The burgeoning growth in electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems necessitates advances in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),areas where lithium-rich manganese-based...The burgeoning growth in electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems necessitates advances in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),areas where lithium-rich manganese-based oxide(LLO)materials naturally stand out.Despite their inherent advantages,these materials encounter significant practical hurdles,including low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE),diminished cycle/rate performance,and voltage fading during cycling,hindering their widespread adoption.In response,we introduce an ionic-electronic dual-conductive(IEDC)surface control strategy that integrates an electronically conductive graphene framework with an ionically conductive heteroepitaxial spinel Li_(4)Mn_(5)O_(12)layer.Prolonged electrochemical and structural analyses demonstrate that this IEDC heterostructure effectively minimizes polarization,mitigates structural distortion,and enhances electronic/ionic diffusion.Density functional theory calculations highlight an extensive Li^(+)percolation network and lower Li^(+)migration energies at the layered-spinel interface.The designed LLO cathode with IEDC interface engineering(LMOSG)exhibits improved ICE(82.9%at 0.1 C),elevated initial discharge capacity(296.7 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 C),exceptional rate capability(176.5 mAh g^(-1)at 5 C),and outstanding cycle stability(73.7%retention at 5 C after 500 cycles).These findings and the novel dual-conductive surface architecture design offer promising directions for advancing highperformance electrode materials.展开更多
The environment of estuarine wetlands has been attracting worldwide attention. To study the spatial distribution of pollutants in the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary, Southeast China, the Eastern Tidal Flat of Chon...The environment of estuarine wetlands has been attracting worldwide attention. To study the spatial distribution of pollutants in the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary, Southeast China, the Eastern Tidal Flat of Chongming Island (EC) and the Jiuduansha Shoal (JS) of the estuary were selected as the study sites. At each of the two sites, a cross-transect from land to sea was established and topsoil and soil core samples in the cross-transect were collected spatially and seasonally to determine their contents of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Fe) and grain-size characteristics. The results showed that the heavy metal loads were commonly higher in the soils of nearshore high tidal flats and had a tendency of decreasing from land to sea at both of the study sites. The contents of heavy metals in the soils of the high and medial tidal flats were mostly higher in April and November but lower in July. Corresponding spatial and seasonal variations in grain size of the intertidal soils were also observed at the two study sites. The soils in the nearshore high tidal flats were finer and gradually got coarser seawards; they were relatively finer in April and November but coarser in July. Furthermore, the contents of heavy metals in the intertidal soils of both the sites EC and JS were significantly positively correlated with the clay (<2 μm) and 2-20 μm fractions, but negatively with the sand (>63 μm) and 20-63 μm fractions, which suggested that the heavy metals in the intertidal soils were primarily combined with the fine particulate fraction (<20 μm), especially clay, and hence the spatial and seasonal variations in heavy metals were actually caused by the change of the grain-size characteristics of the intertidal soils due to the different sedimentary environments in the estuary. The results of this study may also contribute to a better understanding of the soil formation and classification in the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary.展开更多
The existing recycling and regeneration technologies have problems,such as poor regeneration effect and low added value of products for lithium(Li)-ion battery cathode materials with a low state of health.In this work...The existing recycling and regeneration technologies have problems,such as poor regeneration effect and low added value of products for lithium(Li)-ion battery cathode materials with a low state of health.In this work,a targeted Li replenishment repair technology is proposed to improve the discharge-specific capacity and cycling stability of the repaired LiCoO_(2) cathode materials.Compared with the spent cathode material with>50%Li deficiency,the Li/Co molar ratio of the regenerated LiCoO_(2) cathode is>0.9,which completely removes the Co_(3)O_(4) impurity phase formed by the decomposition of LixCoO_(2) in the failed cathode material after repair.The repaired LiCoO_(2) cathode mater-ials exhibit better cycling stability,lower electrochemical impedance,and faster Li^(+)diffusion than the commercial materials at both 1 and 10 C.Meanwhile,Li_(1.05)CoO_(2) cathodes have higher Li replenishment efficiency and cycling stability.The energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of LiCoO_(2) cathodes produced by this repair method are significantly reduced compared to those using pyrometallurgical and hydro-metallurgical recycling processes.展开更多
