The issue of carbon emissions has been on the corporate sustainability agenda for some years. For those working in agricultural supply chains, the challenges remain significant, given the diverse direct and indirect e...The issue of carbon emissions has been on the corporate sustainability agenda for some years. For those working in agricultural supply chains, the challenges remain significant, given the diverse direct and indirect emissions occurring throughout the value chain. This study determines the carbon footprint of the supply chain of Costa Rican coffee exported to Europe, using best practice methodology to calculate greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, it was found that the total carbon footprint across the entire supply chain is 4.82 kg CO2e kgx green coffee. The carbon footprint of the processes in Costa Rica to produce l km of green coffee is 1.77 kg CO2e. The processes within Europe generate 3.05 kg CO2e kg-1 green coffee. This carbon footprint is considered as ＂very high intensity＂. This paper also identifies the sources of the most intense emission and discusses mitigation possibilities on which efforts must be focused.展开更多
The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,has brought about numerous challenges.One of these challenges is the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver.Although this virus primarily affects the lungs,it can induce...The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,has brought about numerous challenges.One of these challenges is the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver.Although this virus primarily affects the lungs,it can induce elevated transaminase levels and the development of scar tissue in the liver,exacerbating preexisting liver conditions.Individuals with preexisting conditions,such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,alcohol-induced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma,face an increased risk of mortality from COVID19.However,drugs currently used to treat COVID-19 have undesirable side effects,which make them unsuitable for patients with preexisting liver conditions.In this review,we explore the potential of phytochemicals,such as apigenin,berberine,curcumin,epigallocatechin-3-gallate,quercetin,resveratrol and silymarin,for treatment of the liver conditions,including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,alcohol-induced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.We also discuss significant associations between phytochemicals and COVID-19 by depicting their molecular interactions.Based on the discussed overlapping functions,it is important to assess the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals that possess hepatoprotective properties as potential alternative treatments for COVID-19.展开更多
文摘The issue of carbon emissions has been on the corporate sustainability agenda for some years. For those working in agricultural supply chains, the challenges remain significant, given the diverse direct and indirect emissions occurring throughout the value chain. This study determines the carbon footprint of the supply chain of Costa Rican coffee exported to Europe, using best practice methodology to calculate greenhouse gas emissions. Overall, it was found that the total carbon footprint across the entire supply chain is 4.82 kg CO2e kgx green coffee. The carbon footprint of the processes in Costa Rica to produce l km of green coffee is 1.77 kg CO2e. The processes within Europe generate 3.05 kg CO2e kg-1 green coffee. This carbon footprint is considered as ＂very high intensity＂. This paper also identifies the sources of the most intense emission and discusses mitigation possibilities on which efforts must be focused.
文摘The COVID-19 pandemic,caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus,has brought about numerous challenges.One of these challenges is the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the liver.Although this virus primarily affects the lungs,it can induce elevated transaminase levels and the development of scar tissue in the liver,exacerbating preexisting liver conditions.Individuals with preexisting conditions,such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,alcohol-induced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma,face an increased risk of mortality from COVID19.However,drugs currently used to treat COVID-19 have undesirable side effects,which make them unsuitable for patients with preexisting liver conditions.In this review,we explore the potential of phytochemicals,such as apigenin,berberine,curcumin,epigallocatechin-3-gallate,quercetin,resveratrol and silymarin,for treatment of the liver conditions,including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease,alcohol-induced liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma.We also discuss significant associations between phytochemicals and COVID-19 by depicting their molecular interactions.Based on the discussed overlapping functions,it is important to assess the therapeutic efficacy of phytochemicals that possess hepatoprotective properties as potential alternative treatments for COVID-19.
