Eighty-one karst types and their main characteristics are described in this study,including the conditions of their development,the main characteristics of their karstification and their characteristic features.The cl...Eighty-one karst types and their main characteristics are described in this study,including the conditions of their development,the main characteristics of their karstification and their characteristic features.The classification includes the karst types of the Earth,a concise description of each karst type and the possibilities of belonging to several types of various karst areas.The classification of types is hierarchical in terms of groups,subgroups,types and subtypes.Karst can be classified according to their momentary state(the group of static karst types)and to their development(group of dynamic karst types).The group of static karst types has the azonal and zonal subgroups.Azonal karst types may be situated under any climate.These karst types are categorized according to their geological characteristics(age of karstification,constituting rock,extent of coveredness,structure),their elevation,expansion,the morphology of their surface,hydrology and to the effects occurring on the karst.Taking the above mentioned factors into consideration,the author distinguishes various types and describes their characteristics.Zonal karst types are also described(tundra karst,temperate karst,subtropical karst,tropical karst),karst types that can be distinguished based on their geomorphic evolution are identified and their characteristics are presented.展开更多
This study presents the results of the conodont biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis carried out on the pelagic limestones of the Upper Triassic Dov?ko Section in Slovenia,which represents the eastern part of the ...This study presents the results of the conodont biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis carried out on the pelagic limestones of the Upper Triassic Dov?ko Section in Slovenia,which represents the eastern part of the Slovenian Basin.The age of the section ranges from the Lacian 1 to the Alaunian 1.The Lacian part of the succession is predominantly characterized by the representatives of the genus Ancyrogondolella.Transitional morphologies towards Alaunian faunas first appear in the Lacian 3 and become common during the Lacian-Alaunian transition.This evolutionary development coincides with a shift in microfacies from a dominantly radiolarian-bearing mudstone-wackestone-packstone to a filament-dominated wackestone-packstone,and the formation of small neptunian dykes,which may reflect environmental perturbations and/or a change in basin geometry.The proliferation of the genera Epigondolella and Mockina is observed in the Alaunian part of the section,though the genus Ancyrogondolella is still present in this interval.Systematic description of the conodont taxa is provided,and seven new species and two new subspecies are established.The new advances will be of great value in further biostratigraphic studies,especially in areas without ammonoid faunas,and in the reconstruction of the paleogeography of the Slovenian Basin.展开更多
The Norian represents the longest stage of the Triassic,nevertheless,its precise subdivision is an unresolved matter.Conodonts might be useful in the establishment of an accurate biozonation to avoid common scientific...The Norian represents the longest stage of the Triassic,nevertheless,its precise subdivision is an unresolved matter.Conodonts might be useful in the establishment of an accurate biozonation to avoid common scientific misinterpretations.Understanding the Norian evolutionary trends and morphological changes of the Ancyrogondolella lineage(genus Ancyrogondolella and descendant genera Epigondolella,Orchardella and Mockina)is of key importance in this issue.The forward shifting of the pit and the posterior prolongation of the keel and the carina characterize the main trend that corresponds to the faunal turnover around the Lacian-Alaunian transition.A gradual decrease in overall element width and length can be observed from that time on,which couples with a decrease in the length of the free blade and an increase in the height of the anterior platform denticles.The presence of secondary carinae is characteristic for the mid-Lacian 1 to Alaunian 1,but their development shows no trends and has no taxonomic value.Adult specimens of the Lacian generally have an arched lower profile,whereas in the Alaunian and Sevatian the lower profile is dominantly stepped or straight.The thorough documentation of the Tethyan assemblages is needed for any detailed taxonomic and paleobiogeographic comparisons with other regions.展开更多
Mockina slovakensis,thought to have evolved from Epigondolella praeslovakensis,is an important species of the Norian(Upper Triassic),generally considered as the representative of the uppermost Alaunian to upper Sevati...Mockina slovakensis,thought to have evolved from Epigondolella praeslovakensis,is an important species of the Norian(Upper Triassic),generally considered as the representative of the uppermost Alaunian to upper Sevatian in the Tethys.The previous description of M.slovakensis was incomplete,thus has led to some misidentifications.We thus update the description of M.slovakensis and discuss its comparisons and occurrence based on the new conodont investigations in Dolomia di Forni and the data from previous literatures.The conodont assemblage in the succession of Dolomia di Forni is dominated by M.slovakensis,along with rare M.postera and E.praeslovakensis.We described two morphotypes of M.slovakensis(morphotypes A and B),on the basis of shape of the lateral profile.These two morphotypes can also be observed in the E.praeslovakensis.Moreover,M.slovakensis is usually documented as almost monospecific conodont association in intraplatform basins,thus its paleogeographic implications are also discussed.展开更多
According to geographic possibilism,environment does not determine socio-economic development.However,the environment sets certain constraints and limitations for development.How do natural settings influence populati...According to geographic possibilism,environment does not determine socio-economic development.However,the environment sets certain constraints and limitations for development.How do natural settings influence population dynamics?In this study,we examine this question using the example of?ibenik-Knin County,which includes Krka National Park(NP)with a GIS-based statistical approach.The following parameters represent natural factors:elevation,slope,distance from water,and proportion of karst areas.In addition,distance from Krka NP was also added as an independent seminatural factor(despite the fact that it is a social construction).The dependent social parameters are population density for selected historical dates,population change,year of maximum population,natural increase,migration,and age index.The analysis units are the 199 settlements found in the county,and the 20 local administrative units(LAU2).The study period can be divided into five phases:from the first census in 1857 to 1921,there was a slow increase in most settlements;then a relatively constant phase up to 1961(some settlements began shrinking in this period);a slow decrease until 1991;arapid decrease during the next decade;and relative stabilisation to present day.These processes were also accompanied by significant inner and outer migrations.As for the relationships between natural and demographic factors,we found that although the coastal-inland area dichotomy is dominant in the study area,elevation has the highest correlation with most population parameters.However,distance from water is also significantly correlated with population change and migration in certain periods.In the inland areas,there are statistically significant differences between the demographic processes of fully-karstic and partially-karstic areas,while in the coastal zone,the karst effect is overshadowed by other social processes.The impact of Krka NP on the demographic characteristics of the surrounding settlements was statistically not detectable.Our final conclusion is that correlations between natural and population parameters are low or moderately strong but statistically significant in many cases,thus the basic principles of geographic possibilism are valid for the area.展开更多
