In order to assess the quality of the Aqaba Gulf coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, and consequently for the national income, four field campaigns were annually carried out during the period from ...In order to assess the quality of the Aqaba Gulf coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, and consequently for the national income, four field campaigns were annually carried out during the period from 2011-2013 to monitor hydrographic variables, i.e. temperature, salinity, pH, etc., nutrients, some heavy metals, i.e. iron, lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, etc. in addition to petroleum hydrocarbons. Except for the area of Sharm El-Sheikh Harbor, the results for the density, composition, and distributions of beach litter cleared out that the Egyptian shoreline of the Aqaba Gulf is relatively not affected by man-made litter. The area of Sharm El-Sheikh Harbor was subjected to many factors which undoubtedly affected the rate of man-made litter ac-cumulation, especially, oil contamination (oil and old or new tar) which is a good es-timator of levels of oil contamination and an effective means of evaluating the poten-tial threat of oil on coastal resources. The results of the present study cleared out also that water temperature followed seasonal changes in air temperature. Aqaba Gulf water is characterized by its high salinity and the presence of well oxygenated waters. Minor changes in the distribution of pH, BOD, DOM and COD, revealed limited effects of human impacts. Low levels of Chl-a and TSM concentrations and high transparency revealed also negligible effects for human impacts. Significantly higher sea water temperatures, TSM, DO, BOD, DOM, COD, NH<sub>4</sub>, NO2, PO<sub>4</sub> and TP were observed in summer season compared to their corresponding values in winter season. On contrast, higher values of chlorophyll-a, NO2, TN, and SiO<sub>4</sub> were observed in winter compared to summer season. Based on the mean annual values, Aqaba Gulf coastal waters are classified as oligotrophic to mesotrophic state. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms followed the following order: NH<sub>4</sub>= NO<sub>3</sub>>NO2. In general, the majority of TN in winter was in the form of organic-N (96.3%) compared to 91.7% in summer season. On the meantime, TP exhibited more or less comparable organic-P percentage in summer (86.2%) and winter (81.2%) seasons. Moreover, the DIN/DIP ratio showed relatively higher values in winter season (14.2:1) compared to summer season (12.4:1). This indicates high nitrogen concentrations in comparison with that of phosphorous in winter;yet it reflects the generally lower nutrient levels present in the coastal waters of the Aqaba Gulf due to the lack of significant nutrient input or oceanic upwelling. Concentrations of heavy metals were relatively low signifying that Aqaba Gulf Coastal waters are not yet seriously threatened in spite of the rapid recreational and human developments that are considered a challenge to the safety and viability of Aqaba Gulf marine environment. Furthermore, concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were significantly higher in summer than in winter that are mainly attributed to the increase in the levels of oil pollution that most probably re-sulted from the increase in accidental, deliberate or operational discharges and spills of oil from ships. In general, the maximum concentration was much lower than the harmful concentrations reported for seawater. A stepwise multiple linear regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and principle component analysis (PCA) were applied.展开更多
Sugarcane is one of the major important sugar yielding crops in Bangladesh.As an exhaustive crop,sugarcane removes a huge amount of plant nutrients from the soil.However,the combined use of organic and inorganic ferti...Sugarcane is one of the major important sugar yielding crops in Bangladesh.As an exhaustive crop,sugarcane removes a huge amount of plant nutrients from the soil.However,the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can be a good approach to deal with nutrient depletion and promote sustainable crop production as well as improve soil health.Therefore,an attempt was made to identify the most fruitful and profitable integrated nutrient management on the aspects of growth,yield and quality of sugarcane in two consecutive growing seasons.Seven treatments:T_(1)=Control,T_(2)=165:55:120:30:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(3)=Poultry Litter(PL)at 5 t ha^(−1)+95:51:87:9:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(4)=Cow Dung(CD)at 15 t ha^(−1)+36:52:60:17:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(5)=Press Mud(PM)at 15 t ha^(−1)+10:50:43:0:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(6)=Mustard Oil Cake(MOC)at 0.5 t ha^(−1)+140:54:115:25:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1)and T_(7)=GM(Green Manure)at 5 t ha^(−1)+140:53:100:28:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1)were used in this experiment.Two years data showed that treatment T_(3)produced the maximum amount of tillers,total dry matter yield,millable sugarcane,cane yield and sugar yield,followed by the T_(4)treatment.The highest stalk heights were recorded in the T_(3)treatment,which was statistically similar to all other treatments except T_(1)and T_(2).The juice quality parameters viz.,brix and pol in cane were found significant in treatment T_(3)while the highest purity was obtained in the T_(7)treatment.All the data of Jaggery(goor)quality parameters,the highest sucrose content,color transmittance,Jaggery(goor)recovery and the lowest ash content of Jaggery(goor)were observed in the T_(3)treatment,which was statistically similar to the T_(4)treatment in both seasons.The highest cost of production was obtained from the T_(6)treatment while the highest gross return,net return and BCR were recorded in the T_(3)treatment.No significant changes were found in one cycle of sugarcane in initial and post-harvest soil characteristics viz.,pH,organic carbon,total N,and available P,K and S contents due to integrated use of different fertilizer packages.From the experimental findings,it was concluded that treatment T_(3)followed by T_(4)treatment would be the better productive and profitable integrated nutrient management technology for ensuring higher yields and quality of sugarcane without soil fertility degradation in the High Ganges River Floodplain soils.展开更多
