Climate conditions play a crucial role in the survival of mountain communities, whose survival already critically depends on socioeconomic factors. In the case of montane areas that are prone to natural haz-ards, such...Climate conditions play a crucial role in the survival of mountain communities, whose survival already critically depends on socioeconomic factors. In the case of montane areas that are prone to natural haz-ards, such as alpine slope failure and debris flows, climatic factors exert a major influence that should be considered when creating appropriate sustainable scenarios. In fact, it has been shown that climate change alters the availability of ecosystem services （ES）, thus increasing the risks of declining soil fertility and reduced water availability, as well as the loss of grassland, potential shifts in regulatory services （e.g., protection from natural hazards）, and cultural services. This study offers a preliminary discussion on a case study of a region in the Italian Alps that is experiencing increased extreme precipitation and erosion, and where an isolated and historically resilient community directly depends on a natural resource econ- omy. Preliminary results show that economic factors have influenced past population trends of the Novalesa community in the Piemonte Region in northwest Italy. However, the increasing number of rock fall and debris flow events, which are triggered by meteo-climatic factors, may further influence the livelihood and weflbeing of this community, and of other similar communities around the world, Therefore, environmental monitoring and data analysis will be important means of detecting trends in landscape and climate change and choosing appropriate planning options. Such analysis, in turn, would ensure the survival of about 10% of the global population, and would also represent a possibility for future economic development in critical areas prone to poverty conditions.展开更多
Based on the analysis of the morphology, order, cathodoluminescence and microelement of the calcite crystals in the pores of Upper Ordovician limestone in Tazhong oilfield of Tarim Basin, this paper suggest that the c...Based on the analysis of the morphology, order, cathodoluminescence and microelement of the calcite crystals in the pores of Upper Ordovician limestone in Tazhong oilfield of Tarim Basin, this paper suggest that the calcite crystals can divided 11 kinds of cements into three stages, and confirms their cementation sequence characteristics and formation environment. First stage of the cementation occurred on the bottom of the diagenetic environment, the product of which mainly are microcrystalline, fine shape, radiation fibrous, fasciculation, radiation axis shape calcites and a ball-like aragonite, whose filling pore is 0%–30%; the second one occurred in the atmospheric fresh water environment, with main cement types of crescent or pendulous shape, vadose silt, hyperplasia of coaxial, the filling pore of which is 5%–100%; the third one occurred in a burial environment, the crystals of which are bright and thick, mainly coarse sparry and poikilitic calcite, with filling pore of 5%–5%. In this paper, influence from each stage of cementation on porosity is analyzed, and pore evolution is established.展开更多
Generation of hydroxyl radicals(·OH)is the basis of advanced oxidation process(AOP).This study investigates the catalytic activity of microporous carbonaceous structure for in-situ generation of·OH radicals....Generation of hydroxyl radicals(·OH)is the basis of advanced oxidation process(AOP).This study investigates the catalytic activity of microporous carbonaceous structure for in-situ generation of·OH radicals.Biochar(BC)was selected as a representative of carbon materials with a graphitic structure.The work aims at assessing the impact of BC structure on the activation of H2O_(2),the reinforcement of the persistent free radicals(PFRs)in BC using heavy metal complexes,and the subsequent AOP.Accordingly,three different biochars(raw,chemically-and physiochemically-activated BCs)were used for adsorption of two metal ions(nickel and lead)and the degradation of phenol(100 mg/L)through AOP.The results demonstrated four outcomes:(1)The structure of carbon material,the identity and the quantity of the metal complexes in the structure play the key roles in the AOP process.(2)the quantity of PFRs on BC significantly increased(by 200%)with structural activation and metal loading.(3)Though the Pb-loaded BC contained a larger quantity of PFRs,Ni-loaded BC exhibited a higher catalytic activity.(4)The degradation efficiency values for phenol by modified biochar in the presence of H2O_(2) was 80.3%,while the removal efficiency was found to be 17%and 22%in the two control tests,with H2O_(2)(no BC)and with BC(no H2O_(2)),respectively.Overall,the work proposes a new approach for dual applications of carbonaceous structures;adsorption of metal ions and treatment of organic contaminants through in-situ chemical oxidation(ISCO).展开更多
The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus f...The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus forming omphacite lattice preferred orientation. In addition to creep dislocation, the omphacite ductile deformation may have other mechanisms, such as diffusion creep and grain boundary migration. 2. The main-phase deformation of eclogite is coaxial, but asymmetry strain also exists due to strain partitioning in the Dabie orogenic belt. 3. The twin measured by the universal stage is (100), indicating that omphacite high-T deformation was superimposed by low-T deformation. 4. Subgrain structure is common in omphacite, but the deformation features of the omphacites in the Shuanghe area and Bixiling area are different, the latter being dominated by dynamic recrystallization. 5. The Flinn plots show that the strain of omphacite belongs to the constriction ellipsoid and stretching strain, which is similar to the result of the omphacite fabric analysis.展开更多
Flood wave propagation modeling is of critical importance to advancing water resources management and protecting human life and property. In this study, we investigated how the advection-diffusion routing model perfor...Flood wave propagation modeling is of critical importance to advancing water resources management and protecting human life and property. In this study, we investigated how the advection-diffusion routing model performed in flood wave propagation on a 16 km long downstream section of the Big Piney River, MO. Model performance was based on gaging station data at the upstream and downstream cross sections. We demonstrated with advection-diffusion theory that for small differences in watershed drainage area between the two river cross sections, inflow along the reach mainly contributes to the downstream hydrograph＇s rising limb and not to the falling limb. The downstream hydrograph＇s falling limb is primarily determined by the propagated flood wave originating at the upstream cross section. This research suggests the parameter for the advectiondiffusion routing model can be calibrated by fitting the hydrograph falling limb. Application of the advection diffusion model to the flood wave of January 29, 2013 supports our theoretical finding that the propagated flood wave determines the downstream cross section falling limb, and the model has good performance in our test examples.展开更多