Metallic lithium(Li)is considered the“Holy Grail”anode material for the nextgeneration of Li batteries with high energy density owing to the extraordinary theoretical specific capacity and the lowest negative electr...Metallic lithium(Li)is considered the“Holy Grail”anode material for the nextgeneration of Li batteries with high energy density owing to the extraordinary theoretical specific capacity and the lowest negative electrochemical potential.However,owing to inhomogeneous Li-ion flux,Li anodes undergo uncontrollable Li deposition,leading to limited power output and practical applications.Carbon materials and their composites with controllable structures and properties have received extensive attention to guide the homogeneous growth of Li to achieve high-performance Li anodes.In this review,the correlation between the behavior of Li anode and the properties of carbon materials is proposed.Subsequently,we review emerging strategies for rationally designing high-performance Li anodes with carbon materials,including interface engineering(stabilizing solid electrolyte interphase layer and other functionalized interfacial layer)and architecture design of host carbon(constructing three-dimension structure,preparing hollow structure,introducing lithiophilic sites,optimizing geometric effects,and compositing with Li).Based on the insights,some prospects on critical challenges and possible future research directions in this field are concluded.It is anticipated that further innovative works on the fundamental chemistry and theoretical research of Li anodes are needed.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are gaining attention owing to their affordability,high safety,and high energy density,making them a promising solution for large-scale energy storage.However,their performance is hamp...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are gaining attention owing to their affordability,high safety,and high energy density,making them a promising solution for large-scale energy storage.However,their performance is hampered by the instability of both the anode-electrolyte interface and the cathode-electrolyte interface.The use of sodium gluconate(SG),an organic sodium salt with multiple hydroxyl groups,as an electrolyte additive is suggested.Experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate that Na^(+)from SG can intercalate and deintercalate within the associated V_(2)O_(5) cathode during in situ electrochemical processes.This action supports the layered structure of V_(2)O_(5),prevents structural collapse and phase transitions,and enhances Zn^(2+)diffusion kinetics.Additionally,the gluconate anion disrupts the original Zn^(2+)solvation structure,mitigates water-induced side reactions,and suppresses Zn dendrite growth.The synchronous regulation of both the V_(2)O_(5) cathode and Zn anode by the SG additive leads to considerable performance improvements.Zn‖Zn symmetric batteries demonstrate a cycle life exceeding 2800 h at 0.5 mA cm^(-2)and 1 mAh cm^(-2).In Zn‖V_(2)O_(5) full batteries,a high specific capacity of 288.92 mAh g^(-1)and capacity retention of 82.29%are maintained over 1000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g^(-1).This multifunctional additive strategy offers a new pathway for the practical application of AZIBs.展开更多
This study investigated the variations in summer and winter PM_(2.5)concentrations and chemical composition in urban Xi'an before and during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.During the pandemic restrictions,summ...This study investigated the variations in summer and winter PM_(2.5)concentrations and chemical composition in urban Xi'an before and during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.During the pandemic restrictions,summer daytime PM_(2.5)concentrations remained comparable to pre-pandemic levels,while a reduction was noted at nighttime.Conversely,winter experienced a significant increase in both daytime and nighttime PM_(2.5)concentrations.Chemical composition analysis revealed reductions in secondary inorganic ion concentrations but notable increases in crustal matter concentrations during the pandemic restrictions,particularly evident in winter.The reductions in secondary inorganic ion concentrations were likely due to decreased emissions of corresponding anthropogenic precursors in summer,while linked to reductions in transformation efficiencies in winter.The heightened crustal matter concentrations were likely attributed to increased contributions of long-range air mass transport from dusty regions,especially prevalent in winter.Source apportionment using positive matrix factorization analysis provided quantitative insights into the distinct source profiles contributing to PM_(2.5)before and during the pandemic restrictions,with secondary inorganic-rich sources decreasing and dust-related sources increasing during the pandemic restrictions.Additionally,combustion sources,primarily from coal and biomass burning,showed higher contributions during winter.In conclusion,this study underscores the complex interplay between anthropogenic and natural factors influencing PM_(2.5)levels in Xi'an.Efforts to mitigate PM_(2.5)pollution should prioritize reducing anthropogenic emissions and implementing measures to control dust emissions,particularly when dust-related sources significantly contribute to elevated PM_(2.5)concentrations.These findings provide valuable insights into developing effective strategies for addressing the PM_(2.5)pollution problem in Xi'an.展开更多