To assess the quality of the Egyptian Red Sea coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, due to its importance for the national income, four field campaigns were annually carried out during the period fro...To assess the quality of the Egyptian Red Sea coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, due to its importance for the national income, four field campaigns were annually carried out during the period from 2011-2013 to investigate the hydrography, nutrient salts, heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons. Except for the area of Bir Shalatein, the results of beach litter cleared out that the shoreline of the studied area is not affected by man-made litter. No sewage could be observed. The results of the present study showed that water temperature followed seasonal changes in air temperature. Red Sea water is more saline than adjacent Arabian Sea. DO revealed high values and presence of well oxygenated waters. Minor changes in the distribution of pH, BOD, DOM and COD, revealed that limited effects of human impacts and depend mainly on the dynamics of its water as well as on the geographical location. Low Chl-a and TSM concentrations and high transparency revealed that also the effect of human impacts is almost negligible. Significantly higher sea water temperatures, TSM, pH, DO, BOD, DOM, and COD were observed in summer season compared to their corresponding values in winter season. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were quite low because there is little nutrient input from soil, agriculture and pollution on land. Based on the annual mean values, the pattern concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms followed the order: NO<sub>3</sub> > NH<sub>4</sub> > NO<sub>2</sub>. The Red Sea coastal waters are classified as oligotrophic to mesotrophic state. A remarkable increase of PO<sub>4</sub> concentration was observed in the middle Red Sea stations due to huge amounts of effluents enriched with phosphate from the main shipping and industry of Phosphate Companies. SiO<sub>4</sub> displayed a large variability due to the supply of SiO<sub>4</sub>, which flows in the Red Sea through the strait of Bab El-Mandab, biological consumption, organic matter decomposition and the partial dissolution of quartz particle transported to the sea from the surrounding desert during sand storms. Concentrations of ammonia, phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were significantly higher in summer compared to their corresponding values in winter. In general, the majority of TN and TP in winter were in the form of organic-N (91.3%) and organic P (96.8%). The mean DIN/DIP ratio revealed high nitrogen concentrations in comparison with that of phosphorous and the surface coastal waters of the Red Sea are principally, P-limited for phytoplankton growth with higher values in winter season compared to summer season. Concentrations of heavy metals were quite low most probably due the absence of major local impacts of any land-based sources and/or any major negative impacts of coastal tourism. Regional variations were almost negligible and except for Mn, Cd, and Hg insignificant seasonal variations were observed. The present study revealed concentrations for metals in the acceptable levels. Furthermore, concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were significantly higher in winter than in summer which is mainly attributed to the increase in the rate of evaporation for petroleum hydrocarbons in summer. In general, the maximum concentration was much lower than the harmful concentrations reported for seawater. Correlation coefficients as well as principle component analysis (PCA) were applied.展开更多
Flash flooding is one of the periodic geohazards in the southern Red Sea Coast. However, their freshwaters are the main source of recharging alluvial and fractured aquifers. This paper presents hydrological and geomor...Flash flooding is one of the periodic geohazards in the southern Red Sea Coast. However, their freshwaters are the main source of recharging alluvial and fractured aquifers. This paper presents hydrological and geomorphologic classification of Wadi El-Gemal, Wadi Umm El-Abas, Wadi Abu Ghuson and Wadi Lahmi, along the southeastern Red Sea Coast in Egypt. The main goal is to find a relationship of flash floods and groundwater recharge potentials. Satellite imageries and topographic data were analysed via remote sensing and GIS techniques. The main four valleys’ orders range from six to seven. Wadi El-Gemal was the main focus of this study;it is characterized by high stream frequency, low stream density and coarse texture, reflecting influence of highly fractured Precambrian rocks. Most of the wadis have umbrella-shaped catchment areas, due to the influence of NW-SE Najd Fault System and late E-W strike-slip faults. The main wadis were divided into 45 sub-basins. 14 of the studied sub-basins flow into Wadi El-Gemal, 7 flow into Wadi Umm El-Abas, 10 are in Abu Ghuson, and rest of the basins flow into WadiLahmi. A conceptual model was used in this study, showing that most of the sub-basins have high flash flooding and low groundwater recharge potentials. However, only two sub-basins have low potential of flooding and high potential of groundwater recharge, whereas few sub-basins have moderate potential of groundwater recharge as well as flooding. For flash floods beneficiation and mitigation, construction of multifunctional embankment dams is imminent.展开更多
The coastal region of the Suez Gulf, is one of the most densely industrialized zones in Egypt. In order to assess the quality of Suez Gulf coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, and consequently for t...The coastal region of the Suez Gulf, is one of the most densely industrialized zones in Egypt. In order to assess the quality of Suez Gulf coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, and consequently for the national income, 12 field campaigns were carried out in 3 years (2011-2013). The results of beach litter cleared out that the shoreline of the Suez Gulf, especially Ras Gharib area was subjected to many factors which undoubtedly affected the rate of man-made litter accumulation. The most abundant visible items were general litter as they represented 30.64% of the total items encountered. Oil, seaweeds as well as old and new tar constituted 15.41%, 14.85% and 11.84%, respectively. The increase on the levels of water temperature, Chl-a, TSM, DO, BOD, DOM, COD, ammonium ion, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, silicate and total nitrogen developed a eutrophic region. In general, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) species were almost 9 times higher in the northern parts compared to the south-ern ones revealing that the northern parts of the Gulf were more affected by human impacts compared to the southern area. Moreover, concentrations of most studied metals such as Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Hg were higher in Northern parts com-pared to southern parts of the Gulf. The concentrations of dissolved metals in the northern and southern Suez Gulf followed the following order: Fe ≥ Zn ≥ Cu > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd ≥ Hg. Except for Hg, concentrations of metals were in the accepta-ble ranges recommended