By detecting the influence of six main ingredients of PM2.5 mineral dusts on the A549 cell morphology, proliferation inhibition rate, micronuclei and DNA damage, to explore the genotoxicity of PM2.5 mineral dusts. (1)...By detecting the influence of six main ingredients of PM2.5 mineral dusts on the A549 cell morphology, proliferation inhibition rate, micronuclei and DNA damage, to explore the genotoxicity of PM2.5 mineral dusts. (1) After exposure to six kinds of dusts of 200 μg/mL concentration for 24 hours, the morphology of A549 cells were observed using Wright-Giemsa staining. (2) After exposure to different concentrations of mineral dusts for 24 hours, the proliferation inhibition rate of A549 cells was detected by MTT assay. (3) Cells were exposed to PM2.5 mineral dusts at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for 24 h. After Wright-Giemsa staining, the rates of micronucleus cells were counted under oil microscope. (4) Observe Comet phenomenon by SCGE electrophoresis, the degree of DNA damage was observed by OTM. (1) Compared to the control group, membrane destruction, nuclear pyknosis and mineral surface adhesion were mainly seen in the Sericite group and Albite group. In the Quartz group and Montmorillonite group, enlarged cell gaps, loosely arranged cells, absorption of a large number of minerals on the cell surface, and cell pyknosis were observed. (2) The proliferation inhibition rate of the six kinds of dusts to A549 cells were (from large to small): KWC-M>Nano-SiO2>KWC-S>KWC-Q>KWC-A>KWC-C.The dust concentration was positively related to the inhibition of cell proliferation rate. (3) With the dusts concentration increased, the incidence of micronuclei gradually increased. The rate was positively correlated to exposure concentration. (4) The six mineral dusts can damage DNA of the A549 cells by dose-response relationship.The higher concentration of the mineral dusts, the more obvious of the DNA damagenation. There’s statistically significant compared with the control group. The six main ingredients of the PM2.5 mineral dusts can change A549 cell morphology from varying degrees, improve proliferation inhibition rate of the cells, increase the number of micronuclei cells, damage DNA.Then we come to the conclusion that PM2.5 mineral dusts can change the genotoxicity of the cells.展开更多
The feasibility of the nitrous organic wastewater treated was studied in seven anaerobic sequencing batch reactors（ASBRs） （0^#-6^#） which had been run under stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）. By mean...The feasibility of the nitrous organic wastewater treated was studied in seven anaerobic sequencing batch reactors（ASBRs） （0^#-6^#） which had been run under stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）. By means of monitoring and data analysis of COD, NH4^#-N, NO2^--N, NO3^--N and pH, and of microbial test, the results revealed that the optimal Anammox performance was achieved from 2^# reactor in which COD/NH4^＋ -N was 1.65, Anammox bacteria and denitrification bacteria could coexist, and Anammox reaction and denitrification reaction could occur simultaneously in the reactors. The ratio of NH4^＋-N consumed ： NO2^- -N consumed ： NO3^- -N produced was 1：1.38：0.19 in 0^# reactor which was not added glucose in the wastewater. When different ratio of COD and NH4^＋-N was fed for the reactors, the ratio of NO2^- -N consumed： NH4^＋-N consumed was in the range of 1.51-2.29 and the ratio of NO;-N produced： NH4^＋ -N consumed in the range of 0 -0.05.展开更多
Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminan...Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminants is high. This new design of groundwater sampling device involves a glass sampling bottle with a Teflon-lined valve at each end. A cleaned and dried sampling bottle was connected to a low flow-rate peristaltic pump with Teflon tubing and was filled with water. No headspace volume was remained in the sampling bottle. The sample bottle was then packed in a PVC bag to prevent the target component from infiltrating into the water sample through the valves. In this study, groundwater was sampled at six wells using both the conventional method and the improved method. The analysis of trichlorofluoromethane（ CFC-11 ） concentrations at these six wells indicates that all the groundwater samples obtained by the conventional sampling method were contaminated by CFC-11 from the atmosphere. The improved sampling method greatly eliminated the problems of contamination, preservation and quantitative analysis of natural water.展开更多
Study on 3D terrain visualization is a hot research topic in GIS, virtual reality, computer graphics, digital photogrammetry and other fields, is also an important part of the digital earth strategy. Try to take advan...Study on 3D terrain visualization is a hot research topic in GIS, virtual reality, computer graphics, digital photogrammetry and other fields, is also an important part of the digital earth strategy. Try to take advantage of IDL data processing and graphic display function and ArcEngine spatial analysis function, in the Visual c# under the environment of hybrid programming mechanism, use of component design and development of integrated development technologies analysis of terrain visualization application operating environment, realized the 3D digital terrain expression and spatial analysis function. The results show that the IDL and ArcEngine integrated development method applied to the 3D terrain visualization analysis software platform developed operability and extension force with strong, both in terms of space efficiency and image data analysis , development costs advantages.展开更多
With the extensive mining and application of lanthanides in China and worldwide, the potential impact of lanthanides on human health is gaining increasing attentions. The recent etiological association of gadolinium-b...With the extensive mining and application of lanthanides in China and worldwide, the potential impact of lanthanides on human health is gaining increasing attentions. The recent etiological association of gadolinium-based contrast agents with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) evoked widespread concerns regarding the safety issue of lanthanides. The elucidation of the cellular biological effects of and the signalling cascade induced lanthanides is essential for proper evaluation of their health impacts.展开更多
