficiently regulate the molecular stacking orientation and crystallinity of the polymer donor.The ordered molecular stacking significantly improves the exciton diffusion paths and enlarges the L_(D)from 19.47 nm(PM6-control)to 24.96 nm(PM6-target),enabling efficient exciton dissociation and charge transport.Moreover,the optimized crystallinity behavior inhibited PM6 film erosion from the upper acceptor solution.It ensured controlled donor-acceptor interpenetration,forming the desired pseudo planar heterojunction(PPHJ)structure.Eventually,benefiting from the ideal vertical morphology and the prolonged L_(D),the printing PPHJ(target)device achieves an outstanding PCE of 18.20%with suppressed non-radiative recombination losses(0.212 eV)and enhanced fill factor(78.2%),which is one of the top values for the reported eco-friendly printing binary OPVs.This study demonstrates a simple but feasible method to further improve the performance of polymer solar cells.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022YFA1203304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52272081,52162007,and 52163032)+1 种基金the Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbonene Materials(No.2024SSY05101)Jiangxi Province Talent Team Plan(No.20243BCE51008).
文摘Carbon nanotube fibers(CNTFs),which hold a transformative potential across fields from aerospace to wearable electronics,have been reported as superstrong fibers,while the fabrication of continuous fibers with excellent strength remains a challenge.Herein,we proposed a mixed carbon-source strategy that engineered carbon nanotube(CNT)aerogels with optimally aligned and controlled-entanglement CNT bundles,ensuring structural uniformity and enabling densification into highly oriented architectures via chlorosulfonic acid-assisted stretching,thus yielding continuous high-performance CNTFs.These continuous CNTFs exhibited superior tensile strength(4.10±0.17 N·tex^(-1),exceeding T1100),modulus(268±16 N·tex^(-1),1.4 times of T1100),thermal conductivity(400 W·m^(-1)·K^(-1),over 30 times of T1100)and electrical conductivity(1480 S·m^(2)·kg^(-1)),along with exceptional flexibility indicated by knot-strength retention exceeding 45%.Comprehensive multi-point assessments confirmed that this method yielded a remarkable uniformity in both structural and functional properties across kilometer-scale lengths.These findings highlight the crucial role of nanotube alignment and interfacial engineering in enabling the scalable industrial implementation of high-performance CNTFs.
文摘Energy consumption in urban environment in the EU accounts for about 40%of the total energy consumption,and the majority of this energy is utilised for heating and air conditioning of buildings.Hence the process of insulating and retrofitting of relatively old buildings is essential to enhance the thermal performance and hence contribute to energy and carbon emission reduction.There is a need to enhance people’s engagement and education in relation to such issues to inspire and encourage positive actions and investment from the public.This paper presents an approach of combining a novel training process using a low-cost infrared thermal camera with small scale building model to promote DIY(Do-It-Yourself)infrared survey for the public to evaluate the performance of their own homes in order to identify any issues related to insulation or air leaks from the building envelop to encourage them to take corrective actions.The work included the engagement of 50 people to survey their own homes to capture the technical findings as well as their personal reaction and feedback.The results show that 88%of participants have found the educational session helpful to understand the infrared thermography;and 92%have considered the infrared camera to be an effective tool to indicate location of heat losses.Additionally,90%of participants trust that the thermal camera has helped them to identify insulation defects that cause heat losses in their homes.Moreover,84%believe that the thermal imaging has convinced them to think more seriously about the heat losses of their homes and what they could do to improve that.The experimental thermography surveys have shown that many houses have limitations in terms of thermal insulation which have been identified by the participants.This DIY interaction has provided enhanced public engagement and energy awareness via the use of the technology.The financial issues are also found to be critical,as none of the participants would have done the survey if they had to pay for it.Hence,this paper provides a solution for households with limited budgets.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(U20A20128,52163019 and 51963016)the support from the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20224ACB214006 and 20232ACB204005)。
文摘At present,the development of perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is progressing rapidly,but the issue of poor stability remains a significant challenge.Achieving a stable precursor solution is crucial for the large-scale production of high-quality PSC films.In this study,we successfully developed a strategy to improve the long-term stability of the precursor solution and improve device performance by employing 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium di-n-butyl phosphate(BMIMBP)as an anti-aging additive.The BP−component inhibits the reactivity of I−and formamidinium ion through multiple chemical bonds,thereby stabilizing the precursor solution.In addition,the BMIM+component,which contains an amino group,can form two-dimensional perovskite internally,further enhancing the device stability.This strategy provides valuable guidance for achieving long-term stability in solar cells.
