Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere.The wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)a...Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere.The wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)and 0.14 Pg CO_(2)equivalent of other greenhouse gases(GHG)including CH4 and N_(2)O as of 31 August.The wildfire-related GHG emissions constituted more than doubled Canada’s planned cumulative anthropogenic emissions reductions in 10 years,which represents a significant challenge to climate mitigation efforts.The model simulations showed that the Canadian wildfires impacted not only the local air quality but also that of most areas in the northern hemisphere due to long-range transport,causing severe PM_(2.5)pollution in the northeastern United States and increasing daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in northwestern China by up to 2μg m-3.The observed maximum daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in New York City reached 148.3μg m-3,which was their worst air quality in more than 50 years,nearly 10 times that of the air quality guideline(i.e.,15μg m-3)issued by the World Health Organization(WHO).Aside from the direct emissions from forest fires,the peat fires beneath the surface might smolder for several months or even longer and release substantial amounts of CO_(2).The substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from forest and peat fires might contribute to the positive feedback to the climate,potentially accelerating global warming.To better understand the comprehensive environmental effects of wildfires and their interactions with the climate system,more detailed research based on advanced observations and Earth System Models is essential.展开更多
The Yellow Sea(YS)and East China Sea(ECS)are highly dynamic marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.To gain an in-depth understanding of zooplankton community structure,zooplankton abundance,biovolume,and size...The Yellow Sea(YS)and East China Sea(ECS)are highly dynamic marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.To gain an in-depth understanding of zooplankton community structure,zooplankton abundance,biovolume,and size structure in summer 2017 in the YS and ECS were assessed using ZooScan imaging analysis.Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged 2.94–1187.14 inds./m^(3)and 3.13–3438.51 mm^(3)/m^(3),respectively.Based on the biovolume data of the categorized size classes of 26 identified taxonomic groups,the zooplankton community was classified into five groups,and each group was coupled with distinctive oceanographic features.Under the influence of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass,the Yellow Sea offshore group featured the lowest bottom temperature(10.84±3.42℃)and the most abundant Calanoids(mainly in the 2–3 mm size class).In the Yellow Sea inshore group,Hydrozoans showed the largest biovolume and dominated in the 3–4-mm and>5-mm size classes.The East China Sea offshore group,which was affected by the Kuroshio Branch Current,featured high temperature and salinity,and the lowest bottom dissolved oxygen(2.58±0.5 mg/L).The lowest values of zooplankton abundance and biovolume in the East China Sea offshore group might be attributed to the bottom dissolved oxygen contents.The East China Sea inshore group,which was mainly influenced by the Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current and Changjiang Diluted Water,was characterized by high chlorophyll a and the largest biovolume of carnivorous Siphonophores(280.82±303.37 mm^(3)/m^(3)).The Changjiang River estuary offshore group showed the most abundant Cyclopoids,which might be associated with the less turbid water mass in this region.Seawater temperature was considered the most important factor in shaping the size compositions of Calanoids in different groups.展开更多
Solar radiation modification,a scheme aimed at mitigating rapid global warming triggered by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions,has been explored through the G1ext experiment under the Geoengineering Model Intercom...Solar radiation modification,a scheme aimed at mitigating rapid global warming triggered by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions,has been explored through the G1ext experiment under the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project(GeoMIP) framework,utilizing the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2(CAS-ESM2.0).This paper briefly describes the basic configuration and experimental design of the CAS-ESM2.0 for G1ext,which involves a sudden reduction in solar irradiance to counterbalance the radiative forcing of an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric CO_(2) concentration,running for 100 years.Preliminary results show that this model can reproduce well the compensatory effect of a uniform decrease in global solar radiation on the radiative forcing resulting from an abrupt quadrupling of CO_(2) concentration.Like other Earth system models,CAS-ESM2.0 reasonably captures variations in radiative adjustments,surface air temperature,and precipitation patterns,both globally and locally,under the G1ext scenario.The generated datasets have been released on the Earth System Grid Federation data server,providing insight into the potential efficacy and impact of solar geoengineering strategies.展开更多
In the context of global warming, the increasing wildfire frequency has become a critical climate research focus in North America. This study used the Community Earth System Model(CESM 1.2) to investigate the impacts ...In the context of global warming, the increasing wildfire frequency has become a critical climate research focus in North America. This study used the Community Earth System Model(CESM 1.2) to investigate the impacts of 20thcentury wildfires on North American climate and hydrology. Summer represents the peak wildfire season in North America, with the Gulf of Mexico and Midwest regions experiencing the most severe effects. Wildfires not only damage vegetation during the fire season but also extend prolonged impacts into non-fire periods, showing distinct seasonal variations. In spring, wildfires increase surface albedo, triggering a cooling effect through enhanced snow cover and delayed snowmelt. Conversely, summer and autumn surface warming stems primarily from wildfire-suppressed vegetation transpiration. Warming near the Gulf of Mexico enhances moisture transport and precipitation, particularly in summer and autumn. Reduced evaporation and increased precipitation from the Gulf of Mexico significantly altered the hydrological cycle across North America, leading to increased runoff continent-wide.展开更多
Potential vorticity(PV)streamers are elongated filaments of high PV intrusions that generally exhibit three distinct shapes:ordinarily southwestward,hook,and treble-clef,each with significant influences on weather.The...Potential vorticity(PV)streamers are elongated filaments of high PV intrusions that generally exhibit three distinct shapes:ordinarily southwestward,hook,and treble-clef,each with significant influences on weather.These PV streamers are most frequent over arid and semi-arid Central Asia in the mid–high latitudes.This study applied the Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network algorithm(Mask R-CNN)to PV streamers on the dynamical tropopause during the warm season(May to September)over the years 2000–04 to train a weighted variational model capable of identifying these different shapes.The trained model demonstrated a strong ability to distinguish between the three shapes.A climatological analysis of PV streamers over Central Asia spanning 2000 to 2021 revealed an increasingly deep and pronounced reversal of circulation from ordinary to treble-clef shapes.The treble-clef shape featured a PV tower and distinct cut-off low in the troposphere,but the associated upward motions and precipitation were confined within approximately 1200 km to the east of the PV tower.Although the hook-shape PV streamers were linked to a weaker cut-off low,the extent of upward motion and precipitation was nearly double that of the treble-clef category.In contrast,the ordinary PV streamer was primarily associated with tropopause Rossby wave breaking and exhibited relatively shallow characteristics,which resulted in moderate upward motion and precipitation to 500 km to its east.展开更多