Heap leaching is a promising, less costly, alternative technology for processing low grade gold ores compared with traditional, energy intensive processes (e.g. autoclave/tank leaching). This research investigated the...Heap leaching is a promising, less costly, alternative technology for processing low grade gold ores compared with traditional, energy intensive processes (e.g. autoclave/tank leaching). This research investigated the effectiveness of lime for enhancing gold leaching rates of gold ores from ajialongwa gold mine in china. Column and heaping experiments were performed using cyanide leaching solutions at pH=10, with and without lime (CaO). The presence of lime greatly increased gold leaching rates. Column leaching experiments showed without the addition of lime, there was 35.2% of gold leached. The addition of lime resulted in the release of 50.56% gold. Lime assisted cyanide of refractory gold was proved by heap leaching experiments.展开更多
Tooeleite Fe6(AsO3)4SO4(OH)4·4H2O is a ferric arsenite sulfate mineral only found in acid mine drainage at present, which has environmental significance for arsenic remediation because of its high stability in th...Tooeleite Fe6(AsO3)4SO4(OH)4·4H2O is a ferric arsenite sulfate mineral only found in acid mine drainage at present, which has environmental significance for arsenic remediation because of its high stability in the regolith. The authors synthesized tooleite using temperature-constant water batch reactor, and for the first time studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD result indicates tooeleite can form more crystalline solids in an acid environment than in an alkaline environment; the characteristic peak at FTIR of 770 cm-1is attributed to stretch vibration of As-O; the characteristic peaks at Raman of 663, 609, 512, 455 and 365 cm-1are attributed to the stretch vibration of As-OH (ν3), asymmetric stretch vibration (ν5), asymmetric bending vibration (ν4) of AsO33- and bending vibration of O-As-O; the incongruent dissolution occurs when PH of solution is higher than 3. Low Ph environmental benefits for formation of more high crystalline tooeleite. The batch experiment determined for the first time the solubility product (Ksp) and the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction, which are 107.7 and-3605 kJ/mol, respectively.展开更多
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O, HH) is one of the three most commonly phases of gypsum observed in natural precipitates. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate whisker is a kind of fibriform single crystal with t...Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O, HH) is one of the three most commonly phases of gypsum observed in natural precipitates. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate whisker is a kind of fibriform single crystal with the mean diameter of 1-3 μm and the mean aspect ratio of 30–80. HH whisker was the most promising reinforcement seemed to be calcium sulfate-based due to its high intensity, high corrosion-resistance, good thermal stability, non-poisonous and low price. Thus, HH whiskers combine both reinforcement and low price, may be both effective in improving mechanical performance and extending application area.展开更多
This article describes the characteristics of natural dusts, artificial dusts and industrial dusts, such as mineral phases, chemical components, morphological observation and size. Quartz and calcite are the main phas...This article describes the characteristics of natural dusts, artificial dusts and industrial dusts, such as mineral phases, chemical components, morphological observation and size. Quartz and calcite are the main phases of natural dusts and industrial dusts with high SiO2, CaO and low K2O, Na2O on the chemical composition. Natural dusts are mainly irregular shaped and some particle aggregation made of small dusts on the surface of large dust. Industrial dusts are globular and blob-like, but artificial dusts are columnar and fibrous. The fine particles are mainly in the range of 0.3-5 μm,of which the dusts of less than 5 μm are over 99%.The dissolution and electrochemical action of dusts in glutamic acid liquor at the simulated human body temperature (37 ℃) in 32 hours were investigated. The changes of pH values and electric conductivity of those dusts were similar, increased slowly in first 8 hours, and then the pH values increased rapidly. The total amount of dissolved ions of K, Ca, Na, Mg was 35.4-429 mg/L, particularly Ca was maximal of 20-334 mg/L. The total amount of dissolved ions of Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Ba was 0.18-5.59 ppm and the Al, Si was 3.0-21.7 mg/L. Each element dissolved rapidly relatively in first 16 hours. The relative solubility order of dusts in glutamic acid are: wollastonite > serpentine > sepiolite, the cement plant industrial dusts > power plant industrial dusts, and natural dusts have similar solubility. The wollastonite and power plant industrial dusts have highest solubility, which have high content of CaO; this shows there are a poorer corrosion-resisting ability and lower bio-resistibility. Sepiolite and cement plant industrial dusts have lowest solubility, which have high content of SiO2; this shows there are a higher corrosion-resisting ability and stronger bio-resistibility.展开更多
Air sparging is a remedial method for groundwater. The remedial region is similar to the air flow region in the saturated zone. If soil particles are transported during air sparging, the porosity distributions in the ...Air sparging is a remedial method for groundwater. The remedial region is similar to the air flow region in the saturated zone. If soil particles are transported during air sparging, the porosity distributions in the saturated zone change, which may alter the flow path of the air. To understand better the particle movement, this study performed a sandbox test to estimate the soil porosity change during air sparging. A clear fracture was formed and the phenomenon of particle movement was observed when the air injection was started. The moved sand filled the porous around the fracture and the reparked sand filled the fracture, reducing the porosity around the fracture. The results obtained from the photographs of the sandbox, the current measurements and the direct sand sample measurements were close to each other and are credible. Therefore, air injection during air sparging causes sand particle movement of sand, altering the characteristic of the sand matrix and the air distribution.展开更多
