Although there is strong consensus among scientists that global climate change is real and dangerous, and there is increasing belief of this among the general public, there still remains a significant gap between scie...Although there is strong consensus among scientists that global climate change is real and dangerous, and there is increasing belief of this among the general public, there still remains a significant gap between scientific opinion and that of the public. The academic environmental community, therefore, has a clear opportunity and responsibility to teach the facts of global climate change, particularly to non-environmental majors, those people who are the voters of the future. The article presents several ideas along these lines, and calls for a revitalized effort to teach climate change to undergraduate students.展开更多
This study evaluates the presence of trace metals in Klamath Riverwater and three important Karuk traditional foods: freshwater mussels (Gonidea angulata), Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Rainbow Trout (...This study evaluates the presence of trace metals in Klamath Riverwater and three important Karuk traditional foods: freshwater mussels (Gonidea angulata), Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Samples of these traditional foods together with water samples were collected from the Klamath River and measured for the total chromium (Chromium), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that cultural-use species in the Klamath and its tributaries are accumulating higher levels of lead, cadmium and tin downstream of a known Superfund site. Neither water, fish, nor mussel samples exceeded maximum intake levels of metal doses mandated by state or federal agencies for consumption intakes of1.4 Lper day of water,0.5 kgper meal per day for fish, and0.043 kgper meal for 30 meals per year1.展开更多
Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 4 of 2020,drinking water supply management can stand alone or work together with other institutions.The local government establishes a ...Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 4 of 2020,drinking water supply management can stand alone or work together with other institutions.The local government establishes a Regional Drinking Water Company which has responsibility for supplying drinking water at the regency/city level.The coastal city as the object of study manages clean water then transfers under a private company.Due to government restrictions regarding the authority to provide clean water,a technical implementation unit was formed for better solution in clean water services.The new form of institution will be able to make decisions and carry out execution at any time because it is directly under the authority of the government,it can also apply the concept of good governance to support more transparent management.In accordance with the policy,the new institutional form will be able to finance itself,develop the level of service and contribute to regional development as a source of local revenue.However,the institutional transition requires adaptation both from a functional and operational perspective.Through this study,an analysis of the readiness for the transition of institutional forms is carried out to minimize conflicts such the lack of improvement in the quality of drinking water services due to limited government authority,insufficient qualified human resources in water management,and the difficulty of developing drinking water service infrastructure because it still depends on the private sector.The analysis of the structure and human resources associated with clean water service targets also conducted.Institutional strengthening,both regulatory and institutional,is necessary to maximize the roles and functions of the relevant institutions.With a more comprehensive understanding in the preparation of contracts and division of authority,no parties will be aggrieved in the long term.展开更多
Plants grown under elevated atmospheric [CO2] typically have decreased tissue concentrations of N compared with plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon ha...Plants grown under elevated atmospheric [CO2] typically have decreased tissue concentrations of N compared with plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon have not been definitely established, although a considerable number of hypotheses have been advanced to account for it. In this review we discuss and critically evaluate these hypotheses. One contributing factor to the decreases in tissue N concentrations clearly is dilution of N by increased photosynthetic assimilation of C. In addition, studies on intact plants show strong evidence for a general decrease in the specific uptake rates （uptake per unit mass or length of root） of N by roots under elevated CO2. This decreased root uptake appears likely to be the result both of decreased N demand by shoots and of decreased ability of the soil-root system to supply N. The best-supported mechanism for decreased N supply is a decrease in transpiration-driven mass flow of N in soils due to decreased stomatal conductance at elevated CO2, although some evidence suggests that altered root system architecture may also play a role. There is also limited evidence suggesting that under elevated CO2, plants may exhibit increased rates of N loss through volatilization and/or root exudation, further contributing to lowering tissue N concentrations.展开更多