As a type of clean and pollution-free energy source,solar energy plays an important role in achieving the goals of carbon neutrality and global sustainable development.Northwest China occupies an important position in...As a type of clean and pollution-free energy source,solar energy plays an important role in achieving the goals of carbon neutrality and global sustainable development.Northwest China occupies an important position in the national energy strategy due to its rich solar energy.Clarifying the long-term variations of Northwest China’s solar energy and understanding the associated mechanisms are crucial to improving the layout of new energy sources and the usage efficiency of solar energy within China.In this study,the authors first divide Northwest China into northwestern and southeastern sections by conducting a rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis on the surface solar radiation(SSR)from 1993 to 2022,and then explore the SSR’s variation trends and associated mechanisms within these subregions.It is found that the two subregions,both of which show a significant feature of decadal change,differ notably in their long-term trends:the northwestern section shows a significant increasing trend of∼8.1 kJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)in the annual mean SSR,and in each season the SSR increases significantly,with a maximum/minimum increasing rate of∼11.2/∼4.6 kJm^(-2)yr^(-1)appearing in summer/autumn.A possible mechanism for the SSR’s increasing trend is that global warming results in a lower relative humidity within the northwestern section,which decreases the total cloud cover,as it is harder for the atmosphere to reach saturation state.A decreasing total cloud cover results in an increasing SSR within the northwestern section.In contrast,the southeastern section shows no significant trend in annual mean SSR,as the SSRs in summer and autumn show significant decreasing trends,whereas the trends in spring and winter are not significant.展开更多
The northern East China Sea and Yellow Sea are highly dynamic marginal seas,serving as important fishing grounds and primary areas for aquaculture.The zooplankton community structure,including abundance,biovolume,and ...The northern East China Sea and Yellow Sea are highly dynamic marginal seas,serving as important fishing grounds and primary areas for aquaculture.The zooplankton community structure,including abundance,biovolume,and normalized biovolume size spectra(NBSS)within this ecosystem in summers 2021 and 2022 was assessed through ZooScan digital imaging system.The abundances of zooplankton in summers 2021 and 2022 were 3364.22±2190.53 and 4435.52±2520.06 inds./m^(3),respectively,whereas the corresponding biovolumes were 649.10±519.63 and 1064.86±1254.87 mm^(3)/m^(3),respectively.Small copepods as the dominant zooplankton functional group in terms of abundance in both years,while chaetognath and medusae were the dominant groups in terms of biovolume.The dominance of medusae and chaetognath in terms of biovolume,along with the flatter slopes of NBSS compared to a stable community,indicated that more energy accumulated in gelatinous organisms within the study area.There were significant positive relationships between temperature and tunicates or medusae,with a significantly higher population size observed in summer 2022 than in 2021.The lower abundance and biovolume of zooplankton,mainly of small copepods,in summer 2021 may be related to the larger population size of the large jellyfish and the proliferation of green tides.The investigation provided basic data and fundamental insights for achieving a comprehensive understanding of zooplankton community structure and their long-term dynamics.展开更多
Pigments are widely used as indices for estimation of phytoplankton biomass and composition,and many protocols have been developed to analyze pigments in phytoplankton.Different protocols were compared using four solv...Pigments are widely used as indices for estimation of phytoplankton biomass and composition,and many protocols have been developed to analyze pigments in phytoplankton.Different protocols were compared using four solvents(methanol,95%methanol,dimethylformamide,and 90%acetone)and two instruments(fluorometer and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)coupled with diode array detector).Analysis of chlorophyll a(Chl a)with fluorometer could lead to over-or underestimation due to the interference from its derivatives in all probability.Among the four extractants,90%acetone had a high recovery for chlorophylls.In contrast,95%methanol was a poor extractant for chlorophylls due to the degradation of Chl a,especially in diatoms.The 95%methanol,however,had high extraction efficiencies for most diagnostic xanthophylls.Therefore,the selection of pigment analytical protocols should follow the specific purpose of phytoplankton study.In addition to fluorometry,an HPLC method with 90%acetone as extractant shall be a good choice for the analysis of Chl a to estimate phytoplankton biomass,especially for diatom-dominated samples,while an HPLC method with 95%methanol as extractant be more suitable to characterize different taxa in phytoplankton communities.展开更多
The abundance of live and dead Oithona similis in Jiaozhou Bay,Shandong,China,was investigated monthly from December 2008 to November 2009 via the neutral red staining method.The annual variation in total abundance wa...The abundance of live and dead Oithona similis in Jiaozhou Bay,Shandong,China,was investigated monthly from December 2008 to November 2009 via the neutral red staining method.The annual variation in total abundance was similar for females,males,and copepodites,with a main numerical peak from February to July and a minor peak in November,but the variations in carcass abundance and death proportion were different.The monthly average abundance of male and copepodite carcasses significantly increased with their total abundance(P<0.001),whereas no such correlation was observed for females.The abundance of female carcasses peaked at 12.4 inds./m^(3) in November but remained below 3.0 inds./m^(3) in all other months.The monthly average death proportion ranged 0.3%-4.9% for females,3.6%-25.7% for males,and 2.6%-8.4% for copepodites.On average,the death proportion of males was 9.2 times greater than that of females and 3.5 times greater than that of copepodites.Therefore,significant sexual difference exists in the non-predatory mortality of O.similis and this difference is an important cause of the female-skewed sex ratios observed in the field.展开更多
Global framework for nature management requires identifying areas of high priority for biodiversity conservation and restoration.The unique environments of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP) provide irreplaceable habitats fo...Global framework for nature management requires identifying areas of high priority for biodiversity conservation and restoration.The unique environments of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP) provide irreplaceable habitats for biodiversity which is prominent under future climate change.Despite the recent increase in research interest on conservation priorities,there is a lack of comprehensive and targeted protection strategies for pandemic species under climate change.Here,we compiled an exhaustive dataset with the variables of extinction risk and occurrence records of ectothermic lizards to investigate the conservation priorities in the QXP.We assessed the conservation status of the QXP lizards and identified the priority protected areas within the QXP under future climate scenarios using phylogenetic generalized least squares and ensemble species distribution models.Our analyses suggested nine lizard species to be prioritized for protection,with the most critical priority species being Dopasia gracilis,D.harti,and Phrynocephalus putjatai.Moreover,the priority protected areas covered~4.7%area of the QXP,mostly in the southern QXP and southeastern Hengduan Mountains.Protecting these regions would achieve a conservation effectiveness of≥95%for species richness,phylogenetic and functionaldiversity under climate change.Our findings provide realistic guidance for improving the conservation effectiveness of specific-lizard and-regions in the QXP under climate change.Our“bottom-up”approach could help the conservation efforts of other regions and species as an alternative to“top-down”global maps.展开更多
Nanoplastic(NP)contaminants are receiving increasing attention due to the harm they can cause to aquatic organisms and their accumulation in the human body through the food web.The goal of this study was to evaluate t...Nanoplastic(NP)contaminants are receiving increasing attention due to the harm they can cause to aquatic organisms and their accumulation in the human body through the food web.The goal of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress caused by NPs on the clams Meretrix meretrix and Sinonovacula constricta.Specimens were exposed to three concentrations of fluorescently labeled polystyrene NPs(PS-NPs;0,0.1,and 1 mg L^(-1))for 7 d followed by a 3 d recovery period.The activities of antioxidant enzymes,such as catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GPx)and the content of malonaldehyde(MDA)were measured in the digestive gland,gills,and mantle tissues.Results showed that the SOD activity in the gills of M.meretrix was significantly higher than that of the control at day 1,and PS-NPs exposure inhibited the CAT activity in the gills and SOD and GPx activities in the mantle.Exposure to low or high concentrations of PS-NPs increased the activities of both CAT and GPx in the gills of S.constricta at day 3.The oxidative damage was more severe in the digestive gland of M.meretrix and in the mantle of S.constricta based on MDA level,and it returned to normal after recovery.Integrated biomarker response,index version 2(IBRv2)values showed that the gills were more sensitive to PS-NPs than mantle and digestive gland.Therefore,the oxidative stress by PS-NPs depended on exposure time,dose,organ,and species.展开更多