The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medi...The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medical waste incinerator and hazardous waste incinerator, were compared. Experimental design was used to investigate the homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs and distribution of the toxic congeners in fly ash from incinerator after thermal treatment promoted by alcohol amines. The effect of ethanolamine (MEA) on the hydrodechlorination reaction of polychlorinated aromatics pollutants on fly ash from solid waste incinerator was carried out, and the three ashes clearly showed different degradation potentials for PCDD/F during thermal treatment. Results from the present study indicate that (1) the concentration of alkaline species and metals strongly influenced the degradation of PCDD/F; (2) after addition of 8% MEA, the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs in fly ash were significantly lower than those obtained without MEA. 49%–71% of PCDD/Fs in TEQ was removed from different types of ash at 250℃ with 8% MEA; (3) the destruction and dechlorination are major mechanism for PCDD/Fs degradation.展开更多
To research the structure radiation stability of simulated Gd2Zr2O7-pyrochlore glass-ceramic wasteforms Nd3+, Ce4+ were selected as the simulated nuclide of An3+ and An4+ radionuclides respectively. A series of compou...To research the structure radiation stability of simulated Gd2Zr2O7-pyrochlore glass-ceramic wasteforms Nd3+, Ce4+ were selected as the simulated nuclide of An3+ and An4+ radionuclides respectively. A series of compounds with the general formula Gd2-xNdxZr2-xCexO7 (0.0≤ x ≤2.0) were prepared by High-temperature sintering method at 1623 K for 48 h in air atmosphere. The heavy-ion irradiation experiments were done at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The structure and microscopic morphology of Gd2-xNdxZr2-xCexO7 (0.0≤ x ≤2.0) glass-ceramic wasteforms before and after irradiation experiments were investigated by the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.展开更多
Detect the change of the Expression of oncoprotein on the Chinese hamster lung cells (V79 cells) which effect with two main district of China and four alternative chrysotile fiber to investigate the factors of lung ca...Detect the change of the Expression of oncoprotein on the Chinese hamster lung cells (V79 cells) which effect with two main district of China and four alternative chrysotile fiber to investigate the factors of lung cancer. V79 cells were exposed to the suspension of Chrysotile and its substitute with different powder content, the survival rate of cells was monitored by MTT. After 48 h, the location, distribution and expression of Survivin, Cap43, Bcl-2, p16 and p53 in V79 cell were examined by immunohistochemistry and compared. In the six kinds of powder, the inhibition of rockwool on the growth of cells was weakest, the inhibition of Chrysotile from Xinkang Sichuan and Southern Shanxi on the growth of cells was strongest. Chrysotile from Xinkang Sichuan, Chrysotile from Southern Shanxi, glass fiber, ceramic fiber, rockwool and wollastonite had a certain influence on the survival rate of V79 cells. As the concentration of powder increased the survival rate of cells decreased, which showed dose-effect relationship. The expression of Survivin, Cap43 and Bcl-2 was upregulated and the expression of P16 and P53 was downregulated in V79 cells, which was obviously in the powder suspension of Chrysotile from Southern Shanxi and Xinkang Sichuan and glass fiber. The expression was mainly in cytoplasm. The influence of different kind of powder on the cells differed in degree. Chrysotile and its substitute can induce the development of cancer by upregulating the expression of Survivin, Cap43 and Bcl-2 and downregulating the expression of p16 and p53.展开更多
Water safety plan as conceived by WHO can lead to prevention of pollution in each component of water supply chain which leads to ensuring safe drinking water. Risk assessment is one of the key components during the de...Water safety plan as conceived by WHO can lead to prevention of pollution in each component of water supply chain which leads to ensuring safe drinking water. Risk assessment is one of the key components during the development of water safety plan, achieved by identifying hazardous events and estimating their risk towards implementing control measures. This study reports the risk assessment from catchment to consumers in Maiduguri water treatment plant in Northeast Nigeria. Tools such as the field visits, key informant interviews, questionnaire and water quality monitoring were used to identify the hazards and estimate their risk using semi-quantitative matrix. With the existing control measures, the study showed a total of 33 hazardous events;5 in catchment, 16 in treatment plant, 6 in distribution system and 6 at consumers’ points. The risk score indicated 6 are of medium risk and 9 of high risk. Catchment activities, upgrade of treatment facilities and lack of routine maintenance in the treatment plant, pipeline damages in distribution lines, and consumers’ lack of hygiene knowledge and awareness were found to be the major contributory factors which affect the desired quality. Therefore participation and commitment by all relevant stakeholders are fundamental requisite to manage the identified health risks.展开更多
Hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters for flow and transport related phenomena in soil and also a criterion for measuring soil ability to transfer water. There is concern arising from the suit...Hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters for flow and transport related phenomena in soil and also a criterion for measuring soil ability to transfer water. There is concern arising from the suitability, efficiency and ease of the different measuring methods use under different land management practices. The purpose of this paper is to determine and evaluate soil hydraulic conductivity under different land management practices which include forest land (teak and Melina plantation), grassland and maize cultivated land using the constant head method. The measurement is at different depth of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 25 cm, 25 - 50 cm, 50 - 75 cm. The limited means of each land use were used to compare the result obtained through statistical means. All tests were carried out using SPSS at a significance level of 0.05. An ANOVA test was conducted to check if each of the land use is significantly different. The soil in forest zone (Teak plantation and Gmalina plantation) had a significantly high bulk density as 1.7533 cm<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 1.6967 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm compared to the low bulk density in the grass, maize cultivated land as 1.5000 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 1.4833 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm. However, soil hydraulic conductivity was significantly high in the grass site or soil at the surface with 2.8833 cm·h</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Results obtained from the different land use serve as Knowledge of variability of soil that can assist in defining the best strategies for sustainable soil management through the provision of vital information for estimating soil susceptibility to erosion, hydrological modelling and efficient planning of irrigation projects.</span>展开更多