Grain production in the countries of the former USSR sharply declined during the past two decades and has only recently started to recover. In the context of the current economic and food-price crisis, Russia, Ukraine...Grain production in the countries of the former USSR sharply declined during the past two decades and has only recently started to recover. In the context of the current economic and food-price crisis, Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan might be presented with a window of opportunity to reemerge on the global agricultural market, if they succeed in increasing their productivity. The future of their agriculture, however, is highly sensitive to a combination of internal and external factors, such as institutional changes, land-use changes, climate variability and change, and global economic trends. The future of this region＇s grain production is likely to have a significant impact on the global and regional food security over the next decades.展开更多
This systematic study of disaster risk and disaster management efforts in Brunei Darussalam uncovers the reasons why floods and landslides in particular continue to inflict significant social,economic,and psychologica...This systematic study of disaster risk and disaster management efforts in Brunei Darussalam uncovers the reasons why floods and landslides in particular continue to inflict significant social,economic,and psychological toll.Vulnerability to the impacts of hydro-meteorological hazards continue to rise despite international awareness and improved disaster governance and information,and regardless of the vast financial and material resources spent on structural and nonstructural measures for disaster relief and community awareness.Our premise is that,a poor diagnosis of the disaster risk issue is at the root of the disaster risk dilemma in Brunei Darussalam.We conducted our vulnerability-centered disaster risk assessment based largely on the Pressure and Release(PAR) Model proposed by Wisner et al.Our research results reveal that:(1)Hazard-risk in Brunei is high due to the impact of global climate change,the country's local geography,and Brunei's relative location in the Asia–Pacific Region.Limited reporting of localized disasters to international databases however fuels the misperception of low disaster risk in Brunei;(2) High community vulnerability and disaster risk is due to limited knowledge,awareness,and motivation among the general population,which prevents effective mitigation and adaptation to low magnitude but recurrent hazardous events;and(3) Partial incorporation of disasterrisk reduction into governance structures and development plans contributes to heightened disaster risks.Integrated frameworks are proposed that can minimize social vulnerability,reduce disaster risk,and enhance community resilience and adaptive capacity as part of a strengthened governance mechanism.Coupled with improvements in preparedness,response,recovery,and reconstruction promoted by the National Disaster Management Centre(NDMC),vulnerability and disaster risk can be minimized,and a more inclusive and sustainable growth can be generated.展开更多
Yersinia pestis,causative agent of plague,occurs throughout the western United States in rodent populations and periodically causes epizootics in susceptible species,including black-tailed prairie dogs(Cynomys ludovic...Yersinia pestis,causative agent of plague,occurs throughout the western United States in rodent populations and periodically causes epizootics in susceptible species,including black-tailed prairie dogs(Cynomys ludovicianus).How Y.pestis persists long-term in the environment between these epizootics is poorly understood but multiple mechanisms have been proposed,including,among others,a separate enzootic transmission cycle that maintains Y.pestis without involvement of epizootic hosts and persistence of Y.pestis within epizootic host populations without causing high mortality within those populations.We live-trapped and collected fleas from black-tailed prairie dogs and other mammal species from sites with and without black-tailed prairie dogs in 2004 and 2005 and tested all fleas for presence of Y.pestis.Y.pestis was not detected in 2126 fleas collected in 2004 but was detected in 294 fleas collected from multiple sites in 2005,before and during a widespread epizootic that drastically reduced black-tailed prairie dog populations in the affected colonies.Temporal and spatial patterns of Y.pestis occurrence in fleas and genotyping of Y.pestis present in some infected fleas suggest Y.pestis was introduced multiple times from sources outside the study area and once introduced,was dispersed between several sites.We conclude Y.pestis likely was not present in these black-tailed prairie dog colonies prior to epizootic activity in these colonies.Although we did not identify likely enzootic hosts,we found evidence that deer mice(Peromyscus maniculatus)may serve as bridging hosts for Y.pestis between unknown enzootic hosts and black-tailed prairie dogs.展开更多