internationally. Hg concentrations especially in the northern Suez Gulf were slightly higher than the permissible levels. As the northern parts of the Gulf were more suffered from oil pollution, total petroleum hydrocarbons revealed higher concentrations in the northern parts compared to the southern parts of the Gulf. Seasonal variations, on the other hand, indicated higher levels of DO, BOD, DOM and COD, chloropyll-a, TSM, ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen in winter compared to their corresponding values in summer. In general, the majority of TN and TP in winter were in the form of organic-N (87.2%) and organic P (94.1%). These percentages were 77.8% and 37.3%, respectively in summer. The surface coastal water of the Suez Gulf was principally, P-limited for phytoplankton growth in different investigated regions. Furthermore, the DIN/DIP ratio was higher (94.2:1) in winter season compared to summer season (6.3:1). Concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cd, and Hg in winter exhibited sig-nificantly higher values compared to their corresponding values in summer. On con-trast, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Pb exhibited significantly higher values in summer compared to their corresponding values in winter. Furthermore, concentrations of petroleum hy-drocarbons were significantly higher in winter than in summer which is mainly at-tributed to the increase in the rate of evaporation for petroleum hydrocarbons in summer due to the increase in water temperature and water salinity. In general, the maximum concentration was much lower than the harmful concentrations reported for seawater. A stepwise multiple linear regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and principle component analysis (PCA) were applied.展开更多
The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants.However,research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates...The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants.However,research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates(UAE)is lacking.This study aims to identify these delayed seed dispersal species and assess the relationships of the presence of delayed seed dispersal with plant growth form,habit,spatial dispersal,antitelechoric mechanism,and seed release time.The relationships between the presence of delayed seed dispersal and the above studied traits were assessed by using the Pearson Chi-square test and Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis(NLPCA).Results showed that a total of 46 delayed seed dispersal species were recorded(15.0%of 307 studied species)and the highest incidence occurred in the Fabaceae family(17.4%).Delayed seed dispersal species were predominantly perennial plants(73.9%)with spatial restricted dispersal(67.4%),which released seed in the dry season(45.7%).The dominant groups of delayed seed dispersal species were persistent fruits species and synaptospermy(28.3%).All graminoids showed persistent lignified fruits,while prostrate annuals were basicarpic species with myxospermy.Sandy habitats had the highest number of delayed seed dispersal species(54.3%),whereas salt flats had the lowest(23.9%).In the desert of the UAE,delayed seed dispersal species spread seeds until the end of the dry and windy season,thus breaking seed dormancy at this time and ensuring seed germination in the next arrival of the rainy season.This morphological and ecological adaptation of delayed dispersal species is essential to the survival and sustainable development of vegetation in desert environments.展开更多
Atomic structure data and effective collision strengths for 1s^(2)2s^(2)2p^(6)3s^(2)3p^(6)3d^(10) and 54 fine-structure levels are contained in the configurations 1s^(2)2s^(2)2p^(6)3s^(2)3p^(6)3d^(9)4l(l=s,p,d,f)for t...Atomic structure data and effective collision strengths for 1s^(2)2s^(2)2p^(6)3s^(2)3p^(6)3d^(10) and 54 fine-structure levels are contained in the configurations 1s^(2)2s^(2)2p^(6)3s^(2)3p^(6)3d^(9)4l(l=s,p,d,f)for the nickel-like Ta ion.These data are used in the determination of the reduced population for the 55 fine structure levels over a wide range of electron densities(from 10^(21) to 10^(23))and at various electron plasma temperatures.The gain coefficients for those transitions with a positive population inversion factor are determined and plotted against the electron density.展开更多
Five unprovoked shark attacks are reported from Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt, between 30 November and 5 December 2010. Three of the five attacks are attributed to an oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharinus longimanus with a dis...Five unprovoked shark attacks are reported from Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt, between 30 November and 5 December 2010. Three of the five attacks are attributed to an oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharinus longimanus with a distinctive crescent-shaped notch in the upper lobe of the caudal fin. The shark was observed during the first attack on a snorkeler and photographed underwater during the second shark attack on a swimmer. In a video taken several months prior to the attacks, the same shark is hand-fed underwater by a divemaster with additional fish in a pack over his buttock. The shark can be seen swimming behind the divemaster while he removed additional fish from this pack. In Victims 1, 2 and 5, the shark removed an extensive amount of tissue from the victims’ buttock. The three victims also lost a hand and/or a portion of their forearm, suggesting the injuries were inflicted by a shark conditioned to associating food with hand-feedings and the human form. The remaining two attacks, Cases 3 and 4, were attributable to the shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus. This was determined from a unique dental pattern of the right side of the upper jaw due to a prior injury. This same “misalignment” dental pattern was observed in the injuries sustained by Victims 3 and 4. We conclude that the shortfin mako shark was responsible for the attacks on Victims 3 and 4, and the oceanic whitetip shark was the causal species of attacks on Victims 1, 2, and 5.展开更多