All-solid-state batteries(ASSBs)assembled with sulfide solid electrolytes(SSEs)and nickel(Ni)-rich oxide cathode materials are expected to achieve high energy density and safety,representing potential candidates for t...All-solid-state batteries(ASSBs)assembled with sulfide solid electrolytes(SSEs)and nickel(Ni)-rich oxide cathode materials are expected to achieve high energy density and safety,representing potential candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems.However,interfacial issues between SSEs and Nirich oxide cathode materials,attributed to space charge layer,interfacial side reactions,and mechanical contact failure,significantly restrict the performances of ASSBs.The interface degradation is closely related to the components of the composite cathode and the process of electrode fabrication.Focusing on the influencing factors of interface compatibility between SSEs and Ni-rich oxide cathode,this article systematically discusses how cathode active materials(CAMs),electrolytes,conductive additives,binders,and electrode fabrication impact the interface compatibility.In addition,the strategies for the compatibility modification are reviewed.Furthermore,the challenges and prospects of intensive research on the degradation and modification of the SSE/Ni-rich cathode material interface are discussed.This review is intended to inspire the development of high-energy-density and high-safety all-solid-state batteries.展开更多
Natural organic matter(NOM)containing Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides effectively stabilizes antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)in soils.However,the specific type of NOM that limits the mobility of Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides and howNOM-Fe/Mn colloi...Natural organic matter(NOM)containing Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides effectively stabilizes antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)in soils.However,the specific type of NOM that limits the mobility of Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides and howNOM-Fe/Mn colloidal properties can bemodulated for better Sb and As stabilization remains unclear.This study suggests that the degree of stabilization of the colloidal structure formed between NOM and Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides is crucial for Sb and As stabilization.It was found that straw-derived(SD),compared to humic acid(HA)with a high content of carboxyl groups,forms more stable colloidal structures with Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.HA-Fe/Mn colloids show greater mobility and less deposition than SD-Fe/Mn colloids.In soil remediation simulations,SD-Fe/Mn colloids more effectively stabilized Sb and As.After 35 days,SD-Fe/Mn achieved nearly complete stabilization(100%)of water-soluble and decarbonate-extracted bioavailable fractions at depths of 1-12 cm,with high rates for other fractions as well.Even at depths of 23-34 cm,SD-Fe/Mn outperformed HA-Fe/Mn,showing higher stabilization rates for Sb and As by 12.6%and 20.4%,respectively.Morphological analysis suggests that the stabilization of Sb and As by SD-Fe/Mn primarily involves adsorption onto or incorporation within the Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.This study offers guidance for optimizing NOM-Fe/Mn for in situ stabilization of Sb and As,enhances the understanding of different types of NOM that affect the behavior of Sb and As soil contamination,and presents new perspectives for developing effective in situ remediation materials.展开更多
Zeolite-loaded noble metal catalysts have demonstrated excellent performance in addressing cold-start automotive exhaust NOx emissions and catalytic oxidation of VOCs applications.Pd and Pt are the most commonly used ...Zeolite-loaded noble metal catalysts have demonstrated excellent performance in addressing cold-start automotive exhaust NOx emissions and catalytic oxidation of VOCs applications.Pd and Pt are the most commonly used active metals in PNA and VOC catalysts,respectively.However,despite the same metal/zeolite composition,the efficient active sites for PNA and VOC catalysts have been viewed as mainly Pd^(2+) and Pt^(0),respectively,both of which are different from each other.As a result,various methods need to be applied to dope Pd and Pt in zeolitic support respectively for different usages.No matter which type of metal species is needed,the common requirement for both PNA and VOC catalysts is that the metal species should be highly dispersed in zeolite support and stay stable.The purpose of this paper is to review the progress of synthetic means of zeolite-coated noble metals(Pd,Pt,etc.)as effective PNA or VOC catalysts.To give a better understanding of the relationship between efficient metal species and the introduced methods,the species that contributed to the NOx adsorption(PNA)and VOCs deep catalytic oxidation were first summarized and compared.Then,based on the above discussion,the detailed construction strategies for different active sites in PNA and VOC catalysts,respectively,were elaborated in terms of synthetic routes,precursor selection,and zeolite carrier requirements.It is hoped that this will contribute to a better understanding of noble metal adsorption/catalysis in zeolites and provide promising strategies for the design of adsorption/catalysts with high activity,selectivity and stability.展开更多