基金supported by the China 111 Project (B17005)the financial support received by the Parthenope University of Napoli under ‘‘Bando di sostegno alla ricerca individuale per il triennio 2015–2017."partly supported by the U.S.–Italy Fulbright Commission and Parthenope University through a Fulbright Scholar grant to Theodore Endreny
文摘Climate conditions play a crucial role in the survival of mountain communities, whose survival already critically depends on socioeconomic factors. In the case of montane areas that are prone to natural haz-ards, such as alpine slope failure and debris flows, climatic factors exert a major influence that should be considered when creating appropriate sustainable scenarios. In fact, it has been shown that climate change alters the availability of ecosystem services （ES）, thus increasing the risks of declining soil fertility and reduced water availability, as well as the loss of grassland, potential shifts in regulatory services （e.g., protection from natural hazards）, and cultural services. This study offers a preliminary discussion on a case study of a region in the Italian Alps that is experiencing increased extreme precipitation and erosion, and where an isolated and historically resilient community directly depends on a natural resource econ- omy. Preliminary results show that economic factors have influenced past population trends of the Novalesa community in the Piemonte Region in northwest Italy. However, the increasing number of rock fall and debris flow events, which are triggered by meteo-climatic factors, may further influence the livelihood and weflbeing of this community, and of other similar communities around the world, Therefore, environmental monitoring and data analysis will be important means of detecting trends in landscape and climate change and choosing appropriate planning options. Such analysis, in turn, would ensure the survival of about 10% of the global population, and would also represent a possibility for future economic development in critical areas prone to poverty conditions.
基金Supported by Twelfth Five-Year Major National Science and Technology Projects of China (No.011ZX05004-004)
文摘Based on the analysis of the morphology, order, cathodoluminescence and microelement of the calcite crystals in the pores of Upper Ordovician limestone in Tazhong oilfield of Tarim Basin, this paper suggest that the calcite crystals can divided 11 kinds of cements into three stages, and confirms their cementation sequence characteristics and formation environment. First stage of the cementation occurred on the bottom of the diagenetic environment, the product of which mainly are microcrystalline, fine shape, radiation fibrous, fasciculation, radiation axis shape calcites and a ball-like aragonite, whose filling pore is 0%–30%; the second one occurred in the atmospheric fresh water environment, with main cement types of crescent or pendulous shape, vadose silt, hyperplasia of coaxial, the filling pore of which is 5%–100%; the third one occurred in a burial environment, the crystals of which are bright and thick, mainly coarse sparry and poikilitic calcite, with filling pore of 5%–5%. In this paper, influence from each stage of cementation on porosity is analyzed, and pore evolution is established.
基金the financial support of the National Science Foundation(NSF EPSCoR RII Grant No.OIA-1632899)。
文摘Generation of hydroxyl radicals(·OH)is the basis of advanced oxidation process(AOP).This study investigates the catalytic activity of microporous carbonaceous structure for in-situ generation of·OH radicals.Biochar(BC)was selected as a representative of carbon materials with a graphitic structure.The work aims at assessing the impact of BC structure on the activation of H2O_(2),the reinforcement of the persistent free radicals(PFRs)in BC using heavy metal complexes,and the subsequent AOP.Accordingly,three different biochars(raw,chemically-and physiochemically-activated BCs)were used for adsorption of two metal ions(nickel and lead)and the degradation of phenol(100 mg/L)through AOP.The results demonstrated four outcomes:(1)The structure of carbon material,the identity and the quantity of the metal complexes in the structure play the key roles in the AOP process.(2)the quantity of PFRs on BC significantly increased(by 200%)with structural activation and metal loading.(3)Though the Pb-loaded BC contained a larger quantity of PFRs,Ni-loaded BC exhibited a higher catalytic activity.(4)The degradation efficiency values for phenol by modified biochar in the presence of H2O_(2) was 80.3%,while the removal efficiency was found to be 17%and 22%in the two control tests,with H2O_(2)(no BC)and with BC(no H2O_(2)),respectively.Overall,the work proposes a new approach for dual applications of carbonaceous structures;adsorption of metal ions and treatment of organic contaminants through in-situ chemical oxidation(ISCO).
文摘The rheological characters of omphacites in Dabie ultra-high-pressure eclogite have been studied in terms of fabric, dislocation and micro-structures. 1. The eclogite has undergone high-temperature deformation, thus forming omphacite lattice preferred orientation. In addition to creep dislocation, the omphacite ductile deformation may have other mechanisms, such as diffusion creep and grain boundary migration. 2. The main-phase deformation of eclogite is coaxial, but asymmetry strain also exists due to strain partitioning in the Dabie orogenic belt. 3. The twin measured by the universal stage is (100), indicating that omphacite high-T deformation was superimposed by low-T deformation. 4. Subgrain structure is common in omphacite, but the deformation features of the omphacites in the Shuanghe area and Bixiling area are different, the latter being dominated by dynamic recrystallization. 5. The Flinn plots show that the strain of omphacite belongs to the constriction ellipsoid and stretching strain, which is similar to the result of the omphacite fabric analysis.
