In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein le...In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein level in synapses take the re- construction of synaptic architecture to a new level, while using chromophores to disable specific proteins at selected subcellular locations allows the assessment of their functional roles in such dynamic processes as growth-cone extension and cell division. The subtle influences of axonal chan- nels and receptors on neurotransmission are revealed by recording from the blebs induced by axotomy, while methods from cloning to chemical computation are being applied to dissecting the structural-functional rules by which ion channels operatet41.展开更多
The interplay between virus and host has been an everlasting evolutionary dance,with some advantageous outcomes,and some not so advantageous outcomes,such as cancer and autoimmunity.It has been well recognized that th...The interplay between virus and host has been an everlasting evolutionary dance,with some advantageous outcomes,and some not so advantageous outcomes,such as cancer and autoimmunity.It has been well recognized that the intertwinement of retroviral DNA regulatory elements,the remnants of retroviral infections,with the host genome is part of a lasting battle between pathogen replication/reinfection and the host defense.The high mutation rate of retro gene sequences has provided a means for viruses to escape suppression by the host,while also serving as a major driving force in host genome evolution.As an“unintended”consequence,the high mutation rate provides a vast retro-sequence repertoire for the host genome to domesticate to its own benefit,such as by regulating healthy biological processes,while also suppressing the harm.1e3 Endogenous retroviruses(ERV)with their functional open reading frames are rare post-infection legacies within the host genome that are inheritable through the germline.展开更多
文摘In this special issue of Neuroscience Bulletin, the topics range over emerging techniques from the nanoscopic to the macroscopic scales. At the nanoscopic level, new ways to obtain images at the individual protein level in synapses take the re- construction of synaptic architecture to a new level, while using chromophores to disable specific proteins at selected subcellular locations allows the assessment of their functional roles in such dynamic processes as growth-cone extension and cell division. The subtle influences of axonal chan- nels and receptors on neurotransmission are revealed by recording from the blebs induced by axotomy, while methods from cloning to chemical computation are being applied to dissecting the structural-functional rules by which ion channels operatet41.
文摘The interplay between virus and host has been an everlasting evolutionary dance,with some advantageous outcomes,and some not so advantageous outcomes,such as cancer and autoimmunity.It has been well recognized that the intertwinement of retroviral DNA regulatory elements,the remnants of retroviral infections,with the host genome is part of a lasting battle between pathogen replication/reinfection and the host defense.The high mutation rate of retro gene sequences has provided a means for viruses to escape suppression by the host,while also serving as a major driving force in host genome evolution.As an“unintended”consequence,the high mutation rate provides a vast retro-sequence repertoire for the host genome to domesticate to its own benefit,such as by regulating healthy biological processes,while also suppressing the harm.1e3 Endogenous retroviruses(ERV)with their functional open reading frames are rare post-infection legacies within the host genome that are inheritable through the germline.