During their last phase of evolution,the pectiniform conodont elements manifested an evident trend of simplification and miniaturization.This phase started from the late Norian(Sevatian)in the Late Triassic and the ev...During their last phase of evolution,the pectiniform conodont elements manifested an evident trend of simplification and miniaturization.This phase started from the late Norian(Sevatian)in the Late Triassic and the evolutionary process of genus Mockina to Parvigondolella,in particular between Mockina bidentata and Parvigondolella andrusovi,is one of the most significant examples.Parvigondolella has been reported worldwide since it was first described in the early 1970s.However,it has recently been suggested that genus Parvigondolella is an ecostratigraphic morphotype of genus Mockina,and thus a phenotype controlled by the environmental conditions,and not an independent taxon.In the Pizzo Mondello Section(Sicily,Italy),transitional forms between M.bidentata and P.andrusovi have been found at different evolutionary stages.We have investigated the oceanic conditions at the time by using redox-sensitive elements(Mn,Fe,V,Cr,and Ni)and seawater temperatures from biogenetic δ^(18)Ophos to understand the possible environmental influences on the phylogenetic evolution between Mockina and Parvigondolella.The geochemical and isotope analyses indicate that the redox condition and temperature were stable during the evolution of genus Parvigondolella in Pizzo Mondello,confirming that genus Parvigondolella is a real taxon and not a phenotype.A new conodont species named Parvigondolella ciarapicae n.sp.is described here for the first time.展开更多
This work aimed to tune the comprehensive properties of Fe-P-C-based amorphous system through investigating the role of microalloying process on the crystallization behavior,glass forming ability(GFA),soft magnetic fe...This work aimed to tune the comprehensive properties of Fe-P-C-based amorphous system through investigating the role of microalloying process on the crystallization behavior,glass forming ability(GFA),soft magnetic features,and mechanical properties.Considering minor addition of elements into the system,it was found that the simultaneous microalloying of Ni and Co leads to the highest GFA,which was due to the optimization of compositional heterogeneity and creation of near-eutectic composition.Moreover,the FeCoNiCuPC amorphous alloy exhibited the best anelastic/viscoplastic behavior under the nanoindentation test,which was owing to the intensified structural fluctuations in the system.However,the improved plasticity by the extra Cu addition comes at the expense of magnetic properties,so that the saturation magnetization of this alloying system is significantly decreased compared to the FeCoPC amorphous alloy with the highest soft magnetic properties.In total,the results indicated that a combination of added elemental constitutes,i.e.,Fe69Co5Ni5Cu1P13C7 composition,provides an optimized state for the comprehensive properties in the alloying system.展开更多
The degree of dietary specialization has a fundamental impact on the ecological function and interactions of suspension feeders.While niche differentiation by food particle size is common among obligate suspension fee...The degree of dietary specialization has a fundamental impact on the ecological function and interactions of suspension feeders.While niche differentiation by food particle size is common among obligate suspension feeders,its role is not evident in facultative ones.In this study,we aimed at providing new insights on the matter by focusing on sympatric mysid species.As mysids use different mechanisms for raptorial and filter-feeding,they represent a more adequate model system than for example,the more extensively studied copepods.We made morpholog-ical measurements on the 4 coexisting invasive Ponto-Caspian mysid species to determine the areas and mesh sizes of their filters.We also quantified their clearance rates on the microalga Cryptomonas sp.in a laboratory experiment to reveal how morphological differences manifest in their overall filtering capacity.We found relatively small but consistent differences in the primary filter area among the species,indicating that morphological constraints due to the enclosed position of the setae might limit the possibility for differentiation.The primary filter mesh sizes were small in all 4 species(0.69-2.73μm)with moderate but consistent intraspecific differences,suggesting that the benefit of being able to capture small particles might outweigh the pressure for differentiation.The observed clearance rates were in accordance with the morphological characteristics of the species,highlighting that auxiliary filters(present in one of the species,Limnomysis benedeni)are needed to increase filtering capacity considerably.Our study confirmed that food particle size can contribute to the niche differentiation of facultative filter feeders,but also indicated that they can tolerate a higher overlap than obligate ones.The observed differences were related to the habitat preferences and predatory potentials of the species,suggesting that complementarity among the different niche axes might further facilitate theircoexistence.展开更多
In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar ...In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar collision species alternated frequently between 9644 Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr.In order to conduct blind analyses of studies related to the chiral magnetic effect in these isobar data,STAR developed a three-step blind analysis procedure.Analysts are initially provided a"reference sample"of data,comprised of a mix of events from the two species,the order of which respects time-dependent changes in run conditions.After tuning analysis codes and performing time-dependent quality assurance on the reference sample,analysts are provided a species-blind sample suitable for calculating efficiencies and corrections for individual≈30-min data-taking runs.For this sample,species-specific information is disguised,but individual output files contain data from a single isobar species.Only run-by-run corrections and code alteration subsequent to these corrections are allowed at this stage.Following these modifications,the"frozen"code is passed over the fully un-blind data,completing the blind analysis.As a check of the feasibility of the blind analysis procedure,analysts completed a"mock data challenge,"analyzing data from Au+Au collisions at√^(S)NN=27 Ge V,collected in 2018.The Au+Au data were prepared in the same manner intended for the isobar blind data.The details of the blind analysis procedure and results from the mock data challenge are presented.展开更多