Aims Biotic homogenization results in novel communities contain-ing multiple exotic species.Many attributes that contribute to the dominance of invaders and increase invasibility of communities have been identified,bu...Aims Biotic homogenization results in novel communities contain-ing multiple exotic species.Many attributes that contribute to the dominance of invaders and increase invasibility of communities have been identified,but rarely have factors governing the domi-nance of co-occurring invaders been considered.Here we assess the presence and performance of five exotic and one native C_(4) grass species across local(microsite)and more broad-scale variation in fire history,soil age,altitude and precipitation.We ask whether species show preferences for the same conditions,whether all are constrained by poor soil development,and how their performance changes when alone versus co-occurring.In addition to providing information useful to managers who want to control some of these species,such information can help to predict how distributions might change with climate change Methods We measured percent cover and plant height of each grass species in 64 plots in each of 15 sites,located in young volcanic substrates across environmental gradients in Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park,Hawai’i,USA.Sites varied in fire history and soil age,across altitu-dinal and precipitation gradients.We estimated microsite heteroge-neity by measuring rock cover and soil depth,where each species was present and in plots as a whole.We analyzed effects of pos-sible controlling variables using chi-square tests and Generalized Additive Mixed Models.Important Findings Two species(Schizachyrium condensatum and Hyparrhenia rufa)were absent in shallow soil,restricted to more mesic sites and showed increasing performance with soil depth.By contrast,two other species(Andropogon virginicus and Melinis repens)tended to occur in shal-low soil with high rock cover across a wide range of sites.One addi-tional species(Melinis minutiflora)was weakly affected by soil depth and was the dominant at higher elevation(more mesic)and on burned sites,especially in old soil.This species was largely absent from lower elevation sites,where the more widespread and opportunistic conge-ner,M.repens,and a drought tolerant native grass,Heteropogon con-tortus,were more abundant.The latter was confined to this low hot zone.Introduced C_(4) grasses in this region of Hawai’i are distributed according to an interaction between soil requirements,climate(cor-related with elevation),competitive ability and fire response.No one strategy can explain the distributions,which will likely persist unless climate changes toward warmer and drier conditions or new fires occur.The latter would promote dominance of M.minutiflora in more mesic sites,while the former would promote either native(H.contor-tus)or other exotic grasses(M.repens,A.virginicus).展开更多
The net all-wave radiation of the Great Lakes(GL)is a key to understanding the effects of climate change on the GL.There is a high possibility of underestimating the net all-wave radiation of the GL when using existin...The net all-wave radiation of the Great Lakes(GL)is a key to understanding the effects of climate change on the GL.There is a high possibility of underestimating the net all-wave radiation of the GL when using existing methodologies with inputs from near-shore and land-based meteorological data.This study provides the first technique to estimate net all-wave radiation over the GL from July 2001 to December 2014 using a combination of data from satellite remote sensing,reanalysis data sets,and direct measurements.The components of the surface radiation budget estimated from the proposed method showed good statistical agreement.The instantaneous net radiation estimated by our methods was compared with the in situ measurements from June 2008 to April 2012(Stannard Rock Lighthouse:SR)and September 2009–April 2011(Spectacle Reef Lighthouse:SP).The comparisons from SR and SP also showed strong statistic agreement(R^(2)=0.74 and 0.7;RMSE=9.26 and 10.60 W m^(−2) respectively).Monthly spatial variations of net shortwave radiation varied with cloud cover and surface albedo while net longwave radiation varied with the temperature difference between the water surface and the atmosphere.展开更多
The papers presented here originated with a symposium held at the Ecological Society of America’s annual meeting in Portland,Oregon,in 2012.They describe how native people and indigenous researchers view and understa...The papers presented here originated with a symposium held at the Ecological Society of America’s annual meeting in Portland,Oregon,in 2012.They describe how native people and indigenous researchers view and understand the cultural and biological complexity inherent in coupled socio-ecological systems.The researchers note that interactions between native peoples and their environments consist of a complex network of linkages,feedbacks,and change,and they describe synthetic approaches to problem solving.These approaches often spring from long cultural traditions and recent adaptations to environments.There are examples of native peoples successfully managing biota and ecosystems for thousands of years.Yet,current societal conditions often challenge indigenous-based efforts to continue managing ecosystems and biota.Nonetheless,in the face of the new challenges native people continue to innovate and manage their environments and biota.展开更多