Chickpea yield is decreasing day by day due to drought stress,which could be an immense risk for future food security in developing countries.Management practices could be the most excellent approach to diminish loss ...Chickpea yield is decreasing day by day due to drought stress,which could be an immense risk for future food security in developing countries.Management practices could be the most excellent approach to diminish loss due to this abiotic factor.The current research work was designed to explore the tolerance reaction of chickpea genotypes against management practices,through morphological and biochemical parameters and evaluate yield performance across drought prone location of Bangladesh.Four genotypes BD-6048,BD-6045,BD-6090,BD-6092 and eight management practices,e.g.,severe water stress(SWS),i.e.,without irrigation,10 cm thick mulching with rice straw(MRS),10 cm thick mulching with water hyacinth(MWH),organic amendment through compost(OAC)@3 t ha−1,organic amendment through cow dung@5 t ha−1(OACD),organic amendment through poultry manure@2 t ha−1(OAPM),inorganic amendment through proline application(IAPA)as foliar spray and 16 h hydro-priming(HP).The study revealed that the genotypes BD-6048 showed excellent performance because of the highest chlorophyll,carotenoids,phosphorus,potassium,proline and protein content.The highest pod number plant−1 also increased seed yield in BD-6048.Considering management practices,IAPA increased relative water content,carotenoids,leaf phosphorus and potassium compared to other management practices and severe water stress.Finally,BD-6084 was selected as best genotype because of a significant increase in chlorophyll a and b,carotenoids,and relative water content with IAPA.Identified top performing genotypes can be used for releasing variety and cultivated for sustainable production in drought prone area of Bangladesh.展开更多
The coastal strip of the Nile delta has been vulnerable to environmental hazards. Field surveys, interpretation of Landsat enhanced thematic mapper imageries (ETM), and hydrochemistry analysis of the water samples was...The coastal strip of the Nile delta has been vulnerable to environmental hazards. Field surveys, interpretation of Landsat enhanced thematic mapper imageries (ETM), and hydrochemistry analysis of the water samples was used as methods and materials to detect the hazards associated with climate change which threaten some natural protection coastal areas of the central part of the Nile Delta and assess its magnitude. The invasion of seawaters is the main hazard due to the impacts of global warming phenomena. Elimination of the coastal dunes which act as natural defenses has been accelerating the negative impacts that have been appearing clearly on low-lying lands. Planting that protected areas of the coastal strip are considered the most suitable ecosystem-based and most beneficial solution should be authorized and adopted by the local administration to preserve those areas and adapt to these disasters.展开更多
Level structure, oscillator strengths, transition probabilities and radiative life times are evaluated for 1s2 2s2 2p63l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states in sodium like Co16+. The calculations are carried out using ...Level structure, oscillator strengths, transition probabilities and radiative life times are evaluated for 1s2 2s2 2p63l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states in sodium like Co16+. The calculations are carried out using COWAN code. The calculations made were compared with other results in literature where a good agreement is found. We also report on some unpublished energy values and oscillator strengths. Our results are used in the calculation of reduced population of 21 fine structure levels over a wide rang of electron density values (1018 to 1020) at various electron plasma temperature. For those transitions with positive population inversion factor, the gain coefficients are evaluated and plotted against the electron density.展开更多
Energy levels, transition probabilities and effective collision strength for 1s2 2s2 2p6 3l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states of sodium like Fe are used in the determination of the reduced populations for 21 fine str...Energy levels, transition probabilities and effective collision strength for 1s2 2s2 2p6 3l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states of sodium like Fe are used in the determination of the reduced populations for 21 fine structure levels over a wide rang of electron density values (1018 to 1020 cm–3) and at against electron plasma temperatures. Gain coefficients are evaluated and plotted against the electron density.展开更多
Level structure, oscillator strengths, transition probabilities and radiative life times are evaluated for 1s2 2s2 2p63l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states in sodium like Cu18+. The calculations are carried out using ...Level structure, oscillator strengths, transition probabilities and radiative life times are evaluated for 1s2 2s2 2p63l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states in sodium like Cu18+. The calculations are carried out using COWAN code. The calculations were made are compared with other results in literature where a good agreement is found, we also report on some unpublished energy values and oscillator strengths. Our results are used in the calculation of reduced population of 21 fine structure levels over a wide rang of electron density values (1018 to 1020) and at various electron plasma temperature. For those transitions with positive population inversion factor, the gain coefficients are evaluated and plotted against the electron density.展开更多
Energy levels, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities, for the 1s2 2s2 2p6, 2p53l (l = 0, 1, 2), 2p54l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3) states in Ni XIX and Cu XX are calculated using COWAN code. The Correlation and relat...Energy levels, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities, for the 1s2 2s2 2p6, 2p53l (l = 0, 1, 2), 2p54l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3) states in Ni XIX and Cu XX are calculated using COWAN code. The Correlation and relativistic effects are considered. The calculations are compared with other results in the literature. A good agreement is found. We also report on some unpublished energy values.展开更多
As concerns about climate change and carbon emissions continue to rise, many companies and organizations are eager to assess their “carbon footprint” to understand their impact on this global challenge. In the realm...As concerns about climate change and carbon emissions continue to rise, many companies and organizations are eager to assess their “carbon footprint” to understand their impact on this global challenge. In the realm of oil production, the environmental consequences can be quite serious, leading to issues like air pollution and heightened global warming potential (GWP) due to increased greenhouse gases (GHG). This study investigates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with crude oil and natural gas production at Khalda Petroleum’s sites in Egypt’s western desert. Activities contributing to emissions were categorized by operational boundaries—Scopes 1, 2, and 3—and their carbon footprints were quantified. Key emission sources were identified, with gas flaring and diesel consumption emerging as major contributors, while water supply and refrigerants had minimal impact. Linear relationships revealed strong positive correlations between fuel use, flaring, and venting activities, and GHG emissions, with R2 values close to 1. Polynomial relationships highlighted the influence of device efficiency on emissions, suggesting that optimizing combustion and refrigerant systems is critical for reduction. Recommendations include adopting advanced flaring technologies, switching to cleaner fuels, enhancing equipment efficiency, and integrating renewable energy sources. These strategies aim to minimize emissions while maintaining operational efficiency, aligning Khalda Petroleum with global sustainability standards. Continuous monitoring, employee training, and stakeholder collaboration are emphasized as essential components for long-term success.展开更多