The Hadley Circulation(HC),a fundamental component of global atmospheric circulation,plays an important role in the global energy balance and transport of moisture.The interaction between ENSO and the HC significantly...The Hadley Circulation(HC),a fundamental component of global atmospheric circulation,plays an important role in the global energy balance and transport of moisture.The interaction between ENSO and the HC significantly impacts tropical climate and has broad implications for global climate variability through atmospheric teleconnections.The HC is usually represented by the mass stream function.As a result,it can rarely be observed through in-situ measurement.Reanalysis datasets and CMIP models are frequently used to investigate the properties of the HC.Previous studies systematically assess the capability of these CMIP models to represent the spatial distribution and intensity of the HC anomalies associated with ENSO events.However,most of these studies investigate the HC anomaly from a global perspective.In this work,we focus on evaluating the ability of CMIP6 models to capture the three-dimensional features of ENSO-related HC anomalies in comparison to that in six reanalysis datasets.Results show a consistent westward shift of the ENSO-related HC over the tropical Central-Eastern Pacific in almost all CMIP6 models,accompanied by a weakening of the asymmetric component of the ENSO-related HC over the equatorial Pacific.The former is mainly attributed to the westward extension of the Pacific cold tongue in CMIP models,while the latter is more related to the southward shift of the ENSO-related SST and precipitation anomalies in CMIP models.One should be aware of these biases when studying the ENSO-related atmospheric circulation changes.Our study has broad implications for ENSO simulations and the predictability of ENSO-related global climate variabilities.展开更多
Animal adaptation to environmental challenges is a complex process involving intricate interactions between the host genotype and gut microbiome composition.The gut microbiome,highly responsive to external environment...Animal adaptation to environmental challenges is a complex process involving intricate interactions between the host genotype and gut microbiome composition.The gut microbiome,highly responsive to external environmental factors,plays a crucial role in host adaptability and may facilitate local adaptation within species.Concurrently,the genetic background of host populations influences gut microbiome composition,highlighting the bidirectional relationship between host and microbiome.Despite this,our understanding of gut microbiome plasticity and its role in host adaptability remains limited,particularly in reptiles.To clarify this issue,we conducted a reciprocal translocation experiment with gravid females of the Qinghai toad-headed lizards(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)between high-altitude(2?600 m a.s.l.)and superhigh-altitude(3?600 m a.s.l.)environments on Dangjin Mountain of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China.One year later,we assessed the phenotypes and gut microbiomes of their offspring.Results revealed significant plasticity in gut microbiome diversity and structure in response to contrasting elevations.Highaltitude conditions increased diversity,and maternal effects appeared to enable high-altitude lizards to maintain elevated diversity when exposed to superhigh-altitude environments.Additionally,superhigh-altitude lizards displayed distinct gut microbiome structures with notable host specificity,potentially linked to their lower growth rates.Overall,these findings underscore the importance of the gut microbiome in facilitating reptilian adaptation to rapid environmental changes across altitudinal gradients.Furthermore,this study provides critical insights into microbial mechanisms underpinning local adaptation and adaptative plasticity,offering a foundation for future research on host-microbiome interactions in evolutionary and ecological contexts.展开更多
Harmful algal blooms(HABs)of dinoflagellates pose significant threats to aquaculture,marine ecosystems,and human health.While resting cysts have been well known for their vital roles in initiating HABs of dinoflagella...Harmful algal blooms(HABs)of dinoflagellates pose significant threats to aquaculture,marine ecosystems,and human health.While resting cysts have been well known for their vital roles in initiating HABs of dinoflagellates,mapping results of the cyst abundance and distribution in marine sediments have been also well documented to be a highly valuable predictor,and thus can be used as a basis to assess the risk of HABs.We attempted to establish a framework for the risk assessment of dinoflagellate HABs based mainly on cyst-mapping of marine sediments and a case application of it to the risk assessment of HABs in the Yellow Sea.In the framework,firstly,the targeted marine area subjected to the assessment was determined and gridded into different assessment units according to their geography,administration,and ecological or economic function.Secondly,the dinoflagellate cyst abundance from the surface sediment,HABs records,and the monitoring results of vegetative cells for all or particular species of concern were collected experimentally or by literature search,as three main indicators scored and weighted respectively with different values.The scoring and weighting process was based on scientific reasoning and empirical consideration as detailed in the text.Thirdly,the risk of HABs occurrences for all or any particular species of concern at each site was ranked with five levels according to the calculated risk values.Finally,the final evaluation results were presented with tables,matrix diagrams,and color-coded textual annotations on nautical charts.As a case application,we performed a risk assessment for HABs of target species in the Yellow Sea,which warned high risks of HABs for Karlodinium veneficum,Gymnodinium catenatum,and others.This assessment framework provides a practical and testable tool for all involved stakeholders,and subject to improvement along with the advancement of ecology of HABs.展开更多
Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a crucial aquatic species known for its nutritional value.However,the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying its nutritional quality remain underexplored.This study i...Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a crucial aquatic species known for its nutritional value.However,the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying its nutritional quality remain underexplored.This study investigates the nutritional quality of A.japonicus from different geographical regions and identifies genetic markers associated with these traits through a genome-wide association study(GWAS).We observed significant regional variations in the nutritional content of A.japonicus.Samples collected from Nanhuangcheng Island displayed the highest levels of saponins,whereas those from Laizhou exhibited the highest concentrations of glycosaminoglycans.Lingshan Island samples were the richest in amino acids,while samples from Rizhao contained the highest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids.Through GWAS,265 candidate genes and related single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified as being significantly associated with essential nutritional traits,including genes like ubiquitin domain-containing protein 1(UBTD1),inactive pancreatic lipase-related protein 1,protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5(PRMT5)and GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1(POFUT1).This study advanced our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying the nutritional quality of A.japonicus.The genetic markers identified herein o ffer crucial insights for breeding initiatives aimed at optimizing the nutritional profile of sea cucumbers.展开更多