Clinopyroxene-enriched upper mantle xenoliths classified as wehrlites are common(~20% of all xenoliths) in the central part of the Nograd-G(o| ")m(o|")r Volcanic Field(NGVF),situated in the northern margin o...Clinopyroxene-enriched upper mantle xenoliths classified as wehrlites are common(~20% of all xenoliths) in the central part of the Nograd-G(o| ")m(o|")r Volcanic Field(NGVF),situated in the northern margin of the Pannonian Basin in northern Hungary and southern Slovakia.In this study,we thoroughly investigated 12 wehrlite xenoliths,two from each wehrlite-bearing occurrence,to determine the conditions of their formation.Specific textural features,including clinopyroxene-rich patches in an olivine-rich lithology,orthopyroxene remnants in the cores of newlyformed clinopyroxenes and vermicular spinel forms all suggest that wehrlites were formed as a result of intensive interaction between a metasomatic agent and the peridotite wall rock.Based on the major and trace element geochemistry of the rock-forming minerals,significant enrichment in basaltic(Fe,Mn,Ti) and high field strength elements(Nb,Ta,Hf,Zr) was observed,compared to compositions of common lherzolite xenoliths.The presence of orthopyroxene remnants and geochemical trends in rock-forming minerals suggest that the metasomatic process ceased before complete wehrlitization was achieved.The composition of the metasomatic agent is interpreted to be a mafic silicate melt,which was further confirmed by numerical modelling of trace elements using the plate model.The model results also show that the melt/rock ratio played a key role in the degree of petrographic and geochemical transformation.The lack of equilibrium and the conclusions drawn by using variable lherzolitic precursors in the model both suggest that wehrlitization was the last event that occurred shortly before xenolith entrainment in the host mafic melt.We suggest that the wehrlitization and the Plio-Pleistocene basaltic volcanism are related to the same magmatic event.展开更多
1. Introduction In the inscriptions of E-ana-tum, ruler of Lagas, listing his victories over various cities, there is a four-line long passage that describes E-ana-tum’s defeat over the city called Arawa:2 (1)su-nir ...1. Introduction In the inscriptions of E-ana-tum, ruler of Lagas, listing his victories over various cities, there is a four-line long passage that describes E-ana-tum’s defeat over the city called Arawa:2 (1)su-nir URU×Aki-ka, ensi2-be2 3, saη-ba mu-DU, aga3-kar2 !(SE3)4 be2-seg10 The translations of this grammatically difficult passage vary greatly;there seems to be no agreement either about its exact meaning or about its grammatical analysis.展开更多
We give a unified treatment of Fast Fourier Transforms for UDMD systems which contains, as special cases, Fast Fourier algorithms for character groups of many subgroups associated with binary fields.
The drug carrier function of single protein nanoparticles,i.e.,each individual protein molecule covered by a very thin,porous and few nanometer thick polymer layer,has been investigated.This layer around protein molec...The drug carrier function of single protein nanoparticles,i.e.,each individual protein molecule covered by a very thin,porous and few nanometer thick polymer layer,has been investigated.This layer around protein molecule is very thin,about 3-5 nm thick and highly porous,thus it does not reduce seriously the enzymatic function of protein molecule.The spatial structure of encapsulated protein molecule,which is essential in its function,can be stabilized by this polymer layer.Bovine serum albumin was used as protein drug molecule and it was encapsulated with acrylamide-bisarylamide random copolymer.The polymerization,starting from the modified sites of the surface of bovine serum albumin molecules was initiated by TEMED(tetramethylethylenediamine).These single albumin nanoparticles were painted with fluorescein isothiocyanate.This material was then injected into the inferior vena cava of rats.The treated rats were decapitated after 1 to 10 minutes and its brain was investigated by fluorescent microscopy.It was proved that bovine serum albumin molecules as drugs encapsulated in polymer nano-layer with a reduced size(about 10 nm)can pass through the blood brain barrier.The results suggest that this method is capable of transformation of biomacromolecules to access the brain tissue via the blood.展开更多
Long-term measurements of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures that were collected between 1994 and 2013 at the drill site of the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory (Prague) were analyzed to understand ...Long-term measurements of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures that were collected between 1994 and 2013 at the drill site of the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory (Prague) were analyzed to understand the relationship between these variables and to reveal the mechanisms of heat transport at the land-atmosphere boundary layer. The 2D Thermal Orbit (TO) method was applied to detect regularities that were hidden in noisy and highly variable temperature time series. The results showed that the temperatures at shallow depths were affected by surface air temperature (SAT) variations on seasonal and annual time scales and could be regarded as an accurate proxy for low frequency temperature variations at the Earth’s surface. Only low-frequency/ high-amplitude surface temperature variations penetrate into the subsurface because of strong damping and the filtering effect of the ground surface. The borehole temperatures have good potential to capture temperature variations (periodicities) over long time scales that cannot be detected in the SAT series themselves because of the interference of higher frequency noise. The TO technique is a useful and powerful tool to quickly obtain diagnostics of the presence of long periodicities in borehole temperature time series.展开更多
The authors consider the problem of reaching consensus over a communication network via asynchronous interaction between pairs of agents.A well-known method is the linear gossip algorithm due to Tsitsiklis(1984).Exten...The authors consider the problem of reaching consensus over a communication network via asynchronous interaction between pairs of agents.A well-known method is the linear gossip algorithm due to Tsitsiklis(1984).Extension of this,allowing the selection of a strictly stationary sequence of communicating pairs,was given in Picci and Taylor(2013).Extension of the linear gossip algorithm to directed communication networks,retaining the linear dynamics,was proposed by Cai and Ishii(2012),later extended by Silvestre,et al.(2018).A definite novelty of these algorithms is that L2-convergence with exponential rate can be established.The authors attend the above issues,extending the result of Picci and Taylor(2013)motivated by features of algorithms for directed networks.The authors present and discuss the algorithm of Silvestre,et al.(2018),together with systematic simulation results based on 5M randomly chosen parameter settings.The core of the proposed mathematical technology is a set of simple observations,presented with a tutorial aspect,by which the authors can conveniently establish various results on the almost sure convergence of products of strictly stationary sequences of matrices to a rank-1 matrix.展开更多