Massive investments in climate change mitigation and adaptation are projected during coming decades.Many of these investments will seek to modify how land is managed.The return on both types of investments can be incr...Massive investments in climate change mitigation and adaptation are projected during coming decades.Many of these investments will seek to modify how land is managed.The return on both types of investments can be increased through an understanding of land potential:the potential of the land to support primary production and ecosystem services,and its resilience.A Land-Potential Knowledge System(LandPKS)is being developed and implemented to provide individual users with point-based estimates of land potential based on the integration of simple,geo-tagged user inputs with cloud-based information and knowledge.This system will rely on mobile phones for knowledge and information exchange,and use cloud computing to integrate,interpret,and access relevant knowledge and information,including local knowledge about land with similar potential.The system will initially provide management options based on long-term land potential,which depends on climate,to-pography,and relatively static soil properties,such as soil texture,depth,and mineralogy.Future mod-ules will provide more specific management information based on the status of relatively dynamic soil properties such as organic matter and nutrient content,and of weather.The paper includes a discus-sion of how this system can be used to help distinguish between meteorological and edaphic drought.展开更多
Cetaceans are aquatic mammals living in an environment that is more suited for hearing than vision.As such,their sensory systems largely utilize acoustic cues for navigation,communication,foraging,and predator avoidan...Cetaceans are aquatic mammals living in an environment that is more suited for hearing than vision.As such,their sensory systems largely utilize acoustic cues for navigation,communication,foraging,and predator avoidance.However,the elevation of underwater sound levels from increased human activities has adversely affected cetaceans’use of sound to perform vital life functions.To address those impacts,scientific studies have been conducted to understand the behavioral,psychoacoustical,physiological,and physical responses by cetaceans that have been exposed to anthropogenic sound.These studies range from captive experiments involving auditory thresholds and noise-induced threshold shifts,to field observations of behavioral disturbance from sound exposure,to post-mortem examinations of physical manifestations in stranded animals.Over the years,results from these studies have assisted regulatory agencies in developing a series of criteria and thresholds for cetacean conservation and management around the world.This paper provides a high-level overview of worldwide research efforts that have been dedicated to understanding the effects of underwater sound on cetaceans.The review is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to capture major efforts and significant findings in this field.In addition,the review excludes synthesis studies and modeling exercises that do not involve direct research on target species.展开更多
文摘Although there is strong consensus among scientists that global climate change is real and dangerous, and there is increasing belief of this among the general public, there still remains a significant gap between scientific opinion and that of the public. The academic environmental community, therefore, has a clear opportunity and responsibility to teach the facts of global climate change, particularly to non-environmental majors, those people who are the voters of the future. The article presents several ideas along these lines, and calls for a revitalized effort to teach climate change to undergraduate students.
文摘This study evaluates the presence of trace metals in Klamath Riverwater and three important Karuk traditional foods: freshwater mussels (Gonidea angulata), Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Samples of these traditional foods together with water samples were collected from the Klamath River and measured for the total chromium (Chromium), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), and lead (Pb) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). We found that cultural-use species in the Klamath and its tributaries are accumulating higher levels of lead, cadmium and tin downstream of a known Superfund site. Neither water, fish, nor mussel samples exceeded maximum intake levels of metal doses mandated by state or federal agencies for consumption intakes of1.4 Lper day of water,0.5 kgper meal per day for fish, and0.043 kgper meal for 30 meals per year1.