Microplastic(MP)pollution has spread from the mainland to the ocean.However,Haizhou Bay,which is one of the important land-ocean transition zones,has been reported relatively little about the enrichment of MPs.To prov...Microplastic(MP)pollution has spread from the mainland to the ocean.However,Haizhou Bay,which is one of the important land-ocean transition zones,has been reported relatively little about the enrichment of MPs.To provide fundamental data for MP pollution in Haizhou Bay,we studied the occurrence of microplastics in the intestines of 8 species of fish with different habits and feeding modes.The fish intestines were digested with a 10%KOH solution,and MPs are separated with a glass fiber filter.Then,the size,shape,color,and composition of the MPs were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.The results showed the abundance of MP intake ranged from 0.02 items g^(-1) to 0.16 items g^(-1) and the detection rate of MPs ranged from 53.33% to 80% across different fish species.The MP intake in benthic fish and omnivorous fish was significantly higher than that of pelagic fish and predatory fish.Smaller MPs(<0.25 mm)were the dominant types and accounted for 62.50% of the total.The fiber was the prevailing shape of MPs,and the black MPs were the most common,followed by red and yellow ones.Polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyamide(PA),and polystyrene(PS)were the main components of MPs,accounting for 34.9%,29.9%,and 16.4%,respectively.According to the composition analysis of MPs,the main sources of MPs in fish of Haizhou Bay were attributed to marine aquaculture and port construction.The results are helpful for our better understanding of the status of MP pollution in this area,and further aid in the development of the pointed measures to mitigate and prevent the MP pollution in this ecologically important area.展开更多
Zn-CO_(2)batteries(ZCBs)are promising for CO_(2)conversion and electric energy release.However,the ZCBs couple the electrochemical CO_(2)reduction(ECO_(2)R)with the oxygen evolution reaction and competitive hydrogen e...Zn-CO_(2)batteries(ZCBs)are promising for CO_(2)conversion and electric energy release.However,the ZCBs couple the electrochemical CO_(2)reduction(ECO_(2)R)with the oxygen evolution reaction and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction,which normally causes ultrahigh charge voltage and CO_(2)conversion efficiency attenuation,thereby resulting in~90%total power consumption.Herein,isolated FeN_(3)sites encapsulated in hierarchical porous carbon nanoboxes(Fe-HPCN,derived from the thermal activation process of ferrocene and polydopamine-coated cubic ZIF-8)were proposed for hydrazine-assisted rechargeable ZCBs based on ECO_(2)R(discharging process:CO_(2)+2H+→CO+H_(2)O)and hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR,charging process:N_(2)H_(4)+4OH−→N_(2)+4H_(2)O+4e^(−)).The isolated FeN_(3)endows the HzOR with a lower overpotential and boosts the ECO_(2)R with a 96%CO Faraday efficiency(FECO).Benefitting from the bifunctional ECO_(2)R and HzOR catalytic activities,the homemade hydrazine-assisted rechargeable ZCBs assembled with the Fe-HPCN air cathode exhibited an ultralow charge voltage(decreasing by~1.84 V),excellent CO selectivity(FECO close to 100%),and high 89%energy efficiency.In situ infrared spectroscopy confirmed that Fe-HPCN can generate rate-determining*N_(2)and*CO intermediates during HzOR and ECO_(2)R.This paper proposes FeN_(3)centers for bifunctional ECO_(2)R/HzOR performance and further presents the pioneering achievements of ECO_(2)R and HzOR for hydrazine-assisted rechargeable ZCBs.展开更多
Biogenic elements and six phosphorus （P） fractions in surface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were determined to investigate the governing factors of these elements, and further to discuss ...Biogenic elements and six phosphorus （P） fractions in surface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were determined to investigate the governing factors of these elements, and further to discuss their potential uses as paleo-environment proxies and risks of P release from sediment. Total organic carbon （TOC） and leachable organic P （Lea-OP） showed high concentrations in the estuary, Zhejiang coast and offshore upwelling area. They came from both the Changjiang River and marine biological input. Biogenic silicon （BSi） exhibited a high concentration band between 123 and 124°E. BSi mainly came from diatom production and its concentration in the inshore area was diluted by river sediment. Total nitrogen （TN） was primarily of marine biogenic origin. Seaward decreasing trends of Fe-bound P and Al-bound P revealed their terrestrial origins. Influenced by old Huanghe sediment delivered by the Jiangsu coastal current, the maximum concentration of detrital P （Det-P） was observed in the area north of the estuary. Similar high concentrations of carbonate fluorapatite （CFA-P） and CaCO3in the southern study area suggested marine calcium-organism sources of CFA-P. TOC, TN and non-apatite P were enriched in fine sediment, and Det-P partially exhibited coarse-grain enrichment, but BSi had no correlation with sediment grain size. Different sources and governing factors made biogenic elements and P species have distinct potential uses in indicating environmental conditions. Transferable P accounted for 14%-46% of total P. In an aerobic environment, there was low risk of P release from sediment, attributed to excess Fe oxides in sediments.展开更多
Although quality assurance and quality control procedures are routinely applied in most air quality networks, outliers can still occur due to instrument malfunctions, the influence of harsh environments and the limita...Although quality assurance and quality control procedures are routinely applied in most air quality networks, outliers can still occur due to instrument malfunctions, the influence of harsh environments and the limitation of measuring methods. Such outliers pose challenges for data-powered applications such as data assimilation, statistical analysis of pollution characteristics and ensemble forecasting. Here, a fully automatic outlier detection method was developed based on the probability of residuals, which are the discrepancies between the observed and the estimated concentration values. The estimation can be conducted using filtering—or regressions when appropriate—to discriminate four types of outliers characterized by temporal and spatial inconsistency, instrument-induced low variances, periodic calibration exceptions, and less PM_(10) than PM_(2.5) in concentration observations, respectively. This probabilistic method was applied to detect all four types of outliers in hourly surface measurements of six pollutants(PM_(2.5), PM_(10),SO_2,NO_2,CO and O_3) from 1436 stations of the China National Environmental Monitoring Network during 2014-16. Among the measurements, 0.65%-5.68% are marked as outliers. with PM_(10) and CO more prone to outliers. Our method successfully identifies a trend of decreasing outliers from 2014 to 2016,which corresponds to known improvements in the quality assurance and quality control procedures of the China National Environmental Monitoring Network. The outliers can have a significant impact on the annual mean concentrations of PM_(2.5),with differences exceeding 10 μg m^(-3) at 66 sites.展开更多
On the basis of more than 200-year control run, the performance of the climate system model of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS-ESM-C） in simulating the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） cycle is evalu- ated, i...On the basis of more than 200-year control run, the performance of the climate system model of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS-ESM-C） in simulating the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） cycle is evalu- ated, including the onset, development and decay of the ENSO. It is shown that, the model can reasonably simulate the annual cycle and interannual variability of sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical Pacif- ic, as well as the seasonal phase-locking of the ENSO. The model also captures two prerequisites for the E1 Nino onset, i.e., a westerly anomaly and a warm SST anomaly in the equatorial western Pacific. Owing to too strong forcing from an extratropical meridional wind, however, the westerly anomaly in this region is largely overestimated. Moreover, the simulated thermocline is much shallower with a weaker slope. As a result, the warm SST anomaly from the western Pacific propagates eastward more quickly, leading to a faster develop- ment of an E1 Nino. During the decay stage, owing to a stronger E1Nino in the model, the secondary Gill-type response of the tropical atmosphere to the eastern Pacific warming is much stronger, thereby resulting in a persistent easterly anomaly in the western Pacific. Meanwhile, a cold anomaly in the warm pool appears as a result of a lifted thermocline via Ekman pumping. Finally, an E1 Nino decays into a La Nina through their interactions. In addition, the shorter period and larger amplitude of the ENSO in the model can be attribut- ed to a shallower thermocline in the equatorial Pacific, which speeds up the zonal redistribution of a heat content in the upper ocean.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.92044302)the National Key Research and Development Program(Grant Nos.2020YFA0607801,2022YFE0106500)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project“Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab).