文摘In order to assess the quality of the Aqaba Gulf coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, and consequently for the national income, four field campaigns were annually carried out during the period from 2011-2013 to monitor hydrographic variables, i.e. temperature, salinity, pH, etc., nutrients, some heavy metals, i.e. iron, lead, copper, cadmium, chromium, etc. in addition to petroleum hydrocarbons. Except for the area of Sharm El-Sheikh Harbor, the results for the density, composition, and distributions of beach litter cleared out that the Egyptian shoreline of the Aqaba Gulf is relatively not affected by man-made litter. The area of Sharm El-Sheikh Harbor was subjected to many factors which undoubtedly affected the rate of man-made litter ac-cumulation, especially, oil contamination (oil and old or new tar) which is a good es-timator of levels of oil contamination and an effective means of evaluating the poten-tial threat of oil on coastal resources. The results of the present study cleared out also that water temperature followed seasonal changes in air temperature. Aqaba Gulf water is characterized by its high salinity and the presence of well oxygenated waters. Minor changes in the distribution of pH, BOD, DOM and COD, revealed limited effects of human impacts. Low levels of Chl-a and TSM concentrations and high transparency revealed also negligible effects for human impacts. Significantly higher sea water temperatures, TSM, DO, BOD, DOM, COD, NH<sub>4</sub>, NO2, PO<sub>4</sub> and TP were observed in summer season compared to their corresponding values in winter season. On contrast, higher values of chlorophyll-a, NO2, TN, and SiO<sub>4</sub> were observed in winter compared to summer season. Based on the mean annual values, Aqaba Gulf coastal waters are classified as oligotrophic to mesotrophic state. The concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms followed the following order: NH<sub>4</sub>= NO<sub>3</sub>>NO2. In general, the majority of TN in winter was in the form of organic-N (96.3%) compared to 91.7% in summer season. On the meantime, TP exhibited more or less comparable organic-P percentage in summer (86.2%) and winter (81.2%) seasons. Moreover, the DIN/DIP ratio showed relatively higher values in winter season (14.2:1) compared to summer season (12.4:1). This indicates high nitrogen concentrations in comparison with that of phosphorous in winter;yet it reflects the generally lower nutrient levels present in the coastal waters of the Aqaba Gulf due to the lack of significant nutrient input or oceanic upwelling. Concentrations of heavy metals were relatively low signifying that Aqaba Gulf Coastal waters are not yet seriously threatened in spite of the rapid recreational and human developments that are considered a challenge to the safety and viability of Aqaba Gulf marine environment. Furthermore, concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were significantly higher in summer than in winter that are mainly attributed to the increase in the levels of oil pollution that most probably re-sulted from the increase in accidental, deliberate or operational discharges and spills of oil from ships. In general, the maximum concentration was much lower than the harmful concentrations reported for seawater. A stepwise multiple linear regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and principle component analysis (PCA) were applied.
基金This research was funded by the Bangladesh Sugar crop Research Institute(BSRI),Ishwardi,Pabna,Bangladesh and the Taif University Researchers Supporting Project No.TURSP-2020/142,Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Sugarcane is one of the major important sugar yielding crops in Bangladesh.As an exhaustive crop,sugarcane removes a huge amount of plant nutrients from the soil.However,the combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers can be a good approach to deal with nutrient depletion and promote sustainable crop production as well as improve soil health.Therefore,an attempt was made to identify the most fruitful and profitable integrated nutrient management on the aspects of growth,yield and quality of sugarcane in two consecutive growing seasons.Seven treatments:T_(1)=Control,T_(2)=165:55:120:30:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(3)=Poultry Litter(PL)at 5 t ha^(−1)+95:51:87:9:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(4)=Cow Dung(CD)at 15 t ha^(−1)+36:52:60:17:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(5)=Press Mud(PM)at 15 t ha^(−1)+10:50:43:0:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1),T_(6)=Mustard Oil Cake(MOC)at 0.5 t ha^(−1)+140:54:115:25:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1)and T_(7)=GM(Green Manure)at 5 t ha^(−1)+140:53:100:28:10:2.5:4 kg N:P:K:S:Mg:Zn:B ha^(−1)were used in this experiment.Two years data showed that treatment T_(3)produced the maximum amount of tillers,total dry matter yield,millable sugarcane,cane yield and sugar yield,followed by the T_(4)treatment.The highest stalk heights were recorded in the T_(3)treatment,which was statistically similar to all other treatments except T_(1)and T_(2).The juice quality parameters viz.,brix and pol in cane were found significant in treatment T_(3)while the highest purity was obtained in the T_(7)treatment.All the data of Jaggery(goor)quality parameters,the highest sucrose content,color transmittance,Jaggery(goor)recovery and the lowest ash content of Jaggery(goor)were observed in the T_(3)treatment,which was statistically similar to the T_(4)treatment in both seasons.The highest cost of production was obtained from the T_(6)treatment while the highest gross return,net return and BCR were recorded in the T_(3)treatment.No significant changes were found in one cycle of sugarcane in initial and post-harvest soil characteristics viz.,pH,organic carbon,total N,and available P,K and S contents due to integrated use of different fertilizer packages.From the experimental findings,it was concluded that treatment T_(3)followed by T_(4)treatment would be the better productive and profitable integrated nutrient management technology for ensuring higher yields and quality of sugarcane without soil fertility degradation in the High Ganges River Floodplain soils.