In the last decade,the rise of antibiotic resistance has heightened interest in antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics because of their lower propensity to develo...In the last decade,the rise of antibiotic resistance has heightened interest in antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics because of their lower propensity to develop resistance.However,lipopeptides often show undesired cytotoxicity due to their non-selective membrane disruptive effect,and their limited aqueous solubility represents a matter of concern from a pharmaceutical point of view.This study demonstrates a panel of ultrashort cationic lipopeptides(USCLs)consisting of a tetrapeptide(L1),originated from buforin II,coupled with saturated fatty acids of different lengths.Our results highlight that the 16-carbon fatty acid lipopeptide(Pal-L1)exhibits relevant antibacterial activity against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus strain.However,the formation of heterogenic aggregates in cell culturemedium and toxic effects on human cells were also observed.Pal-L1 formulation with the randomly methylatedα-cyclodextrin(RAMEA)and the sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin(SBECD)has resulted in a production of ultralow-sized molecular dispersion systems and reduced lipopeptide toxicity without compromising its antimicrobial activity.With titration 1H-NMR,2D NMR experiments,together with molecular dynamics simulations,we described the size,structure,stoichiometry,and dissociation constant of the supramolecular complexes.Interactions of neutral and negatively chargedmodel liposomes with Pal-L1 lipopeptide in the presence or absence of cyclodextrins serve an explanation for the membrane selectivity,and based on the results,we proposed a potential mechanism of action for the Pal-L1+cyclodextrin complexes on different biological membranes.Overall,our model characterization points out that cyclodextrin formulation improves the therapeutical applicability of lipopeptides.展开更多
I’m writing to comment the article of Leung et al.entitled“Screening and identification of mimotopes of the major shrimp allergen tropomyosin using one-bead-one compound peptide libraries”appearing in this journal 1.
Brain is one of the most temperature sensitive organs.Besides the fundamental role of temperature in cellular metabolism,thermal response of neuronal populations is also significant during the evolution of various neu...Brain is one of the most temperature sensitive organs.Besides the fundamental role of temperature in cellular metabolism,thermal response of neuronal populations is also significant during the evolution of various neurodegenerative diseases.For such critical environmental factor,thorough mapping of cellular response to variations in temperature is desired in the living brain.So far,limited efforts have been made to create complex devices that are able to modulate temperature,and concurrently record multiple features of the stimulated region.In our work,the in vivo application of a multimodal photonic neural probe is demonstrated.Optical,thermal,and electrophysiological functions are monolithically integrated in a single device.The system facilitates spatial and temporal control of temperature distribution at high precision in the deep brain tissue through an embedded infrared waveguide,while it provides recording of the artefact-free electrical response of individual cells at multiple locations along the probe shaft.Spatial distribution of the optically induced temperature changes is evaluated through in vitro measurements and a validated multi-physical model.The operation of the multimodal microdevice is demonstrated in the rat neocortex and in the hippocampus to increase or suppress firing rate of stimulated neurons in a reversible manner using continuous wave infrared light(λ=1550 nm).Our approach is envisioned to be a promising candidate as an advanced experimental toolset to reveal thermally evoked responses in the deep neural tissue.展开更多
A new classification of several clitocyboid taxa is here proposed to accommodate results from multigenic phylogenetic inference.The analysis of ITS rDNA as well as a combined dataset including 18S and 28S rDNA,tef1 an...A new classification of several clitocyboid taxa is here proposed to accommodate results from multigenic phylogenetic inference.The analysis of ITS rDNA as well as a combined dataset including 18S and 28S rDNA,tef1 and rpb2 data,support significantly a shared monophyletic origin of the genera Pseudoclitocybe,Musumecia and Pogonoloma,and the species Clitocybe alexandri and C.harperi.The new family Pseudoclitocybaceae is here proposed to name this clade,characterized by the presence of loop-like clamp connections in most species,absence of cystidia,and parallel hymenophoral trama with broad,cylindrical hyphae with intracellular granulations.The new genera Clitopaxillus and Harmajaea are proposed to accommodate the type species C.alexandri and H.harperi,as well as the combination H.wellsiae.In addition,two new species are described:C.fibulatus has a differential distribution of clamp connections in the basidiome,while H.guldeniae is,by now,an exclusively European taxon with brownish pileus,somewhat decurrent gills,ovoid spores and basidia longer than those of H.harperi.Finally,the species concept within Pseudoclitocybe and Pogonoloma is discussed and descriptions of the most representative species are provided.展开更多
文摘Eighty-one karst types and their main characteristics are described in this study,including the conditions of their development,the main characteristics of their karstification and their characteristic features.The classification includes the karst types of the Earth,a concise description of each karst type and the possibilities of belonging to several types of various karst areas.The classification of types is hierarchical in terms of groups,subgroups,types and subtypes.Karst can be classified according to their momentary state(the group of static karst types)and to their development(group of dynamic karst types).The group of static karst types has the azonal and zonal subgroups.Azonal karst types may be situated under any climate.These karst types are categorized according to their geological characteristics(age of karstification,constituting rock,extent of coveredness,structure),their elevation,expansion,the morphology of their surface,hydrology and to the effects occurring on the karst.Taking the above mentioned factors into consideration,the author distinguishes various types and describes their characteristics.Zonal karst types are also described(tundra karst,temperate karst,subtropical karst,tropical karst),karst types that can be distinguished based on their geomorphic evolution are identified and their characteristics are presented.