基金supported by funding from the USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station iTree Spatial Simulation (No. PL-5937)the National Urban and Community Forest Advisory Council iT ree Tool (No. 11-DG-11132544340)The SUNY ESF Department of Environmental Resources Engineering provided computing facilities and logistical support
文摘Flood wave propagation modeling is of critical importance to advancing water resources management and protecting human life and property. In this study, we investigated how the advection-diffusion routing model performed in flood wave propagation on a 16 km long downstream section of the Big Piney River, MO. Model performance was based on gaging station data at the upstream and downstream cross sections. We demonstrated with advection-diffusion theory that for small differences in watershed drainage area between the two river cross sections, inflow along the reach mainly contributes to the downstream hydrograph＇s rising limb and not to the falling limb. The downstream hydrograph＇s falling limb is primarily determined by the propagated flood wave originating at the upstream cross section. This research suggests the parameter for the advectiondiffusion routing model can be calibrated by fitting the hydrograph falling limb. Application of the advection diffusion model to the flood wave of January 29, 2013 supports our theoretical finding that the propagated flood wave determines the downstream cross section falling limb, and the model has good performance in our test examples.
基金Project supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No.41130746)
文摘By detecting the influence of six main ingredients of PM2.5 mineral dusts on the A549 cell morphology, proliferation inhibition rate, micronuclei and DNA damage, to explore the genotoxicity of PM2.5 mineral dusts. (1) After exposure to six kinds of dusts of 200 μg/mL concentration for 24 hours, the morphology of A549 cells were observed using Wright-Giemsa staining. (2) After exposure to different concentrations of mineral dusts for 24 hours, the proliferation inhibition rate of A549 cells was detected by MTT assay. (3) Cells were exposed to PM2.5 mineral dusts at a concentration of 200 μg/mL for 24 h. After Wright-Giemsa staining, the rates of micronucleus cells were counted under oil microscope. (4) Observe Comet phenomenon by SCGE electrophoresis, the degree of DNA damage was observed by OTM. (1) Compared to the control group, membrane destruction, nuclear pyknosis and mineral surface adhesion were mainly seen in the Sericite group and Albite group. In the Quartz group and Montmorillonite group, enlarged cell gaps, loosely arranged cells, absorption of a large number of minerals on the cell surface, and cell pyknosis were observed. (2) The proliferation inhibition rate of the six kinds of dusts to A549 cells were (from large to small): KWC-M>Nano-SiO2>KWC-S>KWC-Q>KWC-A>KWC-C.The dust concentration was positively related to the inhibition of cell proliferation rate. (3) With the dusts concentration increased, the incidence of micronuclei gradually increased. The rate was positively correlated to exposure concentration. (4) The six mineral dusts can damage DNA of the A549 cells by dose-response relationship.The higher concentration of the mineral dusts, the more obvious of the DNA damagenation. There’s statistically significant compared with the control group. The six main ingredients of the PM2.5 mineral dusts can change A549 cell morphology from varying degrees, improve proliferation inhibition rate of the cells, increase the number of micronuclei cells, damage DNA.Then we come to the conclusion that PM2.5 mineral dusts can change the genotoxicity of the cells.
文摘The feasibility of the nitrous organic wastewater treated was studied in seven anaerobic sequencing batch reactors（ASBRs） （0^#-6^#） which had been run under stable anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox）. By means of monitoring and data analysis of COD, NH4^#-N, NO2^--N, NO3^--N and pH, and of microbial test, the results revealed that the optimal Anammox performance was achieved from 2^# reactor in which COD/NH4^＋ -N was 1.65, Anammox bacteria and denitrification bacteria could coexist, and Anammox reaction and denitrification reaction could occur simultaneously in the reactors. The ratio of NH4^＋-N consumed ： NO2^- -N consumed ： NO3^- -N produced was 1：1.38：0.19 in 0^# reactor which was not added glucose in the wastewater. When different ratio of COD and NH4^＋-N was fed for the reactors, the ratio of NO2^- -N consumed： NH4^＋-N consumed was in the range of 1.51-2.29 and the ratio of NO;-N produced： NH4^＋ -N consumed in the range of 0 -0.05.
文摘Compounds in the atmosphere contaminate samples of groundwater. An inexpensive and simple method for collecting groundwater samples is developed to prevent contamination when the background concentration of contaminants is high. This new design of groundwater sampling device involves a glass sampling bottle with a Teflon-lined valve at each end. A cleaned and dried sampling bottle was connected to a low flow-rate peristaltic pump with Teflon tubing and was filled with water. No headspace volume was remained in the sampling bottle. The sample bottle was then packed in a PVC bag to prevent the target component from infiltrating into the water sample through the valves. In this study, groundwater was sampled at six wells using both the conventional method and the improved method. The analysis of trichlorofluoromethane（ CFC-11 ） concentrations at these six wells indicates that all the groundwater samples obtained by the conventional sampling method were contaminated by CFC-11 from the atmosphere. The improved sampling method greatly eliminated the problems of contamination, preservation and quantitative analysis of natural water.