文摘To assess the quality of the Egyptian Red Sea coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, due to its importance for the national income, four field campaigns were annually carried out during the period from 2011-2013 to investigate the hydrography, nutrient salts, heavy metals and petroleum hydrocarbons. Except for the area of Bir Shalatein, the results of beach litter cleared out that the shoreline of the studied area is not affected by man-made litter. No sewage could be observed. The results of the present study showed that water temperature followed seasonal changes in air temperature. Red Sea water is more saline than adjacent Arabian Sea. DO revealed high values and presence of well oxygenated waters. Minor changes in the distribution of pH, BOD, DOM and COD, revealed that limited effects of human impacts and depend mainly on the dynamics of its water as well as on the geographical location. Low Chl-a and TSM concentrations and high transparency revealed that also the effect of human impacts is almost negligible. Significantly higher sea water temperatures, TSM, pH, DO, BOD, DOM, and COD were observed in summer season compared to their corresponding values in winter season. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations were quite low because there is little nutrient input from soil, agriculture and pollution on land. Based on the annual mean values, the pattern concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen forms followed the order: NO<sub>3</sub> > NH<sub>4</sub> > NO<sub>2</sub>. The Red Sea coastal waters are classified as oligotrophic to mesotrophic state. A remarkable increase of PO<sub>4</sub> concentration was observed in the middle Red Sea stations due to huge amounts of effluents enriched with phosphate from the main shipping and industry of Phosphate Companies. SiO<sub>4</sub> displayed a large variability due to the supply of SiO<sub>4</sub>, which flows in the Red Sea through the strait of Bab El-Mandab, biological consumption, organic matter decomposition and the partial dissolution of quartz particle transported to the sea from the surrounding desert during sand storms. Concentrations of ammonia, phosphorus, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were significantly higher in summer compared to their corresponding values in winter. In general, the majority of TN and TP in winter were in the form of organic-N (91.3%) and organic P (96.8%). The mean DIN/DIP ratio revealed high nitrogen concentrations in comparison with that of phosphorous and the surface coastal waters of the Red Sea are principally, P-limited for phytoplankton growth with higher values in winter season compared to summer season. Concentrations of heavy metals were quite low most probably due the absence of major local impacts of any land-based sources and/or any major negative impacts of coastal tourism. Regional variations were almost negligible and except for Mn, Cd, and Hg insignificant seasonal variations were observed. The present study revealed concentrations for metals in the acceptable levels. Furthermore, concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons were significantly higher in winter than in summer which is mainly attributed to the increase in the rate of evaporation for petroleum hydrocarbons in summer. In general, the maximum concentration was much lower than the harmful concentrations reported for seawater. Correlation coefficients as well as principle component analysis (PCA) were applied.
文摘Flash flooding is one of the periodic geohazards in the southern Red Sea Coast. However, their freshwaters are the main source of recharging alluvial and fractured aquifers. This paper presents hydrological and geomorphologic classification of Wadi El-Gemal, Wadi Umm El-Abas, Wadi Abu Ghuson and Wadi Lahmi, along the southeastern Red Sea Coast in Egypt. The main goal is to find a relationship of flash floods and groundwater recharge potentials. Satellite imageries and topographic data were analysed via remote sensing and GIS techniques. The main four valleys’ orders range from six to seven. Wadi El-Gemal was the main focus of this study;it is characterized by high stream frequency, low stream density and coarse texture, reflecting influence of highly fractured Precambrian rocks. Most of the wadis have umbrella-shaped catchment areas, due to the influence of NW-SE Najd Fault System and late E-W strike-slip faults. The main wadis were divided into 45 sub-basins. 14 of the studied sub-basins flow into Wadi El-Gemal, 7 flow into Wadi Umm El-Abas, 10 are in Abu Ghuson, and rest of the basins flow into WadiLahmi. A conceptual model was used in this study, showing that most of the sub-basins have high flash flooding and low groundwater recharge potentials. However, only two sub-basins have low potential of flooding and high potential of groundwater recharge, whereas few sub-basins have moderate potential of groundwater recharge as well as flooding. For flash floods beneficiation and mitigation, construction of multifunctional embankment dams is imminent.