The inhibitory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs)and impacts of N-acylhomoserine lactone(AHL)-based quorum sensing(QS)on biological nitrogen removal(BNR)performance have beenwell-investigated.However,the eff...The inhibitory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs)and impacts of N-acylhomoserine lactone(AHL)-based quorum sensing(QS)on biological nitrogen removal(BNR)performance have beenwell-investigated.However,the effects of ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)concentrations on NP toxicity and AHL regulation have seldom been addressed yet.This study consulted on the impacts of ZnO NPs on BNR systems when high NH_(4)^(+)-N concentrationwas available.The synergistic toxic effects of high-strength NH_(4)^(+)-N(200 mg/L)and ZnO NPs resulted in decreased ammonia oxidation rates and dropped the nitrogen removal efficiencies by 17.5%±0.2%.The increased extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)production was observed in response to the high NH_(4)^(+)-N and ZnO NP stress,which indicated the defensemechanism against the toxic effects in the BNR systemswas stimulated.Furthermore,the regulatory effects of exogenous N-decanoyl-homoserine lactone(C_(10)-HSL)-mediated QS system on NP-stressed BNR systems were revealed to improve the BNR performance under different NH_(4)^(+)-N concentrations.The C_(10)-HSL regulated the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels,denitrification functional enzyme activities,and antioxidant enzyme activities,respectively.This probably synergistically enhanced the defense mechanism against NP toxicity.However,compared to the low NH_(4)^(+)-N concentration of 60 mg/L,the efficacy of C_(10)-HSL was inhibited at high NH_(4)^(+)-N levels of 200 mg/L.The findings provided the significant application potential of QS system for BNR when facing toxic compound shock threats.展开更多
Lithium metal is a compelling choice as an anode material for high-energy-density batteries,attributed to its elevated theoretical specific energy and low redox potential.Nevertheless,challenges arise due to its susce...Lithium metal is a compelling choice as an anode material for high-energy-density batteries,attributed to its elevated theoretical specific energy and low redox potential.Nevertheless,challenges arise due to its susceptibility to high-volume changes and the tendency for dendritic development during cycling,leading to restricted cycle life and diminished Coulombic efficiency(CE).Here,we innovatively engineered a kind of porous biocarbon to serve as the framework for a lithium metal anode,which boasts a heightened specific surface area and uniformly dispersed ZnO active sites,directly derived from metasequoia cambium.The porous structure efficiently mitigates local current density and alleviates the volume expansion of lithium.Also,incorporating the ZnO lithiophilic site notably reduces the nucleation overpotential to a mere 16 mV,facilitating the deposition of lithium in a compact form.As a result,this innovative material ensures an impressive CE of 98.5%for lithium plating/stripping over 500 cycles,a remarkable cycle life exceeding 1200 h in a Li symmetrical cell,and more than 82%capacity retention ratio after an astonishing 690 cycles in full cells.In all,such a rationally designed Li composite anode effectively mitigates volume change,enhances lithophilicity,and reduces local current density,thereby inhibiting dendrite formation.The preparation of a highperformance lithium anode frame proves the feasibility of using biocarbon in a lithium anode frame.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are pivotal for achieving net-zero goals,yet their commercialization is impeded by zinc dendrites,parasitic reactions,and interfacial instability.Current debates persist on the interpl...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are pivotal for achieving net-zero goals,yet their commercialization is impeded by zinc dendrites,parasitic reactions,and interfacial instability.Current debates persist on the interplay between zincophilic-hydrophilic and zincophobic-hydrophobic interactions at the anode-electrolyte interface.Herein,a conceptual framework that decouples these competing effects was proposed,enabling the rational design of a dual-layer architecture with an inner zincophilic layer for Zn^(2+)flux homogenization and an outer hydrophobic layer for water shielding.Through in situ and ex situ analyses,the synergistic mechanism was elucidated.During the cycling process,the zincophilic interface guides uniform Zn deposition,while the hydrophobic coating suppresses H_(2)O-induced side reactions.This dual modification achieves a Zn||Cu cell with an unprecedented 99.89%Coulombic efficiency and 975-cycle stability.This work resolves the long-standing controversy over interfacial affinity design,offering a scalable and industrially viable strategy to enhance AZIBs’durability without sacrificing energy density.展开更多
Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are promising energy storage systems due to their low cost and high energy density.However,sluggish reaction kinetics and the“shuttle effect”of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)from sulfur ca...Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are promising energy storage systems due to their low cost and high energy density.However,sluggish reaction kinetics and the“shuttle effect”of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)from sulfur cathode hinder the practical application of LSBs.In this work,a separator loaded with the Eu_(2)O_(3-δ)nanoparticles/carbon nanotube interlayer is designed to immobilize Li PSs and catalyze their conversion reaction.The oxygen-deficient Eu_(2)O_(3-δ)nanoparticles,with abundant catalytic sites,promote Li PSs conversion kinetics even at high current densities.Moreover,the unique 4f electronic structure of Eu_(2)O_(3-δ)effectively mitigates undesired sulfur cathode crossover,significantly enhancing the cycling performance of LSBs.Specifically,a high capacity of 620.7 mAh/g at a rate of 5 C is achieved,maintaining at 545 mAh/g after 300 cycles at 1 C.This work demonstrates the potential application of rare earth catalysts in LSBs,offering new research avenues for promoting dynamic conversion design in electrocatalysts.展开更多
Currently,air pollution is being exacerbated by rapid social,economic,and industrial development.Major air pollutants include volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and CO.Photocatalytic and thermocatalytic technology can be...Currently,air pollution is being exacerbated by rapid social,economic,and industrial development.Major air pollutants include volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and CO.Photocatalytic and thermocatalytic technology can be used to convert VOCs and CO into harmless gases effectively.Recently,photothermal synergistic catalysis has aroused much attention because of its higher performance than those of individual photocatalytic and thermocatalytic processes.There have been many reviews on separate photocatalysts and thermocatalysts for the treatment of VOCs and CO,but few reviews have focused on photothermal synergistic catalysis.In this minireview,we concentrate on recent progress into photothermal synergistic catalysis for the efficient removal of VOCs and CO.The treatment of typical VOCs(such as benzene,toluene,ethanol,formaldehyde,acetone,propylene,and propane)and CO are summarized and analyzed.Furthermore,we discuss the use of conventional reactor technology,such as fixed‐bed quartz reactors,for VOCs and CO removal.We also discuss the mechanism of the photothermal synergistic catalytic removal of VOCs and CO.Finally,we present perspectives for the photothermal synergistic catalytic removal of VOCs and CO.展开更多
The dependence on portable devices and electrical vehicles has triggered the awareness on the energy storage systems with ever-growing energy density.Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)has revived and attracted considerable...The dependence on portable devices and electrical vehicles has triggered the awareness on the energy storage systems with ever-growing energy density.Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)has revived and attracted considerable attention due to its high volumetric(2046 m Ah cm-3),gravimetric specific capacity(3862 m Ah g^(-1))and the lowest reduction potential(-3.04 V vs.SHE.).However,during the electrochemical process of lithium anode,the growth of lithium dendrite constitutes the biggest stumbling block on the road to LMBs application.The undesirable dendrite not only limit the Coulombic efficiency(CE)of LMBs,but also cause thermal runaway and other safety issues due to short-circuits.Understanding the mechanisms of lithium nucleation and dendrite growth provides insights to solve these problems.Herein,we summarize the electrochemical models that inherently describe the lithium nucleation and dendrite growth,such as the thermodynamic,electrodeposition kinetics,internal stress,and interface transmission models.Essential parameters of temperature,current density,internal stress and interfacial Li+flux are focused.To improve the LMBs performance,state-of-the-art optimization procedures have been developed and systematically illustrated with the intrinsic regulation principles for better lithium anode stability,including electrolyte optimization,artificial interface layers,threedimensional hosts,external field,etc.Towards practical applications of LMBs,the current development of pouch cell LMBs have been further introduced with different assembly systems and fading mechanism.However,challenges and obstacles still exist for the development of LMBs,such as in-depth understanding and in-situ observation of dendrite growth,the surface protection under extreme condition and the self-healing of solid electrolyte interface.展开更多