文摘Study on 3D terrain visualization is a hot research topic in GIS, virtual reality, computer graphics, digital photogrammetry and other fields, is also an important part of the digital earth strategy. Try to take advantage of IDL data processing and graphic display function and ArcEngine spatial analysis function, in the Visual c# under the environment of hybrid programming mechanism, use of component design and development of integrated development technologies analysis of terrain visualization application operating environment, realized the 3D digital terrain expression and spatial analysis function. The results show that the IDL and ArcEngine integrated development method applied to the 3D terrain visualization analysis software platform developed operability and extension force with strong, both in terms of space efficiency and image data analysis , development costs advantages.
文摘With the extensive mining and application of lanthanides in China and worldwide, the potential impact of lanthanides on human health is gaining increasing attentions. The recent etiological association of gadolinium-based contrast agents with nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) evoked widespread concerns regarding the safety issue of lanthanides. The elucidation of the cellular biological effects of and the signalling cascade induced lanthanides is essential for proper evaluation of their health impacts.
文摘Heap leaching is a promising, less costly, alternative technology for processing low grade gold ores compared with traditional, energy intensive processes (e.g. autoclave/tank leaching). This research investigated the effectiveness of lime for enhancing gold leaching rates of gold ores from ajialongwa gold mine in china. Column and heaping experiments were performed using cyanide leaching solutions at pH=10, with and without lime (CaO). The presence of lime greatly increased gold leaching rates. Column leaching experiments showed without the addition of lime, there was 35.2% of gold leached. The addition of lime resulted in the release of 50.56% gold. Lime assisted cyanide of refractory gold was proved by heap leaching experiments.
文摘Tooeleite Fe6(AsO3)4SO4(OH)4·4H2O is a ferric arsenite sulfate mineral only found in acid mine drainage at present, which has environmental significance for arsenic remediation because of its high stability in the regolith. The authors synthesized tooleite using temperature-constant water batch reactor, and for the first time studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopy. The XRD result indicates tooeleite can form more crystalline solids in an acid environment than in an alkaline environment; the characteristic peak at FTIR of 770 cm-1is attributed to stretch vibration of As-O; the characteristic peaks at Raman of 663, 609, 512, 455 and 365 cm-1are attributed to the stretch vibration of As-OH (ν3), asymmetric stretch vibration (ν5), asymmetric bending vibration (ν4) of AsO33- and bending vibration of O-As-O; the incongruent dissolution occurs when PH of solution is higher than 3. Low Ph environmental benefits for formation of more high crystalline tooeleite. The batch experiment determined for the first time the solubility product (Ksp) and the standard Gibbs free energy of the reaction, which are 107.7 and-3605 kJ/mol, respectively.
文摘Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CaSO4·0.5H2O, HH) is one of the three most commonly phases of gypsum observed in natural precipitates. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate whisker is a kind of fibriform single crystal with the mean diameter of 1-3 μm and the mean aspect ratio of 30–80. HH whisker was the most promising reinforcement seemed to be calcium sulfate-based due to its high intensity, high corrosion-resistance, good thermal stability, non-poisonous and low price. Thus, HH whiskers combine both reinforcement and low price, may be both effective in improving mechanical performance and extending application area.
基金Project supported by National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 41130746).
文摘This article describes the characteristics of natural dusts, artificial dusts and industrial dusts, such as mineral phases, chemical components, morphological observation and size. Quartz and calcite are the main phases of natural dusts and industrial dusts with high SiO2, CaO and low K2O, Na2O on the chemical composition. Natural dusts are mainly irregular shaped and some particle aggregation made of small dusts on the surface of large dust. Industrial dusts are globular and blob-like, but artificial dusts are columnar and fibrous. The fine particles are mainly in the range of 0.3-5 μm,of which the dusts of less than 5 μm are over 99%.The dissolution and electrochemical action of dusts in glutamic acid liquor at the simulated human body temperature (37 ℃) in 32 hours were investigated. The changes of pH values and electric conductivity of those dusts were similar, increased slowly in first 8 hours, and then the pH values increased rapidly. The total amount of dissolved ions of K, Ca, Na, Mg was 35.4-429 mg/L, particularly Ca was maximal of 20-334 mg/L. The total amount of dissolved ions of Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Ba was 0.18-5.59 ppm and the Al, Si was 3.0-21.7 mg/L. Each element dissolved rapidly relatively in first 16 hours. The relative solubility order of dusts in glutamic acid are: wollastonite > serpentine > sepiolite, the cement plant industrial dusts > power plant industrial dusts, and natural dusts have similar solubility. The wollastonite and power plant industrial dusts have highest solubility, which have high content of CaO; this shows there are a poorer corrosion-resisting ability and lower bio-resistibility. Sepiolite and cement plant industrial dusts have lowest solubility, which have high content of SiO2; this shows there are a higher corrosion-resisting ability and stronger bio-resistibility.
文摘Air sparging is a remedial method for groundwater. The remedial region is similar to the air flow region in the saturated zone. If soil particles are transported during air sparging, the porosity distributions in the saturated zone change, which may alter the flow path of the air. To understand better the particle movement, this study performed a sandbox test to estimate the soil porosity change during air sparging. A clear fracture was formed and the phenomenon of particle movement was observed when the air injection was started. The moved sand filled the porous around the fracture and the reparked sand filled the fracture, reducing the porosity around the fracture. The results obtained from the photographs of the sandbox, the current measurements and the direct sand sample measurements were close to each other and are credible. Therefore, air injection during air sparging causes sand particle movement of sand, altering the characteristic of the sand matrix and the air distribution.