文摘The coastal region of the Suez Gulf, is one of the most densely industrialized zones in Egypt. In order to assess the quality of Suez Gulf coastal waters for the sustainable use and development, and consequently for the national income, 12 field campaigns were carried out in 3 years (2011-2013). The results of beach litter cleared out that the shoreline of the Suez Gulf, especially Ras Gharib area was subjected to many factors which undoubtedly affected the rate of man-made litter accumulation. The most abundant visible items were general litter as they represented 30.64% of the total items encountered. Oil, seaweeds as well as old and new tar constituted 15.41%, 14.85% and 11.84%, respectively. The increase on the levels of water temperature, Chl-a, TSM, DO, BOD, DOM, COD, ammonium ion, nitrite, nitrate, total phosphorus, silicate and total nitrogen developed a eutrophic region. In general, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) species were almost 9 times higher in the northern parts compared to the south-ern ones revealing that the northern parts of the Gulf were more affected by human impacts compared to the southern area. Moreover, concentrations of most studied metals such as Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Hg were higher in Northern parts com-pared to southern parts of the Gulf. The concentrations of dissolved metals in the northern and southern Suez Gulf followed the following order: Fe ≥ Zn ≥ Cu > Pb > Mn > Ni > Cr > Cd ≥ Hg. Except for Hg, concentrations of metals were in the accepta-ble ranges recommended internationally. Hg concentrations especially in the northern Suez Gulf were slightly higher than the permissible levels. As the northern parts of the Gulf were more suffered from oil pollution, total petroleum hydrocarbons revealed higher concentrations in the northern parts compared to the southern parts of the Gulf. Seasonal variations, on the other hand, indicated higher levels of DO, BOD, DOM and COD, chloropyll-a, TSM, ammonia, nitrate, total nitrogen in winter compared to their corresponding values in summer. In general, the majority of TN and TP in winter were in the form of organic-N (87.2%) and organic P (94.1%). These percentages were 77.8% and 37.3%, respectively in summer. The surface coastal water of the Suez Gulf was principally, P-limited for phytoplankton growth in different investigated regions. Furthermore, the DIN/DIP ratio was higher (94.2:1) in winter season compared to summer season (6.3:1). Concentrations of Fe, Zn, Cd, and Hg in winter exhibited sig-nificantly higher values compared to their corresponding values in summer. On con-trast, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, and Pb exhibited significantly higher values in summer compared to their corresponding values in winter. Furthermore, concentrations of petroleum hy-drocarbons were significantly higher in winter than in summer which is mainly at-tributed to the increase in the rate of evaporation for petroleum hydrocarbons in summer due to the increase in water temperature and water salinity. In general, the maximum concentration was much lower than the harmful concentrations reported for seawater. A stepwise multiple linear regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and principle component analysis (PCA) were applied.
文摘The ability of plants to safely retain seeds in the mother plant is an adaptive mechanism described in many desert plants.However,research about delayed seed dispersal species in the desert of the United Arab Emirates(UAE)is lacking.This study aims to identify these delayed seed dispersal species and assess the relationships of the presence of delayed seed dispersal with plant growth form,habit,spatial dispersal,antitelechoric mechanism,and seed release time.The relationships between the presence of delayed seed dispersal and the above studied traits were assessed by using the Pearson Chi-square test and Nonlinear Principal Components Analysis(NLPCA).Results showed that a total of 46 delayed seed dispersal species were recorded(15.0%of 307 studied species)and the highest incidence occurred in the Fabaceae family(17.4%).Delayed seed dispersal species were predominantly perennial plants(73.9%)with spatial restricted dispersal(67.4%),which released seed in the dry season(45.7%).The dominant groups of delayed seed dispersal species were persistent fruits species and synaptospermy(28.3%).All graminoids showed persistent lignified fruits,while prostrate annuals were basicarpic species with myxospermy.Sandy habitats had the highest number of delayed seed dispersal species(54.3%),whereas salt flats had the lowest(23.9%).In the desert of the UAE,delayed seed dispersal species spread seeds until the end of the dry and windy season,thus breaking seed dormancy at this time and ensuring seed germination in the next arrival of the rainy season.This morphological and ecological adaptation of delayed dispersal species is essential to the survival and sustainable development of vegetation in desert environments.
文摘Atomic structure data and effective collision strengths for 1s^(2)2s^(2)2p^(6)3s^(2)3p^(6)3d^(10) and 54 fine-structure levels are contained in the configurations 1s^(2)2s^(2)2p^(6)3s^(2)3p^(6)3d^(9)4l(l=s,p,d,f)for the nickel-like Ta ion.These data are used in the determination of the reduced population for the 55 fine structure levels over a wide range of electron densities(from 10^(21) to 10^(23))and at various electron plasma temperatures.The gain coefficients for those transitions with a positive population inversion factor are determined and plotted against the electron density.
文摘Five unprovoked shark attacks are reported from Sharm-El-Sheikh, Egypt, between 30 November and 5 December 2010. Three of the five attacks are attributed to an oceanic whitetip shark, Carcharinus longimanus with a distinctive crescent-shaped notch in the upper lobe of the caudal fin. The shark was observed during the first attack on a snorkeler and photographed underwater during the second shark attack on a swimmer. In a video taken several months prior to the attacks, the same shark is hand-fed underwater by a divemaster with additional fish in a pack over his buttock. The shark can be seen swimming behind the divemaster while he removed additional fish from this pack. In Victims 1, 2 and 5, the shark removed an extensive amount of tissue from the victims’ buttock. The three victims also lost a hand and/or a portion of their forearm, suggesting the injuries were inflicted by a shark conditioned to associating food with hand-feedings and the human form. The remaining two attacks, Cases 3 and 4, were attributable to the shortfin mako shark, Isurus oxyrinchus. This was determined from a unique dental pattern of the right side of the upper jaw due to a prior injury. This same “misalignment” dental pattern was observed in the injuries sustained by Victims 3 and 4. We conclude that the shortfin mako shark was responsible for the attacks on Victims 3 and 4, and the oceanic whitetip shark was the causal species of attacks on Victims 1, 2, and 5.