文摘Due to the record-breaking wildfires that occurred in Canada in 2023,unprecedented quantities of air pollutants and greenhouse gases were released into the atmosphere.The wildfires had emitted more than 1.3 Pg CO_(2)and 0.14 Pg CO_(2)equivalent of other greenhouse gases(GHG)including CH4 and N_(2)O as of 31 August.The wildfire-related GHG emissions constituted more than doubled Canada’s planned cumulative anthropogenic emissions reductions in 10 years,which represents a significant challenge to climate mitigation efforts.The model simulations showed that the Canadian wildfires impacted not only the local air quality but also that of most areas in the northern hemisphere due to long-range transport,causing severe PM_(2.5)pollution in the northeastern United States and increasing daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in northwestern China by up to 2μg m-3.The observed maximum daily mean PM_(2.5)concentration in New York City reached 148.3μg m-3,which was their worst air quality in more than 50 years,nearly 10 times that of the air quality guideline(i.e.,15μg m-3)issued by the World Health Organization(WHO).Aside from the direct emissions from forest fires,the peat fires beneath the surface might smolder for several months or even longer and release substantial amounts of CO_(2).The substantial amounts of greenhouse gases from forest and peat fires might contribute to the positive feedback to the climate,potentially accelerating global warming.To better understand the comprehensive environmental effects of wildfires and their interactions with the climate system,more detailed research based on advanced observations and Earth System Models is essential.
基金the International Science Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.133137KYSB20200002)the Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ202204005)+3 种基金the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No.42130411)the International Science Partnership Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.121311KYSB20190029)the Aoshan Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.2016ASKJ02-4)the Taishan Scholars Project(to Song SUN)。
文摘The Yellow Sea(YS)and East China Sea(ECS)are highly dynamic marginal seas of the northwestern Pacific Ocean.To gain an in-depth understanding of zooplankton community structure,zooplankton abundance,biovolume,and size structure in summer 2017 in the YS and ECS were assessed using ZooScan imaging analysis.Zooplankton abundance and biovolume ranged 2.94–1187.14 inds./m^(3)and 3.13–3438.51 mm^(3)/m^(3),respectively.Based on the biovolume data of the categorized size classes of 26 identified taxonomic groups,the zooplankton community was classified into five groups,and each group was coupled with distinctive oceanographic features.Under the influence of the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass,the Yellow Sea offshore group featured the lowest bottom temperature(10.84±3.42℃)and the most abundant Calanoids(mainly in the 2–3 mm size class).In the Yellow Sea inshore group,Hydrozoans showed the largest biovolume and dominated in the 3–4-mm and>5-mm size classes.The East China Sea offshore group,which was affected by the Kuroshio Branch Current,featured high temperature and salinity,and the lowest bottom dissolved oxygen(2.58±0.5 mg/L).The lowest values of zooplankton abundance and biovolume in the East China Sea offshore group might be attributed to the bottom dissolved oxygen contents.The East China Sea inshore group,which was mainly influenced by the Zhejiang-Fujian Coastal Current and Changjiang Diluted Water,was characterized by high chlorophyll a and the largest biovolume of carnivorous Siphonophores(280.82±303.37 mm^(3)/m^(3)).The Changjiang River estuary offshore group showed the most abundant Cyclopoids,which might be associated with the less turbid water mass in this region.Seawater temperature was considered the most important factor in shaping the size compositions of Calanoids in different groups.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41875126)the National Key Scientific and Technological Infrastructure project “Earth System Numerical Simulation Facility”(EarthLab)。
文摘Solar radiation modification,a scheme aimed at mitigating rapid global warming triggered by anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions,has been explored through the G1ext experiment under the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project(GeoMIP) framework,utilizing the Chinese Academy of Sciences Earth System Model version 2(CAS-ESM2.0).This paper briefly describes the basic configuration and experimental design of the CAS-ESM2.0 for G1ext,which involves a sudden reduction in solar irradiance to counterbalance the radiative forcing of an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric CO_(2) concentration,running for 100 years.Preliminary results show that this model can reproduce well the compensatory effect of a uniform decrease in global solar radiation on the radiative forcing resulting from an abrupt quadrupling of CO_(2) concentration.Like other Earth system models,CAS-ESM2.0 reasonably captures variations in radiative adjustments,surface air temperature,and precipitation patterns,both globally and locally,under the G1ext scenario.The generated datasets have been released on the Earth System Grid Federation data server,providing insight into the potential efficacy and impact of solar geoengineering strategies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42175022)。
文摘In the context of global warming, the increasing wildfire frequency has become a critical climate research focus in North America. This study used the Community Earth System Model(CESM 1.2) to investigate the impacts of 20thcentury wildfires on North American climate and hydrology. Summer represents the peak wildfire season in North America, with the Gulf of Mexico and Midwest regions experiencing the most severe effects. Wildfires not only damage vegetation during the fire season but also extend prolonged impacts into non-fire periods, showing distinct seasonal variations. In spring, wildfires increase surface albedo, triggering a cooling effect through enhanced snow cover and delayed snowmelt. Conversely, summer and autumn surface warming stems primarily from wildfire-suppressed vegetation transpiration. Warming near the Gulf of Mexico enhances moisture transport and precipitation, particularly in summer and autumn. Reduced evaporation and increased precipitation from the Gulf of Mexico significantly altered the hydrological cycle across North America, leading to increased runoff continent-wide.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42275063 and U20A2097)the Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather(Grant No.2023LASW-B29)。
文摘Potential vorticity(PV)streamers are elongated filaments of high PV intrusions that generally exhibit three distinct shapes:ordinarily southwestward,hook,and treble-clef,each with significant influences on weather.These PV streamers are most frequent over arid and semi-arid Central Asia in the mid–high latitudes.This study applied the Mask Region-based Convolutional Neural Network algorithm(Mask R-CNN)to PV streamers on the dynamical tropopause during the warm season(May to September)over the years 2000–04 to train a weighted variational model capable of identifying these different shapes.The trained model demonstrated a strong ability to distinguish between the three shapes.A climatological analysis of PV streamers over Central Asia spanning 2000 to 2021 revealed an increasingly deep and pronounced reversal of circulation from ordinary to treble-clef shapes.The treble-clef shape featured a PV tower and distinct cut-off low in the troposphere,but the associated upward motions and precipitation were confined within approximately 1200 km to the east of the PV tower.Although the hook-shape PV streamers were linked to a weaker cut-off low,the extent of upward motion and precipitation was nearly double that of the treble-clef category.In contrast,the ordinary PV streamer was primarily associated with tropopause Rossby wave breaking and exhibited relatively shallow characteristics,which resulted in moderate upward motion and precipitation to 500 km to its east.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China[grant number 2022YFB2403002]。