文摘Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works and Public Housing Number 4 of 2020,drinking water supply management can stand alone or work together with other institutions.The local government establishes a Regional Drinking Water Company which has responsibility for supplying drinking water at the regency/city level.The coastal city as the object of study manages clean water then transfers under a private company.Due to government restrictions regarding the authority to provide clean water,a technical implementation unit was formed for better solution in clean water services.The new form of institution will be able to make decisions and carry out execution at any time because it is directly under the authority of the government,it can also apply the concept of good governance to support more transparent management.In accordance with the policy,the new institutional form will be able to finance itself,develop the level of service and contribute to regional development as a source of local revenue.However,the institutional transition requires adaptation both from a functional and operational perspective.Through this study,an analysis of the readiness for the transition of institutional forms is carried out to minimize conflicts such the lack of improvement in the quality of drinking water services due to limited government authority,insufficient qualified human resources in water management,and the difficulty of developing drinking water service infrastructure because it still depends on the private sector.The analysis of the structure and human resources associated with clean water service targets also conducted.Institutional strengthening,both regulatory and institutional,is necessary to maximize the roles and functions of the relevant institutions.With a more comprehensive understanding in the preparation of contracts and division of authority,no parties will be aggrieved in the long term.
基金Supported by the Cullen Fund of Southwestern University to D. R. Taub.
文摘Plants grown under elevated atmospheric [CO2] typically have decreased tissue concentrations of N compared with plants grown under current ambient [CO2]. The physiological mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon have not been definitely established, although a considerable number of hypotheses have been advanced to account for it. In this review we discuss and critically evaluate these hypotheses. One contributing factor to the decreases in tissue N concentrations clearly is dilution of N by increased photosynthetic assimilation of C. In addition, studies on intact plants show strong evidence for a general decrease in the specific uptake rates （uptake per unit mass or length of root） of N by roots under elevated CO2. This decreased root uptake appears likely to be the result both of decreased N demand by shoots and of decreased ability of the soil-root system to supply N. The best-supported mechanism for decreased N supply is a decrease in transpiration-driven mass flow of N in soils due to decreased stomatal conductance at elevated CO2, although some evidence suggests that altered root system architecture may also play a role. There is also limited evidence suggesting that under elevated CO2, plants may exhibit increased rates of N loss through volatilization and/or root exudation, further contributing to lowering tissue N concentrations.
文摘Grain production in the countries of the former USSR sharply declined during the past two decades and has only recently started to recover. In the context of the current economic and food-price crisis, Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan might be presented with a window of opportunity to reemerge on the global agricultural market, if they succeed in increasing their productivity. The future of their agriculture, however, is highly sensitive to a combination of internal and external factors, such as institutional changes, land-use changes, climate variability and change, and global economic trends. The future of this region＇s grain production is likely to have a significant impact on the global and regional food security over the next decades.
文摘This systematic study of disaster risk and disaster management efforts in Brunei Darussalam uncovers the reasons why floods and landslides in particular continue to inflict significant social,economic,and psychological toll.Vulnerability to the impacts of hydro-meteorological hazards continue to rise despite international awareness and improved disaster governance and information,and regardless of the vast financial and material resources spent on structural and nonstructural measures for disaster relief and community awareness.Our premise is that,a poor diagnosis of the disaster risk issue is at the root of the disaster risk dilemma in Brunei Darussalam.We conducted our vulnerability-centered disaster risk assessment based largely on the Pressure and Release(PAR) Model proposed by Wisner et al.Our research results reveal that:(1)Hazard-risk in Brunei is high due to the impact of global climate change,the country's local geography,and Brunei's relative location in the Asia–Pacific Region.Limited reporting of localized disasters to international databases however fuels the misperception of low disaster risk in Brunei;(2) High community vulnerability and disaster risk is due to limited knowledge,awareness,and motivation among the general population,which prevents effective mitigation and adaptation to low magnitude but recurrent hazardous events;and(3) Partial incorporation of disasterrisk reduction into governance structures and development plans contributes to heightened disaster risks.Integrated frameworks are proposed that can minimize social vulnerability,reduce disaster risk,and enhance community resilience and adaptive capacity as part of a strengthened governance mechanism.Coupled with improvements in preparedness,response,recovery,and reconstruction promoted by the National Disaster Management Centre(NDMC),vulnerability and disaster risk can be minimized,and a more inclusive and sustainable growth can be generated.