基金partially supported by the Slovenian Research Agency(No.P1-0011)partially by the NKFIH PD-131536 Project。
文摘This study presents the results of the conodont biostratigraphy and microfacies analysis carried out on the pelagic limestones of the Upper Triassic Dov?ko Section in Slovenia,which represents the eastern part of the Slovenian Basin.The age of the section ranges from the Lacian 1 to the Alaunian 1.The Lacian part of the succession is predominantly characterized by the representatives of the genus Ancyrogondolella.Transitional morphologies towards Alaunian faunas first appear in the Lacian 3 and become common during the Lacian-Alaunian transition.This evolutionary development coincides with a shift in microfacies from a dominantly radiolarian-bearing mudstone-wackestone-packstone to a filament-dominated wackestone-packstone,and the formation of small neptunian dykes,which may reflect environmental perturbations and/or a change in basin geometry.The proliferation of the genera Epigondolella and Mockina is observed in the Alaunian part of the section,though the genus Ancyrogondolella is still present in this interval.Systematic description of the conodont taxa is provided,and seven new species and two new subspecies are established.The new advances will be of great value in further biostratigraphic studies,especially in areas without ammonoid faunas,and in the reconstruction of the paleogeography of the Slovenian Basin.
基金Funding for this research was provided through the NKFIH PD-131536 Project and the Hantken Miksa Foundation。
文摘The Norian represents the longest stage of the Triassic,nevertheless,its precise subdivision is an unresolved matter.Conodonts might be useful in the establishment of an accurate biozonation to avoid common scientific misinterpretations.Understanding the Norian evolutionary trends and morphological changes of the Ancyrogondolella lineage(genus Ancyrogondolella and descendant genera Epigondolella,Orchardella and Mockina)is of key importance in this issue.The forward shifting of the pit and the posterior prolongation of the keel and the carina characterize the main trend that corresponds to the faunal turnover around the Lacian-Alaunian transition.A gradual decrease in overall element width and length can be observed from that time on,which couples with a decrease in the length of the free blade and an increase in the height of the anterior platform denticles.The presence of secondary carinae is characteristic for the mid-Lacian 1 to Alaunian 1,but their development shows no trends and has no taxonomic value.Adult specimens of the Lacian generally have an arched lower profile,whereas in the Alaunian and Sevatian the lower profile is dominantly stepped or straight.The thorough documentation of the Tethyan assemblages is needed for any detailed taxonomic and paleobiogeographic comparisons with other regions.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41830320,45172002,41661134047)。
文摘Mockina slovakensis,thought to have evolved from Epigondolella praeslovakensis,is an important species of the Norian(Upper Triassic),generally considered as the representative of the uppermost Alaunian to upper Sevatian in the Tethys.The previous description of M.slovakensis was incomplete,thus has led to some misidentifications.We thus update the description of M.slovakensis and discuss its comparisons and occurrence based on the new conodont investigations in Dolomia di Forni and the data from previous literatures.The conodont assemblage in the succession of Dolomia di Forni is dominated by M.slovakensis,along with rare M.postera and E.praeslovakensis.We described two morphotypes of M.slovakensis(morphotypes A and B),on the basis of shape of the lateral profile.These two morphotypes can also be observed in the E.praeslovakensis.Moreover,M.slovakensis is usually documented as almost monospecific conodont association in intraplatform basins,thus its paleogeographic implications are also discussed.
基金supported by the National Research,Development and Innovation Office Hungary(NKFIH)K124497 Project。
文摘According to geographic possibilism,environment does not determine socio-economic development.However,the environment sets certain constraints and limitations for development.How do natural settings influence population dynamics?In this study,we examine this question using the example of?ibenik-Knin County,which includes Krka National Park(NP)with a GIS-based statistical approach.The following parameters represent natural factors:elevation,slope,distance from water,and proportion of karst areas.In addition,distance from Krka NP was also added as an independent seminatural factor(despite the fact that it is a social construction).The dependent social parameters are population density for selected historical dates,population change,year of maximum population,natural increase,migration,and age index.The analysis units are the 199 settlements found in the county,and the 20 local administrative units(LAU2).The study period can be divided into five phases:from the first census in 1857 to 1921,there was a slow increase in most settlements;then a relatively constant phase up to 1961(some settlements began shrinking in this period);a slow decrease until 1991;arapid decrease during the next decade;and relative stabilisation to present day.These processes were also accompanied by significant inner and outer migrations.As for the relationships between natural and demographic factors,we found that although the coastal-inland area dichotomy is dominant in the study area,elevation has the highest correlation with most population parameters.However,distance from water is also significantly correlated with population change and migration in certain periods.In the inland areas,there are statistically significant differences between the demographic processes of fully-karstic and partially-karstic areas,while in the coastal zone,the karst effect is overshadowed by other social processes.The impact of Krka NP on the demographic characteristics of the surrounding settlements was statistically not detectable.Our final conclusion is that correlations between natural and population parameters are low or moderately strong but statistically significant in many cases,thus the basic principles of geographic possibilism are valid for the area.