文摘As a type of clean and pollution-free energy source,solar energy plays an important role in achieving the goals of carbon neutrality and global sustainable development.Northwest China occupies an important position in the national energy strategy due to its rich solar energy.Clarifying the long-term variations of Northwest China’s solar energy and understanding the associated mechanisms are crucial to improving the layout of new energy sources and the usage efficiency of solar energy within China.In this study,the authors first divide Northwest China into northwestern and southeastern sections by conducting a rotated empirical orthogonal function analysis on the surface solar radiation(SSR)from 1993 to 2022,and then explore the SSR’s variation trends and associated mechanisms within these subregions.It is found that the two subregions,both of which show a significant feature of decadal change,differ notably in their long-term trends:the northwestern section shows a significant increasing trend of∼8.1 kJ m^(-2)yr^(-1)in the annual mean SSR,and in each season the SSR increases significantly,with a maximum/minimum increasing rate of∼11.2/∼4.6 kJm^(-2)yr^(-1)appearing in summer/autumn.A possible mechanism for the SSR’s increasing trend is that global warming results in a lower relative humidity within the northwestern section,which decreases the total cloud cover,as it is harder for the atmosphere to reach saturation state.A decreasing total cloud cover results in an increasing SSR within the northwestern section.In contrast,the southeastern section shows no significant trend in annual mean SSR,as the SSRs in summer and autumn show significant decreasing trends,whereas the trends in spring and winter are not significant.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42076166,42130411)the NSFC Ship Time Sharing Project(No.42149901)+2 种基金the Laoshan Laboratory(Nos.LSKJ202203700(or LSKJ202203704)LSKJ202204005)the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2023YFC3108202)。
文摘The northern East China Sea and Yellow Sea are highly dynamic marginal seas,serving as important fishing grounds and primary areas for aquaculture.The zooplankton community structure,including abundance,biovolume,and normalized biovolume size spectra(NBSS)within this ecosystem in summers 2021 and 2022 was assessed through ZooScan digital imaging system.The abundances of zooplankton in summers 2021 and 2022 were 3364.22±2190.53 and 4435.52±2520.06 inds./m^(3),respectively,whereas the corresponding biovolumes were 649.10±519.63 and 1064.86±1254.87 mm^(3)/m^(3),respectively.Small copepods as the dominant zooplankton functional group in terms of abundance in both years,while chaetognath and medusae were the dominant groups in terms of biovolume.The dominance of medusae and chaetognath in terms of biovolume,along with the flatter slopes of NBSS compared to a stable community,indicated that more energy accumulated in gelatinous organisms within the study area.There were significant positive relationships between temperature and tunicates or medusae,with a significantly higher population size observed in summer 2022 than in 2021.The lower abundance and biovolume of zooplankton,mainly of small copepods,in summer 2021 may be related to the larger population size of the large jellyfish and the proliferation of green tides.The investigation provided basic data and fundamental insights for achieving a comprehensive understanding of zooplankton community structure and their long-term dynamics.
基金Supported by the Joint Project of Guangxi Provincial and China National Natural Science Foundations(Nos.U 20 A 20104,42306152)the Taishan Scholars Program to Prof.Rencheng YU。
文摘Pigments are widely used as indices for estimation of phytoplankton biomass and composition,and many protocols have been developed to analyze pigments in phytoplankton.Different protocols were compared using four solvents(methanol,95%methanol,dimethylformamide,and 90%acetone)and two instruments(fluorometer and high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)coupled with diode array detector).Analysis of chlorophyll a(Chl a)with fluorometer could lead to over-or underestimation due to the interference from its derivatives in all probability.Among the four extractants,90%acetone had a high recovery for chlorophylls.In contrast,95%methanol was a poor extractant for chlorophylls due to the degradation of Chl a,especially in diatoms.The 95%methanol,however,had high extraction efficiencies for most diagnostic xanthophylls.Therefore,the selection of pigment analytical protocols should follow the specific purpose of phytoplankton study.In addition to fluorometry,an HPLC method with 90%acetone as extractant shall be a good choice for the analysis of Chl a to estimate phytoplankton biomass,especially for diatom-dominated samples,while an HPLC method with 95%methanol as extractant be more suitable to characterize different taxa in phytoplankton communities.
基金Supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR2020QC043)。
文摘The abundance of live and dead Oithona similis in Jiaozhou Bay,Shandong,China,was investigated monthly from December 2008 to November 2009 via the neutral red staining method.The annual variation in total abundance was similar for females,males,and copepodites,with a main numerical peak from February to July and a minor peak in November,but the variations in carcass abundance and death proportion were different.The monthly average abundance of male and copepodite carcasses significantly increased with their total abundance(P<0.001),whereas no such correlation was observed for females.The abundance of female carcasses peaked at 12.4 inds./m^(3) in November but remained below 3.0 inds./m^(3) in all other months.The monthly average death proportion ranged 0.3%-4.9% for females,3.6%-25.7% for males,and 2.6%-8.4% for copepodites.On average,the death proportion of males was 9.2 times greater than that of females and 3.5 times greater than that of copepodites.Therefore,significant sexual difference exists in the non-predatory mortality of O.similis and this difference is an important cause of the female-skewed sex ratios observed in the field.
基金supported by grants from the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050201)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31861143023,31872250 and 31872252)。
文摘Global framework for nature management requires identifying areas of high priority for biodiversity conservation and restoration.The unique environments of Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(QXP) provide irreplaceable habitats for biodiversity which is prominent under future climate change.Despite the recent increase in research interest on conservation priorities,there is a lack of comprehensive and targeted protection strategies for pandemic species under climate change.Here,we compiled an exhaustive dataset with the variables of extinction risk and occurrence records of ectothermic lizards to investigate the conservation priorities in the QXP.We assessed the conservation status of the QXP lizards and identified the priority protected areas within the QXP under future climate scenarios using phylogenetic generalized least squares and ensemble species distribution models.Our analyses suggested nine lizard species to be prioritized for protection,with the most critical priority species being Dopasia gracilis,D.harti,and Phrynocephalus putjatai.Moreover,the priority protected areas covered~4.7%area of the QXP,mostly in the southern QXP and southeastern Hengduan Mountains.Protecting these regions would achieve a conservation effectiveness of≥95%for species richness,phylogenetic and functionaldiversity under climate change.Our findings provide realistic guidance for improving the conservation effectiveness of specific-lizard and-regions in the QXP under climate change.Our“bottom-up”approach could help the conservation efforts of other regions and species as an alternative to“top-down”global maps.
基金supported by the Natural Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41706142)the Earmarked Fund for CARS-49(No.CARS-49).
文摘Nanoplastic(NP)contaminants are receiving increasing attention due to the harm they can cause to aquatic organisms and their accumulation in the human body through the food web.The goal of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress caused by NPs on the clams Meretrix meretrix and Sinonovacula constricta.Specimens were exposed to three concentrations of fluorescently labeled polystyrene NPs(PS-NPs;0,0.1,and 1 mg L^(-1))for 7 d followed by a 3 d recovery period.The activities of antioxidant enzymes,such as catalase(CAT),superoxide dismutase(SOD),glutathione peroxidase(GPx)and the content of malonaldehyde(MDA)were measured in the digestive gland,gills,and mantle tissues.Results showed that the SOD activity in the gills of M.meretrix was significantly higher than that of the control at day 1,and PS-NPs exposure inhibited the CAT activity in the gills and SOD and GPx activities in the mantle.Exposure to low or high concentrations of PS-NPs increased the activities of both CAT and GPx in the gills of S.constricta at day 3.The oxidative damage was more severe in the digestive gland of M.meretrix and in the mantle of S.constricta based on MDA level,and it returned to normal after recovery.Integrated biomarker response,index version 2(IBRv2)values showed that the gills were more sensitive to PS-NPs than mantle and digestive gland.Therefore,the oxidative stress by PS-NPs depended on exposure time,dose,organ,and species.