基金funded by Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council,Bangladesh.The current work was also funded by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project No.(TURSP-2020/59),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Chickpea yield is decreasing day by day due to drought stress,which could be an immense risk for future food security in developing countries.Management practices could be the most excellent approach to diminish loss due to this abiotic factor.The current research work was designed to explore the tolerance reaction of chickpea genotypes against management practices,through morphological and biochemical parameters and evaluate yield performance across drought prone location of Bangladesh.Four genotypes BD-6048,BD-6045,BD-6090,BD-6092 and eight management practices,e.g.,severe water stress(SWS),i.e.,without irrigation,10 cm thick mulching with rice straw(MRS),10 cm thick mulching with water hyacinth(MWH),organic amendment through compost(OAC)@3 t ha−1,organic amendment through cow dung@5 t ha−1(OACD),organic amendment through poultry manure@2 t ha−1(OAPM),inorganic amendment through proline application(IAPA)as foliar spray and 16 h hydro-priming(HP).The study revealed that the genotypes BD-6048 showed excellent performance because of the highest chlorophyll,carotenoids,phosphorus,potassium,proline and protein content.The highest pod number plant−1 also increased seed yield in BD-6048.Considering management practices,IAPA increased relative water content,carotenoids,leaf phosphorus and potassium compared to other management practices and severe water stress.Finally,BD-6084 was selected as best genotype because of a significant increase in chlorophyll a and b,carotenoids,and relative water content with IAPA.Identified top performing genotypes can be used for releasing variety and cultivated for sustainable production in drought prone area of Bangladesh.
文摘The coastal strip of the Nile delta has been vulnerable to environmental hazards. Field surveys, interpretation of Landsat enhanced thematic mapper imageries (ETM), and hydrochemistry analysis of the water samples was used as methods and materials to detect the hazards associated with climate change which threaten some natural protection coastal areas of the central part of the Nile Delta and assess its magnitude. The invasion of seawaters is the main hazard due to the impacts of global warming phenomena. Elimination of the coastal dunes which act as natural defenses has been accelerating the negative impacts that have been appearing clearly on low-lying lands. Planting that protected areas of the coastal strip are considered the most suitable ecosystem-based and most beneficial solution should be authorized and adopted by the local administration to preserve those areas and adapt to these disasters.
文摘Level structure, oscillator strengths, transition probabilities and radiative life times are evaluated for 1s2 2s2 2p63l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states in sodium like Co16+. The calculations are carried out using COWAN code. The calculations made were compared with other results in literature where a good agreement is found. We also report on some unpublished energy values and oscillator strengths. Our results are used in the calculation of reduced population of 21 fine structure levels over a wide rang of electron density values (1018 to 1020) at various electron plasma temperature. For those transitions with positive population inversion factor, the gain coefficients are evaluated and plotted against the electron density.
文摘Energy levels, transition probabilities and effective collision strength for 1s2 2s2 2p6 3l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states of sodium like Fe are used in the determination of the reduced populations for 21 fine structure levels over a wide rang of electron density values (1018 to 1020 cm–3) and at against electron plasma temperatures. Gain coefficients are evaluated and plotted against the electron density.
文摘Level structure, oscillator strengths, transition probabilities and radiative life times are evaluated for 1s2 2s2 2p63l, 4l, 5l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4) states in sodium like Cu18+. The calculations are carried out using COWAN code. The calculations were made are compared with other results in literature where a good agreement is found, we also report on some unpublished energy values and oscillator strengths. Our results are used in the calculation of reduced population of 21 fine structure levels over a wide rang of electron density values (1018 to 1020) and at various electron plasma temperature. For those transitions with positive population inversion factor, the gain coefficients are evaluated and plotted against the electron density.
文摘Energy levels, oscillator strengths, and transition probabilities, for the 1s2 2s2 2p6, 2p53l (l = 0, 1, 2), 2p54l (l = 0, 1, 2, 3) states in Ni XIX and Cu XX are calculated using COWAN code. The Correlation and relativistic effects are considered. The calculations are compared with other results in the literature. A good agreement is found. We also report on some unpublished energy values.
文摘As concerns about climate change and carbon emissions continue to rise, many companies and organizations are eager to assess their “carbon footprint” to understand their impact on this global challenge. In the realm of oil production, the environmental consequences can be quite serious, leading to issues like air pollution and heightened global warming potential (GWP) due to increased greenhouse gases (GHG). This study investigates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with crude oil and natural gas production at Khalda Petroleum’s sites in Egypt’s western desert. Activities contributing to emissions were categorized by operational boundaries—Scopes 1, 2, and 3—and their carbon footprints were quantified. Key emission sources were identified, with gas flaring and diesel consumption emerging as major contributors, while water supply and refrigerants had minimal impact. Linear relationships revealed strong positive correlations between fuel use, flaring, and venting activities, and GHG emissions, with R2 values close to 1. Polynomial relationships highlighted the influence of device efficiency on emissions, suggesting that optimizing combustion and refrigerant systems is critical for reduction. Recommendations include adopting advanced flaring technologies, switching to cleaner fuels, enhancing equipment efficiency, and integrating renewable energy sources. These strategies aim to minimize emissions while maintaining operational efficiency, aligning Khalda Petroleum with global sustainability standards. Continuous monitoring, employee training, and stakeholder collaboration are emphasized as essential components for long-term success.