基金supported by the grants PRIN to Manuel Rigo(No.2017W2MARE)the China Scholarship Council to Yixing Du(No.201708510096)Development of conodont oxygen isotopic analysis by SHRIMP was supported by Australian Research Council Discovery to Ian S.Williams(No.DP1096252)。
文摘During their last phase of evolution,the pectiniform conodont elements manifested an evident trend of simplification and miniaturization.This phase started from the late Norian(Sevatian)in the Late Triassic and the evolutionary process of genus Mockina to Parvigondolella,in particular between Mockina bidentata and Parvigondolella andrusovi,is one of the most significant examples.Parvigondolella has been reported worldwide since it was first described in the early 1970s.However,it has recently been suggested that genus Parvigondolella is an ecostratigraphic morphotype of genus Mockina,and thus a phenotype controlled by the environmental conditions,and not an independent taxon.In the Pizzo Mondello Section(Sicily,Italy),transitional forms between M.bidentata and P.andrusovi have been found at different evolutionary stages.We have investigated the oceanic conditions at the time by using redox-sensitive elements(Mn,Fe,V,Cr,and Ni)and seawater temperatures from biogenetic δ^(18)Ophos to understand the possible environmental influences on the phylogenetic evolution between Mockina and Parvigondolella.The geochemical and isotope analyses indicate that the redox condition and temperature were stable during the evolution of genus Parvigondolella in Pizzo Mondello,confirming that genus Parvigondolella is a real taxon and not a phenotype.A new conodont species named Parvigondolella ciarapicae n.sp.is described here for the first time.
文摘This work aimed to tune the comprehensive properties of Fe-P-C-based amorphous system through investigating the role of microalloying process on the crystallization behavior,glass forming ability(GFA),soft magnetic features,and mechanical properties.Considering minor addition of elements into the system,it was found that the simultaneous microalloying of Ni and Co leads to the highest GFA,which was due to the optimization of compositional heterogeneity and creation of near-eutectic composition.Moreover,the FeCoNiCuPC amorphous alloy exhibited the best anelastic/viscoplastic behavior under the nanoindentation test,which was owing to the intensified structural fluctuations in the system.However,the improved plasticity by the extra Cu addition comes at the expense of magnetic properties,so that the saturation magnetization of this alloying system is significantly decreased compared to the FeCoPC amorphous alloy with the highest soft magnetic properties.In total,the results indicated that a combination of added elemental constitutes,i.e.,Fe69Co5Ni5Cu1P13C7 composition,provides an optimized state for the comprehensive properties in the alloying system.
基金The authors thank Peter Dobosy,Adam Egri,Bence Gergacz,Eszter Laczkovszki,Sarah Lecoq,Nicolas Malinge,and Karoly Palffy for their assistance in various phases of the research.Project no.132605 has been implemented with the support provided from the National ResearchDevelopment and Innovation Fund of Hungary,financed under the FK_19 funding scheme.VR acknowledges further support by the NKFIH-138215project.
文摘The degree of dietary specialization has a fundamental impact on the ecological function and interactions of suspension feeders.While niche differentiation by food particle size is common among obligate suspension feeders,its role is not evident in facultative ones.In this study,we aimed at providing new insights on the matter by focusing on sympatric mysid species.As mysids use different mechanisms for raptorial and filter-feeding,they represent a more adequate model system than for example,the more extensively studied copepods.We made morpholog-ical measurements on the 4 coexisting invasive Ponto-Caspian mysid species to determine the areas and mesh sizes of their filters.We also quantified their clearance rates on the microalga Cryptomonas sp.in a laboratory experiment to reveal how morphological differences manifest in their overall filtering capacity.We found relatively small but consistent differences in the primary filter area among the species,indicating that morphological constraints due to the enclosed position of the setae might limit the possibility for differentiation.The primary filter mesh sizes were small in all 4 species(0.69-2.73μm)with moderate but consistent intraspecific differences,suggesting that the benefit of being able to capture small particles might outweigh the pressure for differentiation.The observed clearance rates were in accordance with the morphological characteristics of the species,highlighting that auxiliary filters(present in one of the species,Limnomysis benedeni)are needed to increase filtering capacity considerably.Our study confirmed that food particle size can contribute to the niche differentiation of facultative filter feeders,but also indicated that they can tolerate a higher overlap than obligate ones.The observed differences were related to the habitat preferences and predatory potentials of the species,suggesting that complementarity among the different niche axes might further facilitate theircoexistence.
文摘In 2018,the STAR collaboration collected data from^(96)_(44)Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr at√^(S)NN=200 Ge V to search for the presence of the chiral magnetic effect in collisions of nuclei.The isobar collision species alternated frequently between 9644 Ru+^(96)_(44)Ru and^(96)_(40)Zr+^(96)_(40)Zr.In order to conduct blind analyses of studies related to the chiral magnetic effect in these isobar data,STAR developed a three-step blind analysis procedure.Analysts are initially provided a"reference sample"of data,comprised of a mix of events from the two species,the order of which respects time-dependent changes in run conditions.After tuning analysis codes and performing time-dependent quality assurance on the reference sample,analysts are provided a species-blind sample suitable for calculating efficiencies and corrections for individual≈30-min data-taking runs.For this sample,species-specific information is disguised,but individual output files contain data from a single isobar species.Only run-by-run corrections and code alteration subsequent to these corrections are allowed at this stage.Following these modifications,the"frozen"code is passed over the fully un-blind data,completing the blind analysis.As a check of the feasibility of the blind analysis procedure,analysts completed a"mock data challenge,"analyzing data from Au+Au collisions at√^(S)NN=27 Ge V,collected in 2018.The Au+Au data were prepared in the same manner intended for the isobar blind data.The details of the blind analysis procedure and results from the mock data challenge are presented.