基金the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)(U20A20128,52263027,22379060,52173169 and 52222312)the"Double Thousand Plan"Science and Technology Innovation High-end Talent Project of Jiangxi Province(jxsq2019201049)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20231ZDH04036,20212BAB214055 and 20224ACB204007)China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX2021117)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2021M700060)。
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A20128,52173169,52222312)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20231ZDH04036,20212BAB214055,20224ACB204007)。
文摘Currently,highly efficient n-i-p perovskite solar cells rely on an organic interface layer for high efficiency,especially 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis[N,N-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)ami-no]-9,9′-spirobifluorene(spiro-OMeTAD),but the instability of organic materials in the photothermal field compromises device stability.In this study,we employ the oleic acid(YS)/oleamine(YA)end-sealing method to achieve uniform dispersion of NiO_(X)nanoparticles,effectively mitigating coagulation resulting from high local concentration and secondary motion adsorption.Furthermore,the conductivity of the hole transport layer and its energy level alignment with perovskite is enhanced by the additional 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7',8,8'-tetracyanodimethyl-p-benzoquinone(F4TCNQ),leading to a remarkable improvement of open-circuit voltage and fill factor,thus the high efficiency of 25.17%and 24.36%on 0.1 and 1.01cm2,respectively.Moreover,by realizing an all-inorganic interface layer,an initial efficiency exceeding 90%is maintained even after 2,800 h of heating at 85℃.
文摘Today,there is a growing interest in developing energy efficient buildings since it is estimated that buildings account for about 40%of the total primary energy consumption in the world.In relation to existing buildings,energy efficiency retrofits have become an important opportunity to upgrade the energy performance of commercial,public and residential buildings that may reduce the energy consumption,demand and cost.In this paper we cover the energy efficiency deep retrofit process that has been carried out for Nottingham Playhouse theatre building for the aim of enhancing its environmental performance and analysing the energy efficiency gained after implementing certain proposed modifications.It is a nationally protected historic building,listed as Grade II*on The National Heritage List for England(NHLE).The building has had insulation enhancement,doors modifications,solar energy installations,energy-saving lights,in addition to improved heating and air conditioning system.The paper presents a novel methodology;and its results indicate significant improvements in the building’s energy performance which is demonstrated using infrared thermographic images and data logger sensors where significant energy savings to the building’s thermal performance are obtained.The energy saving measures have been completed while maintaining the heritage building’s general appearance and architectural features,which have received a Commendation Certificate from The Nottingham Civic Society for this achievement.
基金supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No.687289(Co-ReSyF project)the United Kingdom’s Natural Environment Research Council(NERC)under Grant NE/E009328(GloboLakes project)the Future Earth Coasts project.
文摘The coast is home to unique ecosystems,where complex ecological processes take place through the interaction of terrestrial,aquatic,atmospheric,and human landscapes.However,there are considerable knowledge and data gaps in achieving effective and future change-proof sustainable management of coastal zones around the world due to both technical and social barriers,as well as governance challenges.Currently,the role of Earth observation(EO)in addressing many of the recognised information gaps is small and under-utilised.While EO can provide much of the spatiotemporal information required for historical analysis and current status mapping,and offers the advantage of global coverage;its uptake can be limited by technical and methodological challenges associated mostly with lack of capacity and infrastructure,product accuracy and accessibility,costs,and institutional acceptance.While new initiatives and recent technological progress in the EO and information technology arena aim to tackle some of these issues so that EO products can be more easily used by non-EO experts,uptake is still limited.This paper discusses how EO can potentially inform transformative practices of planning in the coastal water zone,by using examples to demonstrate the EO potential in providing information relevant to decisionmaking framed by international agreements,such as the United Nations Agenda 2030,the Convention on Biological Diversity,and the Sendai Framework for Risk Reduction.By presenting evidence for how EO can contribute to innovative opportunities and data synergies at scale,the paper discusses opportunities and challenges for a more solution-led approach to sustainable coastal management.