基金supported by the National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars(Grant No.42325605)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42176243)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42222501)。
文摘The Hadley Circulation(HC),a fundamental component of global atmospheric circulation,plays an important role in the global energy balance and transport of moisture.The interaction between ENSO and the HC significantly impacts tropical climate and has broad implications for global climate variability through atmospheric teleconnections.The HC is usually represented by the mass stream function.As a result,it can rarely be observed through in-situ measurement.Reanalysis datasets and CMIP models are frequently used to investigate the properties of the HC.Previous studies systematically assess the capability of these CMIP models to represent the spatial distribution and intensity of the HC anomalies associated with ENSO events.However,most of these studies investigate the HC anomaly from a global perspective.In this work,we focus on evaluating the ability of CMIP6 models to capture the three-dimensional features of ENSO-related HC anomalies in comparison to that in six reanalysis datasets.Results show a consistent westward shift of the ENSO-related HC over the tropical Central-Eastern Pacific in almost all CMIP6 models,accompanied by a weakening of the asymmetric component of the ENSO-related HC over the equatorial Pacific.The former is mainly attributed to the westward extension of the Pacific cold tongue in CMIP models,while the latter is more related to the southward shift of the ENSO-related SST and precipitation anomalies in CMIP models.One should be aware of these biases when studying the ENSO-related atmospheric circulation changes.Our study has broad implications for ENSO simulations and the predictability of ENSO-related global climate variabilities.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31861143023,31872252)Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (XDA20050201)。
文摘Animal adaptation to environmental challenges is a complex process involving intricate interactions between the host genotype and gut microbiome composition.The gut microbiome,highly responsive to external environmental factors,plays a crucial role in host adaptability and may facilitate local adaptation within species.Concurrently,the genetic background of host populations influences gut microbiome composition,highlighting the bidirectional relationship between host and microbiome.Despite this,our understanding of gut microbiome plasticity and its role in host adaptability remains limited,particularly in reptiles.To clarify this issue,we conducted a reciprocal translocation experiment with gravid females of the Qinghai toad-headed lizards(Phrynocephalus vlangalii)between high-altitude(2?600 m a.s.l.)and superhigh-altitude(3?600 m a.s.l.)environments on Dangjin Mountain of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China.One year later,we assessed the phenotypes and gut microbiomes of their offspring.Results revealed significant plasticity in gut microbiome diversity and structure in response to contrasting elevations.Highaltitude conditions increased diversity,and maternal effects appeared to enable high-altitude lizards to maintain elevated diversity when exposed to superhigh-altitude environments.Additionally,superhigh-altitude lizards displayed distinct gut microbiome structures with notable host specificity,potentially linked to their lower growth rates.Overall,these findings underscore the importance of the gut microbiome in facilitating reptilian adaptation to rapid environmental changes across altitudinal gradients.Furthermore,this study provides critical insights into microbial mechanisms underpinning local adaptation and adaptative plasticity,offering a foundation for future research on host-microbiome interactions in evolutionary and ecological contexts.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2022 YFC 3105201)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Laoshan Laboratory(No.LSKJ 202203700)the Shandong Province Natural Science Foundation(No.ZR 2021 QD 025)。
文摘Harmful algal blooms(HABs)of dinoflagellates pose significant threats to aquaculture,marine ecosystems,and human health.While resting cysts have been well known for their vital roles in initiating HABs of dinoflagellates,mapping results of the cyst abundance and distribution in marine sediments have been also well documented to be a highly valuable predictor,and thus can be used as a basis to assess the risk of HABs.We attempted to establish a framework for the risk assessment of dinoflagellate HABs based mainly on cyst-mapping of marine sediments and a case application of it to the risk assessment of HABs in the Yellow Sea.In the framework,firstly,the targeted marine area subjected to the assessment was determined and gridded into different assessment units according to their geography,administration,and ecological or economic function.Secondly,the dinoflagellate cyst abundance from the surface sediment,HABs records,and the monitoring results of vegetative cells for all or particular species of concern were collected experimentally or by literature search,as three main indicators scored and weighted respectively with different values.The scoring and weighting process was based on scientific reasoning and empirical consideration as detailed in the text.Thirdly,the risk of HABs occurrences for all or any particular species of concern at each site was ranked with five levels according to the calculated risk values.Finally,the final evaluation results were presented with tables,matrix diagrams,and color-coded textual annotations on nautical charts.As a case application,we performed a risk assessment for HABs of target species in the Yellow Sea,which warned high risks of HABs for Karlodinium veneficum,Gymnodinium catenatum,and others.This assessment framework provides a practical and testable tool for all involved stakeholders,and subject to improvement along with the advancement of ecology of HABs.
基金Supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong(Nos.2021LZGC029,2023LZGC019)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42076093)+1 种基金the Special Funds for the Central Government to Guide Local Science and Technology Development(No.YDZX2023043)the Taishan Scholars Program(No.tsqn202306279)。
文摘Sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus is a crucial aquatic species known for its nutritional value.However,the genetic basis and regulatory mechanisms underlying its nutritional quality remain underexplored.This study investigates the nutritional quality of A.japonicus from different geographical regions and identifies genetic markers associated with these traits through a genome-wide association study(GWAS).We observed significant regional variations in the nutritional content of A.japonicus.Samples collected from Nanhuangcheng Island displayed the highest levels of saponins,whereas those from Laizhou exhibited the highest concentrations of glycosaminoglycans.Lingshan Island samples were the richest in amino acids,while samples from Rizhao contained the highest levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids.Through GWAS,265 candidate genes and related single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs)were identified as being significantly associated with essential nutritional traits,including genes like ubiquitin domain-containing protein 1(UBTD1),inactive pancreatic lipase-related protein 1,protein arginine N-methyltransferase 5(PRMT5)and GDP-fucose protein O-fucosyltransferase 1(POFUT1).This study advanced our knowledge of the genetic mechanisms underlying the nutritional quality of A.japonicus.The genetic markers identified herein o ffer crucial insights for breeding initiatives aimed at optimizing the nutritional profile of sea cucumbers.
基金funded by research grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41706142 and 32071615)the China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA(No.CARS-49)the Funding for School-Level Research Projects of Yancheng Institute of Technology(No.XJR2021035)。
文摘Microplastic(MP)pollution has spread from the mainland to the ocean.However,Haizhou Bay,which is one of the important land-ocean transition zones,has been reported relatively little about the enrichment of MPs.To provide fundamental data for MP pollution in Haizhou Bay,we studied the occurrence of microplastics in the intestines of 8 species of fish with different habits and feeding modes.The fish intestines were digested with a 10%KOH solution,and MPs are separated with a glass fiber filter.Then,the size,shape,color,and composition of the MPs were analyzed using a stereomicroscope and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.The results showed the abundance of MP intake ranged from 0.02 items g^(-1) to 0.16 items g^(-1) and the detection rate of MPs ranged from 53.33% to 80% across different fish species.The MP intake in benthic fish and omnivorous fish was significantly higher than that of pelagic fish and predatory fish.Smaller MPs(<0.25 mm)were the dominant types and accounted for 62.50% of the total.The fiber was the prevailing shape of MPs,and the black MPs were the most common,followed by red and yellow ones.Polyethylene terephthalate(PET),polyamide(PA),and polystyrene(PS)were the main components of MPs,accounting for 34.9%,29.9%,and 16.4%,respectively.According to the composition analysis of MPs,the main sources of MPs in fish of Haizhou Bay were attributed to marine aquaculture and port construction.The results are helpful for our better understanding of the status of MP pollution in this area,and further aid in the development of the pointed measures to mitigate and prevent the MP pollution in this ecologically important area.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:12274118Double First Class University Plan,Grant/Award Number:C176220100042+2 种基金National Natural Science Foundation of China-Yunnan Joint Fund,Grant/Award Number:U2002213Open Foundation of Guangxi Key Laboratory of Processing for Non-Ferrous Metals and Featured Materials,Grant/Award Number:2022GXYSOF10Henan Center for Outstanding Overseas Scientists,Grant/Award Number:GZS2023007.