基金This research was financially facilitated by Orlando Vasellisupported by the Bolyai Postdoctoral Fellowship Program,a Marie Curie International Reintegration Grant(Grant No.NAMS-230937)+3 种基金a postdoctoral grant(Grant No.PD101683)of the Hungarian Scientific Research Found(OTKA)to I.J.K.as well as a grant of the Hungarian Scientific Research Found(Grant No.78425)to Cs.supported by a grant from the U.S.National Science Foundation(EAR1624589)to R.J.supported by the GINOP-2.3.2-152016-00009 research program。
文摘Clinopyroxene-enriched upper mantle xenoliths classified as wehrlites are common(~20% of all xenoliths) in the central part of the Nograd-G(o| ")m(o|")r Volcanic Field(NGVF),situated in the northern margin of the Pannonian Basin in northern Hungary and southern Slovakia.In this study,we thoroughly investigated 12 wehrlite xenoliths,two from each wehrlite-bearing occurrence,to determine the conditions of their formation.Specific textural features,including clinopyroxene-rich patches in an olivine-rich lithology,orthopyroxene remnants in the cores of newlyformed clinopyroxenes and vermicular spinel forms all suggest that wehrlites were formed as a result of intensive interaction between a metasomatic agent and the peridotite wall rock.Based on the major and trace element geochemistry of the rock-forming minerals,significant enrichment in basaltic(Fe,Mn,Ti) and high field strength elements(Nb,Ta,Hf,Zr) was observed,compared to compositions of common lherzolite xenoliths.The presence of orthopyroxene remnants and geochemical trends in rock-forming minerals suggest that the metasomatic process ceased before complete wehrlitization was achieved.The composition of the metasomatic agent is interpreted to be a mafic silicate melt,which was further confirmed by numerical modelling of trace elements using the plate model.The model results also show that the melt/rock ratio played a key role in the degree of petrographic and geochemical transformation.The lack of equilibrium and the conclusions drawn by using variable lherzolitic precursors in the model both suggest that wehrlitization was the last event that occurred shortly before xenolith entrainment in the host mafic melt.We suggest that the wehrlitization and the Plio-Pleistocene basaltic volcanism are related to the same magmatic event.
文摘1. Introduction In the inscriptions of E-ana-tum, ruler of Lagas, listing his victories over various cities, there is a four-line long passage that describes E-ana-tum’s defeat over the city called Arawa:2 (1)su-nir URU×Aki-ka, ensi2-be2 3, saη-ba mu-DU, aga3-kar2 !(SE3)4 be2-seg10 The translations of this grammatically difficult passage vary greatly;there seems to be no agreement either about its exact meaning or about its grammatical analysis.
文摘We give a unified treatment of Fast Fourier Transforms for UDMD systems which contains, as special cases, Fast Fourier algorithms for character groups of many subgroups associated with binary fields.
文摘The drug carrier function of single protein nanoparticles,i.e.,each individual protein molecule covered by a very thin,porous and few nanometer thick polymer layer,has been investigated.This layer around protein molecule is very thin,about 3-5 nm thick and highly porous,thus it does not reduce seriously the enzymatic function of protein molecule.The spatial structure of encapsulated protein molecule,which is essential in its function,can be stabilized by this polymer layer.Bovine serum albumin was used as protein drug molecule and it was encapsulated with acrylamide-bisarylamide random copolymer.The polymerization,starting from the modified sites of the surface of bovine serum albumin molecules was initiated by TEMED(tetramethylethylenediamine).These single albumin nanoparticles were painted with fluorescein isothiocyanate.This material was then injected into the inferior vena cava of rats.The treated rats were decapitated after 1 to 10 minutes and its brain was investigated by fluorescent microscopy.It was proved that bovine serum albumin molecules as drugs encapsulated in polymer nano-layer with a reduced size(about 10 nm)can pass through the blood brain barrier.The results suggest that this method is capable of transformation of biomacromolecules to access the brain tissue via the blood.
文摘Long-term measurements of air, near-surface (soil) and ground temperatures that were collected between 1994 and 2013 at the drill site of the Geothermal Climate Change Observatory (Prague) were analyzed to understand the relationship between these variables and to reveal the mechanisms of heat transport at the land-atmosphere boundary layer. The 2D Thermal Orbit (TO) method was applied to detect regularities that were hidden in noisy and highly variable temperature time series. The results showed that the temperatures at shallow depths were affected by surface air temperature (SAT) variations on seasonal and annual time scales and could be regarded as an accurate proxy for low frequency temperature variations at the Earth’s surface. Only low-frequency/ high-amplitude surface temperature variations penetrate into the subsurface because of strong damping and the filtering effect of the ground surface. The borehole temperatures have good potential to capture temperature variations (periodicities) over long time scales that cannot be detected in the SAT series themselves because of the interference of higher frequency noise. The TO technique is a useful and powerful tool to quickly obtain diagnostics of the presence of long periodicities in borehole temperature time series.
基金supported by the Ministry of Innovation and Technology,NRDI(National Research,Development and Innovation Office)under Grant No.KKP 137490its Autonomous Systems National Laboratory Program(ARNL)。
文摘The authors consider the problem of reaching consensus over a communication network via asynchronous interaction between pairs of agents.A well-known method is the linear gossip algorithm due to Tsitsiklis(1984).Extension of this,allowing the selection of a strictly stationary sequence of communicating pairs,was given in Picci and Taylor(2013).Extension of the linear gossip algorithm to directed communication networks,retaining the linear dynamics,was proposed by Cai and Ishii(2012),later extended by Silvestre,et al.(2018).A definite novelty of these algorithms is that L2-convergence with exponential rate can be established.The authors attend the above issues,extending the result of Picci and Taylor(2013)motivated by features of algorithms for directed networks.The authors present and discuss the algorithm of Silvestre,et al.(2018),together with systematic simulation results based on 5M randomly chosen parameter settings.The core of the proposed mathematical technology is a set of simple observations,presented with a tutorial aspect,by which the authors can conveniently establish various results on the almost sure convergence of products of strictly stationary sequences of matrices to a rank-1 matrix.