基金This study was funded by the NSF/NIH joint program in Ecology of Infectious Diseases(DEB-0224328)the National Center for Environmental Research(NCER)STAR program of the US-EPA(R-82909101-0)+2 种基金the National Institutes of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases(1R15AI070183)the Pacific-Southwest Regional Center of Excellence(AI065359)Achievement Rewards for College Scientists Foundation Inc.,and the Cowden Endowment at Northern Arizona University.
文摘Yersinia pestis,causative agent of plague,occurs throughout the western United States in rodent populations and periodically causes epizootics in susceptible species,including black-tailed prairie dogs(Cynomys ludovicianus).How Y.pestis persists long-term in the environment between these epizootics is poorly understood but multiple mechanisms have been proposed,including,among others,a separate enzootic transmission cycle that maintains Y.pestis without involvement of epizootic hosts and persistence of Y.pestis within epizootic host populations without causing high mortality within those populations.We live-trapped and collected fleas from black-tailed prairie dogs and other mammal species from sites with and without black-tailed prairie dogs in 2004 and 2005 and tested all fleas for presence of Y.pestis.Y.pestis was not detected in 2126 fleas collected in 2004 but was detected in 294 fleas collected from multiple sites in 2005,before and during a widespread epizootic that drastically reduced black-tailed prairie dog populations in the affected colonies.Temporal and spatial patterns of Y.pestis occurrence in fleas and genotyping of Y.pestis present in some infected fleas suggest Y.pestis was introduced multiple times from sources outside the study area and once introduced,was dispersed between several sites.We conclude Y.pestis likely was not present in these black-tailed prairie dog colonies prior to epizootic activity in these colonies.Although we did not identify likely enzootic hosts,we found evidence that deer mice(Peromyscus maniculatus)may serve as bridging hosts for Y.pestis between unknown enzootic hosts and black-tailed prairie dogs.
基金The National Science Foundation-NSE DEB(1029168)the Brazilian government-PDSE(99999.003003/2014-00).
文摘Aims Biotic homogenization results in novel communities contain-ing multiple exotic species.Many attributes that contribute to the dominance of invaders and increase invasibility of communities have been identified,but rarely have factors governing the domi-nance of co-occurring invaders been considered.Here we assess the presence and performance of five exotic and one native C_(4) grass species across local(microsite)and more broad-scale variation in fire history,soil age,altitude and precipitation.We ask whether species show preferences for the same conditions,whether all are constrained by poor soil development,and how their performance changes when alone versus co-occurring.In addition to providing information useful to managers who want to control some of these species,such information can help to predict how distributions might change with climate change Methods We measured percent cover and plant height of each grass species in 64 plots in each of 15 sites,located in young volcanic substrates across environmental gradients in Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park,Hawai’i,USA.Sites varied in fire history and soil age,across altitu-dinal and precipitation gradients.We estimated microsite heteroge-neity by measuring rock cover and soil depth,where each species was present and in plots as a whole.We analyzed effects of pos-sible controlling variables using chi-square tests and Generalized Additive Mixed Models.Important Findings Two species(Schizachyrium condensatum and Hyparrhenia rufa)were absent in shallow soil,restricted to more mesic sites and showed increasing performance with soil depth.By contrast,two other species(Andropogon virginicus and Melinis repens)tended to occur in shal-low soil with high rock cover across a wide range of sites.One addi-tional species(Melinis minutiflora)was weakly affected by soil depth and was the dominant at higher elevation(more mesic)and on burned sites,especially in old soil.This species was largely absent from lower elevation sites,where the more widespread and opportunistic conge-ner,M.repens,and a drought tolerant native grass,Heteropogon con-tortus,were more abundant.The latter was confined to this low hot zone.Introduced C_(4) grasses in this region of Hawai’i are distributed according to an interaction between soil requirements,climate(cor-related with elevation),competitive ability and fire response.No one strategy can explain the distributions,which will likely persist unless climate changes toward warmer and drier conditions or new fires occur.The latter would promote dominance of M.minutiflora in more mesic sites,while the former would promote either native(H.contor-tus)or other exotic grasses(M.repens,A.virginicus).
