The evolution of Chinese environmental policy and politics can be better understood in the broader context of institutional changes that have taken place since the late 1970s. In this study,an analytical framework was...The evolution of Chinese environmental policy and politics can be better understood in the broader context of institutional changes that have taken place since the late 1970s. In this study,an analytical framework was established to analyze how overall institutional changes were reflected in the roles of relationships between governmental and non-governmental actors engaged in environmental governance. Institutional changes were observed at three levels:informal institutions(cultural traditions, and political ideology); formal institutions(the polity,political system, property rights, and judiciary); and governing mechanisms(structures, regulatory approaches, and incentives). This analysis of interactions between institutional changes and the changing environmental process explained not only the drives and constraints behind China's environmental policy evolution so far but also shed light on future challenges and opportunities.展开更多
The prevalence of unwholesome land use practices and population pressure exacerbates soil loss which is worsening the problem of sedimentation of the Kubanni dam. This study was conducted at the Kubanni drainage basin...The prevalence of unwholesome land use practices and population pressure exacerbates soil loss which is worsening the problem of sedimentation of the Kubanni dam. This study was conducted at the Kubanni drainage basin covering a spatial area of 56.7 Km2 in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria to estimate annual soil loss using the RUSLE model. Satellite images of Landsat OLI for December 2014, 2016, 2018, February, July and November 2022;soil data, rainfall data from 2010 to 2022, and DEM of 30-meter resolution were utilized for the study. All factors of the RUSLE model were calculated for the basin using assembled data. The erosivity (R-factor) was discovered to be 553.437 MJ∙mm∙ha−1∙h−1∙yr−1. The average erodibility (K-factor) value was 0.1 Mg∙h∙h∙ha−1∙MJ−1∙mm−1∙yr−1. The Slope Length and Steepness factor (LS-factor) in the basin ranged between 0% and 13.47%. The Crop Management Factor (C-factor) values were obtained from a rescaling of the NDVI values derived for the study area and ranged from 0.26 to 0.55. Support practice (P-factors) were computed from the prevalent tillage practice in the basin and ranged from 0.27 to 0.40. The soil loss amount for the Kubanni basin was found to be 28441.482 tons∙ha−1∙yr−1, while the annual soil loss for the entire Kubanni drainage basin was found to be 49780.257 tons∙yr−1. The study has demonstrated the viability of coupling RUSLE model and Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for the estimation of soil loss in the Kubanni drainage basin.展开更多
This paper presents analysis of a cost effective methodology using remotely sensed data analysed within a geographical systems (GIS) environment for mapping out </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;&q...This paper presents analysis of a cost effective methodology using remotely sensed data analysed within a geographical systems (GIS) environment for mapping out </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">potential habitats of anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis in northern Nigeria. These geographical locations are areas with high population of livestock in Nigeria. </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Animal Trypanosomiasis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is considered as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an arthropod-borne viral disease which is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">endemic in about 37 countries of the sub-Saharan Africa and in particular northern Nigeria. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This anthropod-borne viral disease </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">remains a threat to both humans and livestock in many communities, and the outbreak of such diseases </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s shown to relate to fluctuations in the changing climate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> mostly experienced whenever there are changes in global precipitation</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> which </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">also relates to changes in sea surface temperatures otherwise known as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">El Niňo Southern Oscillations</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (ENSO). Monthly </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Satellite imageries in the form of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 250</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">meters spatial resolution obtained from NASA-MODIS/CMD w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> subjected to principal component analysis utilizing the standardized principal components within a GIS environment and supplemented with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data in the analysis. Results from the maps showed </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pockets of probable habitats of these anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis mostly located around forest islands characterized by dry woodland and savanna, and in some cases around gallery forests and few lowland and riverine areas. This study provides baseline information for policy makers in Nigeria and other stakeholders as a cost effective measure for mapping potential habitats for anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis in Northern Nigeria. Further studies are encouraged so as to clearly understand the magnitude and actual locations of the habitat of this vector and find ways of targeting their locations for minimizing or even eradicating these vectors.展开更多
From data published by the Hong Kong SAR(HKSAR)government in their two sole fisheries surveys of 2006 and 2016/2017,the current authors produced regional maps using spatial interpolation to more accurately describe an...From data published by the Hong Kong SAR(HKSAR)government in their two sole fisheries surveys of 2006 and 2016/2017,the current authors produced regional maps using spatial interpolation to more accurately describe and estimate the geographic coverage of changes in fishing production in Hong Kong waters since the ground trawl ban of 2012 December 31st.These suggest the fishing industry has adapted to smaller craft,and that fishing production increased in several areas in the period after the ground trawl ban came into effect.In addition,the maps enable a smoother assessment to be made of the geospatial changes in fishing production which have occurred since the ground trawl ban and suggest a‘workaround’by fishermen.In particular,small fishing craft known as sampans are able to take advantage by being more suitable vessels for areas such as narrower or shallower bays.Marine plastics pollution is also a proxy indicator of these activities,as evidenced by discarded fishing gear that includes plastic nets,floats,and other fishing boat equipment.展开更多
基金jointly funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(MOST)and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences(KNAW)(grant number.2016YFE0103100),the "Sustainable Resource Management for Adequate and Safe Food Provision(SURE+)"
文摘The evolution of Chinese environmental policy and politics can be better understood in the broader context of institutional changes that have taken place since the late 1970s. In this study,an analytical framework was established to analyze how overall institutional changes were reflected in the roles of relationships between governmental and non-governmental actors engaged in environmental governance. Institutional changes were observed at three levels:informal institutions(cultural traditions, and political ideology); formal institutions(the polity,political system, property rights, and judiciary); and governing mechanisms(structures, regulatory approaches, and incentives). This analysis of interactions between institutional changes and the changing environmental process explained not only the drives and constraints behind China's environmental policy evolution so far but also shed light on future challenges and opportunities.