基金The authors acknowledge the support of the Lendulet(Momentum)Programme of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences(Grant No.:LP2021-28)National Research,Development and Innovation Fund of Hungary(Grant Nos.:OTKA K142904,OTKA ANN 139484,KKP_22144180,TKP2021-EGA-31,and VEKOP-2.3.3-15-2016-00020)+2 种基金Marie-Skłodowska-Curie action(H2020-MSCA-ITN BactiVAX,grant agreement No.956758)CIBERES,an initiative of Instituto de Salud Carlos III(ISCIII,Madrid,Spain)Agencia Estatal Investigacion of Spain for the Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence Accreditation CEX2021-001136-S,funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.
文摘In the last decade,the rise of antibiotic resistance has heightened interest in antimicrobial peptides and lipopeptides as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics because of their lower propensity to develop resistance.However,lipopeptides often show undesired cytotoxicity due to their non-selective membrane disruptive effect,and their limited aqueous solubility represents a matter of concern from a pharmaceutical point of view.This study demonstrates a panel of ultrashort cationic lipopeptides(USCLs)consisting of a tetrapeptide(L1),originated from buforin II,coupled with saturated fatty acids of different lengths.Our results highlight that the 16-carbon fatty acid lipopeptide(Pal-L1)exhibits relevant antibacterial activity against multiresistant Staphylococcus aureus strain.However,the formation of heterogenic aggregates in cell culturemedium and toxic effects on human cells were also observed.Pal-L1 formulation with the randomly methylatedα-cyclodextrin(RAMEA)and the sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin(SBECD)has resulted in a production of ultralow-sized molecular dispersion systems and reduced lipopeptide toxicity without compromising its antimicrobial activity.With titration 1H-NMR,2D NMR experiments,together with molecular dynamics simulations,we described the size,structure,stoichiometry,and dissociation constant of the supramolecular complexes.Interactions of neutral and negatively chargedmodel liposomes with Pal-L1 lipopeptide in the presence or absence of cyclodextrins serve an explanation for the membrane selectivity,and based on the results,we proposed a potential mechanism of action for the Pal-L1+cyclodextrin complexes on different biological membranes.Overall,our model characterization points out that cyclodextrin formulation improves the therapeutical applicability of lipopeptides.
文摘I’m writing to comment the article of Leung et al.entitled“Screening and identification of mimotopes of the major shrimp allergen tropomyosin using one-bead-one compound peptide libraries”appearing in this journal 1.
基金We are thankful to theNational Brain Research Program(grant:2017_1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002)the National Research,Development and Innovation Office(grants:NKFIH K 120143,NKFIH PD121307)+2 种基金New National Excellence Program of the Ministry for Innovation and Technology(UNKP-19-4-PPKE-9,UNKP-19-3-I-OE-36)the BME-Nanonotechnology FIKP grant of EMMI(BME FIKP-NAT)The support of the European Union through the grant EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00002 co-financed by the European Social Fund is also acknowledged.
文摘Brain is one of the most temperature sensitive organs.Besides the fundamental role of temperature in cellular metabolism,thermal response of neuronal populations is also significant during the evolution of various neurodegenerative diseases.For such critical environmental factor,thorough mapping of cellular response to variations in temperature is desired in the living brain.So far,limited efforts have been made to create complex devices that are able to modulate temperature,and concurrently record multiple features of the stimulated region.In our work,the in vivo application of a multimodal photonic neural probe is demonstrated.Optical,thermal,and electrophysiological functions are monolithically integrated in a single device.The system facilitates spatial and temporal control of temperature distribution at high precision in the deep brain tissue through an embedded infrared waveguide,while it provides recording of the artefact-free electrical response of individual cells at multiple locations along the probe shaft.Spatial distribution of the optically induced temperature changes is evaluated through in vitro measurements and a validated multi-physical model.The operation of the multimodal microdevice is demonstrated in the rat neocortex and in the hippocampus to increase or suppress firing rate of stimulated neurons in a reversible manner using continuous wave infrared light(λ=1550 nm).Our approach is envisioned to be a promising candidate as an advanced experimental toolset to reveal thermally evoked responses in the deep neural tissue.
文摘A new classification of several clitocyboid taxa is here proposed to accommodate results from multigenic phylogenetic inference.The analysis of ITS rDNA as well as a combined dataset including 18S and 28S rDNA,tef1 and rpb2 data,support significantly a shared monophyletic origin of the genera Pseudoclitocybe,Musumecia and Pogonoloma,and the species Clitocybe alexandri and C.harperi.The new family Pseudoclitocybaceae is here proposed to name this clade,characterized by the presence of loop-like clamp connections in most species,absence of cystidia,and parallel hymenophoral trama with broad,cylindrical hyphae with intracellular granulations.The new genera Clitopaxillus and Harmajaea are proposed to accommodate the type species C.alexandri and H.harperi,as well as the combination H.wellsiae.In addition,two new species are described:C.fibulatus has a differential distribution of clamp connections in the basidiome,while H.guldeniae is,by now,an exclusively European taxon with brownish pileus,somewhat decurrent gills,ovoid spores and basidia longer than those of H.harperi.Finally,the species concept within Pseudoclitocybe and Pogonoloma is discussed and descriptions of the most representative species are provided.