文摘Zn-CO_(2)batteries(ZCBs)are promising for CO_(2)conversion and electric energy release.However,the ZCBs couple the electrochemical CO_(2)reduction(ECO_(2)R)with the oxygen evolution reaction and competitive hydrogen evolution reaction,which normally causes ultrahigh charge voltage and CO_(2)conversion efficiency attenuation,thereby resulting in~90%total power consumption.Herein,isolated FeN_(3)sites encapsulated in hierarchical porous carbon nanoboxes(Fe-HPCN,derived from the thermal activation process of ferrocene and polydopamine-coated cubic ZIF-8)were proposed for hydrazine-assisted rechargeable ZCBs based on ECO_(2)R(discharging process:CO_(2)+2H+→CO+H_(2)O)and hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR,charging process:N_(2)H_(4)+4OH−→N_(2)+4H_(2)O+4e^(−)).The isolated FeN_(3)endows the HzOR with a lower overpotential and boosts the ECO_(2)R with a 96%CO Faraday efficiency(FECO).Benefitting from the bifunctional ECO_(2)R and HzOR catalytic activities,the homemade hydrazine-assisted rechargeable ZCBs assembled with the Fe-HPCN air cathode exhibited an ultralow charge voltage(decreasing by~1.84 V),excellent CO selectivity(FECO close to 100%),and high 89%energy efficiency.In situ infrared spectroscopy confirmed that Fe-HPCN can generate rate-determining*N_(2)and*CO intermediates during HzOR and ECO_(2)R.This paper proposes FeN_(3)centers for bifunctional ECO_(2)R/HzOR performance and further presents the pioneering achievements of ECO_(2)R and HzOR for hydrazine-assisted rechargeable ZCBs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China for Creative Research Groups(No.41121064)the National Basic Research Program (973)of China(No.2011CB403602,2010CB951802)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41306070)
文摘Biogenic elements and six phosphorus （P） fractions in surface sediments from the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent waters were determined to investigate the governing factors of these elements, and further to discuss their potential uses as paleo-environment proxies and risks of P release from sediment. Total organic carbon （TOC） and leachable organic P （Lea-OP） showed high concentrations in the estuary, Zhejiang coast and offshore upwelling area. They came from both the Changjiang River and marine biological input. Biogenic silicon （BSi） exhibited a high concentration band between 123 and 124°E. BSi mainly came from diatom production and its concentration in the inshore area was diluted by river sediment. Total nitrogen （TN） was primarily of marine biogenic origin. Seaward decreasing trends of Fe-bound P and Al-bound P revealed their terrestrial origins. Influenced by old Huanghe sediment delivered by the Jiangsu coastal current, the maximum concentration of detrital P （Det-P） was observed in the area north of the estuary. Similar high concentrations of carbonate fluorapatite （CFA-P） and CaCO3in the southern study area suggested marine calcium-organism sources of CFA-P. TOC, TN and non-apatite P were enriched in fine sediment, and Det-P partially exhibited coarse-grain enrichment, but BSi had no correlation with sediment grain size. Different sources and governing factors made biogenic elements and P species have distinct potential uses in indicating environmental conditions. Transferable P accounted for 14%-46% of total P. In an aerobic environment, there was low risk of P release from sediment, attributed to excess Fe oxides in sediments.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (Grant Nos.91644216 and 41575128)the CAS Information Technology Program (Grant No.XXH13506-302)Guangdong Provincial Science and Technology Development Special Fund (No.2017B020216007)
文摘Although quality assurance and quality control procedures are routinely applied in most air quality networks, outliers can still occur due to instrument malfunctions, the influence of harsh environments and the limitation of measuring methods. Such outliers pose challenges for data-powered applications such as data assimilation, statistical analysis of pollution characteristics and ensemble forecasting. Here, a fully automatic outlier detection method was developed based on the probability of residuals, which are the discrepancies between the observed and the estimated concentration values. The estimation can be conducted using filtering—or regressions when appropriate—to discriminate four types of outliers characterized by temporal and spatial inconsistency, instrument-induced low variances, periodic calibration exceptions, and less PM_(10) than PM_(2.5) in concentration observations, respectively. This probabilistic method was applied to detect all four types of outliers in hourly surface measurements of six pollutants(PM_(2.5), PM_(10),SO_2,NO_2,CO and O_3) from 1436 stations of the China National Environmental Monitoring Network during 2014-16. Among the measurements, 0.65%-5.68% are marked as outliers. with PM_(10) and CO more prone to outliers. Our method successfully identifies a trend of decreasing outliers from 2014 to 2016,which corresponds to known improvements in the quality assurance and quality control procedures of the China National Environmental Monitoring Network. The outliers can have a significant impact on the annual mean concentrations of PM_(2.5),with differences exceeding 10 μg m^(-3) at 66 sites.
基金The Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No.XDA05110201the National Basic Research Program(973 Program) of China under contract No.2010CB951901
文摘On the basis of more than 200-year control run, the performance of the climate system model of Chinese Academy of Sciences （CAS-ESM-C） in simulating the E1 Nifio-Southern Oscillation （ENSO） cycle is evalu- ated, including the onset, development and decay of the ENSO. It is shown that, the model can reasonably simulate the annual cycle and interannual variability of sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical Pacif- ic, as well as the seasonal phase-locking of the ENSO. The model also captures two prerequisites for the E1 Nino onset, i.e., a westerly anomaly and a warm SST anomaly in the equatorial western Pacific. Owing to too strong forcing from an extratropical meridional wind, however, the westerly anomaly in this region is largely overestimated. Moreover, the simulated thermocline is much shallower with a weaker slope. As a result, the warm SST anomaly from the western Pacific propagates eastward more quickly, leading to a faster develop- ment of an E1 Nino. During the decay stage, owing to a stronger E1Nino in the model, the secondary Gill-type response of the tropical atmosphere to the eastern Pacific warming is much stronger, thereby resulting in a persistent easterly anomaly in the western Pacific. Meanwhile, a cold anomaly in the warm pool appears as a result of a lifted thermocline via Ekman pumping. Finally, an E1 Nino decays into a La Nina through their interactions. In addition, the shorter period and larger amplitude of the ENSO in the model can be attribut- ed to a shallower thermocline in the equatorial Pacific, which speeds up the zonal redistribution of a heat content in the upper ocean.