文摘The net all-wave radiation of the Great Lakes(GL)is a key to understanding the effects of climate change on the GL.There is a high possibility of underestimating the net all-wave radiation of the GL when using existing methodologies with inputs from near-shore and land-based meteorological data.This study provides the first technique to estimate net all-wave radiation over the GL from July 2001 to December 2014 using a combination of data from satellite remote sensing,reanalysis data sets,and direct measurements.The components of the surface radiation budget estimated from the proposed method showed good statistical agreement.The instantaneous net radiation estimated by our methods was compared with the in situ measurements from June 2008 to April 2012(Stannard Rock Lighthouse:SR)and September 2009–April 2011(Spectacle Reef Lighthouse:SP).The comparisons from SR and SP also showed strong statistic agreement(R^(2)=0.74 and 0.7;RMSE=9.26 and 10.60 W m^(−2) respectively).Monthly spatial variations of net shortwave radiation varied with cloud cover and surface albedo while net longwave radiation varied with the temperature difference between the water surface and the atmosphere.
文摘The papers presented here originated with a symposium held at the Ecological Society of America’s annual meeting in Portland,Oregon,in 2012.They describe how native people and indigenous researchers view and understand the cultural and biological complexity inherent in coupled socio-ecological systems.The researchers note that interactions between native peoples and their environments consist of a complex network of linkages,feedbacks,and change,and they describe synthetic approaches to problem solving.These approaches often spring from long cultural traditions and recent adaptations to environments.There are examples of native peoples successfully managing biota and ecosystems for thousands of years.Yet,current societal conditions often challenge indigenous-based efforts to continue managing ecosystems and biota.Nonetheless,in the face of the new challenges native people continue to innovate and manage their environments and biota.
文摘Massive investments in climate change mitigation and adaptation are projected during coming decades.Many of these investments will seek to modify how land is managed.The return on both types of investments can be increased through an understanding of land potential:the potential of the land to support primary production and ecosystem services,and its resilience.A Land-Potential Knowledge System(LandPKS)is being developed and implemented to provide individual users with point-based estimates of land potential based on the integration of simple,geo-tagged user inputs with cloud-based information and knowledge.This system will rely on mobile phones for knowledge and information exchange,and use cloud computing to integrate,interpret,and access relevant knowledge and information,including local knowledge about land with similar potential.The system will initially provide management options based on long-term land potential,which depends on climate,to-pography,and relatively static soil properties,such as soil texture,depth,and mineralogy.Future mod-ules will provide more specific management information based on the status of relatively dynamic soil properties such as organic matter and nutrient content,and of weather.The paper includes a discus-sion of how this system can be used to help distinguish between meteorological and edaphic drought.
文摘Cetaceans are aquatic mammals living in an environment that is more suited for hearing than vision.As such,their sensory systems largely utilize acoustic cues for navigation,communication,foraging,and predator avoidance.However,the elevation of underwater sound levels from increased human activities has adversely affected cetaceans’use of sound to perform vital life functions.To address those impacts,scientific studies have been conducted to understand the behavioral,psychoacoustical,physiological,and physical responses by cetaceans that have been exposed to anthropogenic sound.These studies range from captive experiments involving auditory thresholds and noise-induced threshold shifts,to field observations of behavioral disturbance from sound exposure,to post-mortem examinations of physical manifestations in stranded animals.Over the years,results from these studies have assisted regulatory agencies in developing a series of criteria and thresholds for cetacean conservation and management around the world.This paper provides a high-level overview of worldwide research efforts that have been dedicated to understanding the effects of underwater sound on cetaceans.The review is not intended to be exhaustive but rather to capture major efforts and significant findings in this field.In addition,the review excludes synthesis studies and modeling exercises that do not involve direct research on target species.