文摘The prevalence of unwholesome land use practices and population pressure exacerbates soil loss which is worsening the problem of sedimentation of the Kubanni dam. This study was conducted at the Kubanni drainage basin covering a spatial area of 56.7 Km2 in Samaru, Zaria, Nigeria to estimate annual soil loss using the RUSLE model. Satellite images of Landsat OLI for December 2014, 2016, 2018, February, July and November 2022;soil data, rainfall data from 2010 to 2022, and DEM of 30-meter resolution were utilized for the study. All factors of the RUSLE model were calculated for the basin using assembled data. The erosivity (R-factor) was discovered to be 553.437 MJ∙mm∙ha−1∙h−1∙yr−1. The average erodibility (K-factor) value was 0.1 Mg∙h∙h∙ha−1∙MJ−1∙mm−1∙yr−1. The Slope Length and Steepness factor (LS-factor) in the basin ranged between 0% and 13.47%. The Crop Management Factor (C-factor) values were obtained from a rescaling of the NDVI values derived for the study area and ranged from 0.26 to 0.55. Support practice (P-factors) were computed from the prevalent tillage practice in the basin and ranged from 0.27 to 0.40. The soil loss amount for the Kubanni basin was found to be 28441.482 tons∙ha−1∙yr−1, while the annual soil loss for the entire Kubanni drainage basin was found to be 49780.257 tons∙yr−1. The study has demonstrated the viability of coupling RUSLE model and Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques for the estimation of soil loss in the Kubanni drainage basin.
文摘This paper presents analysis of a cost effective methodology using remotely sensed data analysed within a geographical systems (GIS) environment for mapping out </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">potential habitats of anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis in northern Nigeria. These geographical locations are areas with high population of livestock in Nigeria. </span></span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Animal Trypanosomiasis </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">is considered as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">an arthropod-borne viral disease which is </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">endemic in about 37 countries of the sub-Saharan Africa and in particular northern Nigeria. </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This anthropod-borne viral disease </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">remains a threat to both humans and livestock in many communities, and the outbreak of such diseases </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">i</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">s shown to relate to fluctuations in the changing climate</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> mostly experienced whenever there are changes in global precipitation</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> which </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">also relates to changes in sea surface temperatures otherwise known as </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">“</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">El Niňo Southern Oscillations</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">”</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> (ENSO). Monthly </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Satellite imageries in the form of Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at 250</span><span style="font-family:""> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">meters spatial resolution obtained from NASA-MODIS/CMD w</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ere</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> subjected to principal component analysis utilizing the standardized principal components within a GIS environment and supplemented with Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data in the analysis. Results from the maps showed </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">that </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pockets of probable habitats of these anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis mostly located around forest islands characterized by dry woodland and savanna, and in some cases around gallery forests and few lowland and riverine areas. This study provides baseline information for policy makers in Nigeria and other stakeholders as a cost effective measure for mapping potential habitats for anthropod vectors responsible for trypanosomiasis in Northern Nigeria. Further studies are encouraged so as to clearly understand the magnitude and actual locations of the habitat of this vector and find ways of targeting their locations for minimizing or even eradicating these vectors.
文摘From data published by the Hong Kong SAR(HKSAR)government in their two sole fisheries surveys of 2006 and 2016/2017,the current authors produced regional maps using spatial interpolation to more accurately describe and estimate the geographic coverage of changes in fishing production in Hong Kong waters since the ground trawl ban of 2012 December 31st.These suggest the fishing industry has adapted to smaller craft,and that fishing production increased in several areas in the period after the ground trawl ban came into effect.In addition,the maps enable a smoother assessment to be made of the geospatial changes in fishing production which have occurred since the ground trawl ban and suggest a‘workaround’by fishermen.In particular,small fishing craft known as sampans are able to take advantage by being more suitable vessels for areas such as narrower or shallower bays.Marine plastics pollution is also a proxy indicator of these activities,as evidenced by discarded fishing gear that includes plastic nets,floats,and other fishing boat equipment.