文摘The low-temperature thermal treatment to degrade PCDD/Fs contained in fly ash was promoted by alcohol amines in a closed system. Three types of fly ash collected separately from municipal solid waste incinerator, medical waste incinerator and hazardous waste incinerator, were compared. Experimental design was used to investigate the homologue patterns of PCDD/Fs and distribution of the toxic congeners in fly ash from incinerator after thermal treatment promoted by alcohol amines. The effect of ethanolamine (MEA) on the hydrodechlorination reaction of polychlorinated aromatics pollutants on fly ash from solid waste incinerator was carried out, and the three ashes clearly showed different degradation potentials for PCDD/F during thermal treatment. Results from the present study indicate that (1) the concentration of alkaline species and metals strongly influenced the degradation of PCDD/F; (2) after addition of 8% MEA, the toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values of PCDD/Fs in fly ash were significantly lower than those obtained without MEA. 49%–71% of PCDD/Fs in TEQ was removed from different types of ash at 250℃ with 8% MEA; (3) the destruction and dechlorination are major mechanism for PCDD/Fs degradation.
文摘To research the structure radiation stability of simulated Gd2Zr2O7-pyrochlore glass-ceramic wasteforms Nd3+, Ce4+ were selected as the simulated nuclide of An3+ and An4+ radionuclides respectively. A series of compounds with the general formula Gd2-xNdxZr2-xCexO7 (0.0≤ x ≤2.0) were prepared by High-temperature sintering method at 1623 K for 48 h in air atmosphere. The heavy-ion irradiation experiments were done at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The structure and microscopic morphology of Gd2-xNdxZr2-xCexO7 (0.0≤ x ≤2.0) glass-ceramic wasteforms before and after irradiation experiments were investigated by the X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
基金Project supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No. 41130746)
文摘Detect the change of the Expression of oncoprotein on the Chinese hamster lung cells (V79 cells) which effect with two main district of China and four alternative chrysotile fiber to investigate the factors of lung cancer. V79 cells were exposed to the suspension of Chrysotile and its substitute with different powder content, the survival rate of cells was monitored by MTT. After 48 h, the location, distribution and expression of Survivin, Cap43, Bcl-2, p16 and p53 in V79 cell were examined by immunohistochemistry and compared. In the six kinds of powder, the inhibition of rockwool on the growth of cells was weakest, the inhibition of Chrysotile from Xinkang Sichuan and Southern Shanxi on the growth of cells was strongest. Chrysotile from Xinkang Sichuan, Chrysotile from Southern Shanxi, glass fiber, ceramic fiber, rockwool and wollastonite had a certain influence on the survival rate of V79 cells. As the concentration of powder increased the survival rate of cells decreased, which showed dose-effect relationship. The expression of Survivin, Cap43 and Bcl-2 was upregulated and the expression of P16 and P53 was downregulated in V79 cells, which was obviously in the powder suspension of Chrysotile from Southern Shanxi and Xinkang Sichuan and glass fiber. The expression was mainly in cytoplasm. The influence of different kind of powder on the cells differed in degree. Chrysotile and its substitute can induce the development of cancer by upregulating the expression of Survivin, Cap43 and Bcl-2 and downregulating the expression of p16 and p53.
文摘Water safety plan as conceived by WHO can lead to prevention of pollution in each component of water supply chain which leads to ensuring safe drinking water. Risk assessment is one of the key components during the development of water safety plan, achieved by identifying hazardous events and estimating their risk towards implementing control measures. This study reports the risk assessment from catchment to consumers in Maiduguri water treatment plant in Northeast Nigeria. Tools such as the field visits, key informant interviews, questionnaire and water quality monitoring were used to identify the hazards and estimate their risk using semi-quantitative matrix. With the existing control measures, the study showed a total of 33 hazardous events;5 in catchment, 16 in treatment plant, 6 in distribution system and 6 at consumers’ points. The risk score indicated 6 are of medium risk and 9 of high risk. Catchment activities, upgrade of treatment facilities and lack of routine maintenance in the treatment plant, pipeline damages in distribution lines, and consumers’ lack of hygiene knowledge and awareness were found to be the major contributory factors which affect the desired quality. Therefore participation and commitment by all relevant stakeholders are fundamental requisite to manage the identified health risks.
文摘Hydraulic conductivity is one of the most important parameters for flow and transport related phenomena in soil and also a criterion for measuring soil ability to transfer water. There is concern arising from the suitability, efficiency and ease of the different measuring methods use under different land management practices. The purpose of this paper is to determine and evaluate soil hydraulic conductivity under different land management practices which include forest land (teak and Melina plantation), grassland and maize cultivated land using the constant head method. The measurement is at different depth of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 25 cm, 25 - 50 cm, 50 - 75 cm. The limited means of each land use were used to compare the result obtained through statistical means. All tests were carried out using SPSS at a significance level of 0.05. An ANOVA test was conducted to check if each of the land use is significantly different. The soil in forest zone (Teak plantation and Gmalina plantation) had a significantly high bulk density as 1.7533 cm<sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 1.6967 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm compared to the low bulk density in the grass, maize cultivated land as 1.5000 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> and 1.4833 cm</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-3</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> respectively at depth 50 - 75 cm. However, soil hydraulic conductivity was significantly high in the grass site or soil at the surface with 2.8833 cm·h</span><sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">-1</span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;">. Results obtained from the different land use serve as Knowledge of variability of soil that can assist in defining the best strategies for sustainable soil management through the provision of vital information for estimating soil susceptibility to erosion, hydrological modelling and efficient planning of irrigation projects.</span>