Developing effective strategies to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and cycling stability of hard carbon(HC)anodes for sodium-ion batteries is the key to promoting the commercial application of HC.In this ...Developing effective strategies to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and cycling stability of hard carbon(HC)anodes for sodium-ion batteries is the key to promoting the commercial application of HC.In this paper,homotype heterojunctions are designed on HC to induce the generation of stable solid electrolyte interfaces,which can effectively increase the ICE of HC from 64.7%to 81.1%.The results show that using a simple surface engineering strategy to construct a homotypic amorphous Al_(2)O_(3) layer on the HC could shield the active sites,and further inhibit electrolyte decomposition and side effects occurrence.Particularly,due to the suppression of continuous decomposition of NaPF 6 in ester-based electrolytes,the accumulation of NaF could be reduced,leading to the formation of thinner and denser solid electrolyte interface films and a decrease in the interface resistance.The HC anode can not only improve the ICE but elevate its sodium storage performance based on this homotype heterojunction composed of HC and Al_(2)O_(3).The optimized HC anode exhibits an outstanding reversible capacity of 321.5mAhg^(−1) at 50mAg^(−1).The cycling stability is also improved effectively,and the capacity retention rate is 86.9%after 2000 cycles at 1Ag^(−1) while that of the untreated HC is only 52.6%.More importantly,the improved sodium storage behaviors are explained by electrochemical kinetic analysis.展开更多
Hard carbon(HC) is considered as a commercial candidate for anode materials of sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost and excellent capacity. However, the problem of low initial Coulombic efficiency is still urgentl...Hard carbon(HC) is considered as a commercial candidate for anode materials of sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost and excellent capacity. However, the problem of low initial Coulombic efficiency is still urgently needed to be solved to promote the industrialization of HC.In this paper, 2,2-dimethylvinyl boric acid(DEBA) is used to modify the surface of HC to prepare HC-DEBA materials. During the cycling, the C = C bonds of DEBA molecules will be in situ electro-polymerized to form a polymer network, which can act as the passive protecting layer to inhibit irreversible decomposition of electrolyte,and induce a thinner solid electrolyte interface with lower interface impedance. Therefore, HC-DEBA has higher initial Coulombic efficiency and better cycling stability. In ester-based electrolyte, the initial Coulombic efficiency of the optimized HC-DEBA-3% increases from 65.2% to77.2%. After 2000 cycles at 1 A·g^(-1), the capacity retention rate is 90.92%. Moreover, it can provide a high reversible capacity of 294.7 m Ah·g^(-1) at 50 mA·g^(-1). This simple surface modification method is ingenious and versatile,which can be extended to other energy storage materials.展开更多
The high mountains of Hindu-Kush Karakoram and Himalaya(HKKH) contain a large volume of snow and ice, which are the primary sources of water for the entire mountainous population of HKKH. Thus, knowledge of these avai...The high mountains of Hindu-Kush Karakoram and Himalaya(HKKH) contain a large volume of snow and ice, which are the primary sources of water for the entire mountainous population of HKKH. Thus, knowledge of these available resources is very important in relation to their sustainable use. A Modified Positive Degree Day Model was used to simulate daily discharge with the contribution of snow and ice melt from the Shigar River Basin, Central Karakoram, Pakistan. The basin covers an area of 6,921 km2 with an elevation range of 2,204 to 8,611 m a.s.l.. Forty percent of the total area is glaciated among which 20% is covered by debris and remaining 80% by clean ice and permanent snow. To simulate daily discharge, the entire basin was divided into 26 altitude belts. Remotely sensed land cover types are derived by classifying Landsat images of 2009. Daily temperature and precipitation from Skardu meteorological station is used to calibrate the glacio-hydrological model as an input variable after correlating data with the Shigar station data(r=0.88). Local temperature lapse rate of 0.0075 °C/m is used. 2 °C critical temperature is used to separate rain and snow from precipitation. The model is calibrated for 1988~1991 and validated for 1992~1997. The model shows a good Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and volume difference in calibration(0.86% and 0.90%) and validation(0.78% and 6.85%). Contribution of snow and ice melt in discharge is 32.37% in calibration period and 33.01% is validation period. The model is also used to predict future hydrological regime up to 2099 by using CORDEX South Asia RCM considering RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios.Predicted future snow and ice melt contributions in both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are 36% and 37%, respectively. Temperature seems to be more sensitive as compared to other input variables, which is why the contribution of snow and ice in discharge varies significantly throughout the whole century.展开更多
CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts with high catalytic activity and excellent resistant to SO2 and H2 O,were thought to be promising catalysts used in Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by NH3.The performance of catal...CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts with high catalytic activity and excellent resistant to SO2 and H2 O,were thought to be promising catalysts used in Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by NH3.The performance of catalysts is largely affected by calcination temperature.Here,effects of calcination temperature on physicochemical property and catalytic activity of CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts were investigated in depth.Catalyst samples calcined at different temperatures were prepared first and then physicochemical properties of the catalyst were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,Raman spectra,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,temperature-pro grammed desorption of NH3,temperature-programmed reduction of H2 and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy.Results revealed that high calcination temperature had three main effects on the catalyst.First,sintering and anatase transform into rutile with increase of calcination temperature,causing a decrement of specific surface area.Second,decomposition of CuSO4 under higher calcination temperature,resulting in disappears of Br(?)nsted acid sites(S-OH),which had an adverse effect on surface acidity.Third,CuO from the decomposition of CuSO4 changed surface reducibility of the catalyst and favored the process of NH3 oxidation to nitrogen oxides(NOx).Thus,catalytic activity of the catalyst calcined under high temperatures(≥600℃)decreased largely.展开更多
Multivalent metal-sulfur(M-S,where M=Mg,Al,Ca,Zn,Fe,etc.)batteries offer unique opportunities to achieve high specific capacity,elemental abundancy and cost-effectiveness beyond lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the...Multivalent metal-sulfur(M-S,where M=Mg,Al,Ca,Zn,Fe,etc.)batteries offer unique opportunities to achieve high specific capacity,elemental abundancy and cost-effectiveness beyond lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the slow diffusion of multivalent-metal ions and the shuttle of soluble polysulfide result in impoverished reversible capacity and limited cycle performance of M-S(Mg-S,Al-S,Ca-S,Zn-S,Fe-S,etc.)batteries.It is a necessity to optimize the electrochemical performance,while deepening the understanding of the unique electrochemical reaction mechanism,such as the intrinsic multi-electron reaction process,polysulfides dissoluti on and the in stability of metal an odes.To solve these problems,we have summarized the state-of-the-art progress of current M-S batteries,and sorted out the existing challen ges for different multivalent M-S batteries according to sulfur cathode,electrolytes,metallic an ode and current collectors/separators,respectively.In this literature,we have surveyed and exemplified the strategies developed for better M-S batteries to strengthen the application of green,cost-effective and high energy density M-S batteries.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Numbers:22179008,21875022Yibin“Jie Bang Gua Shuai”,Grant/Award Number:2022JB004+2 种基金Beijing Nova Program,Grant/Award Number:20230484241Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF,Grant/Award Number:GZB20230931Special Support of Chongqing Postdoctoral Research Project,Grant/Award Number:2023CQBSHTB2041。
文摘The burgeoning growth in electric vehicles and portable energy storage systems necessitates advances in the energy density and cost-effectiveness of lithium-ion batteries(LIBs),areas where lithium-rich manganese-based oxide(LLO)materials naturally stand out.Despite their inherent advantages,these materials encounter significant practical hurdles,including low initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE),diminished cycle/rate performance,and voltage fading during cycling,hindering their widespread adoption.In response,we introduce an ionic-electronic dual-conductive(IEDC)surface control strategy that integrates an electronically conductive graphene framework with an ionically conductive heteroepitaxial spinel Li_(4)Mn_(5)O_(12)layer.Prolonged electrochemical and structural analyses demonstrate that this IEDC heterostructure effectively minimizes polarization,mitigates structural distortion,and enhances electronic/ionic diffusion.Density functional theory calculations highlight an extensive Li^(+)percolation network and lower Li^(+)migration energies at the layered-spinel interface.The designed LLO cathode with IEDC interface engineering(LMOSG)exhibits improved ICE(82.9%at 0.1 C),elevated initial discharge capacity(296.7 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 C),exceptional rate capability(176.5 mAh g^(-1)at 5 C),and outstanding cycle stability(73.7%retention at 5 C after 500 cycles).These findings and the novel dual-conductive surface architecture design offer promising directions for advancing highperformance electrode materials.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41130526, 40971126, and 40771093)the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project of China (No. S30109)
文摘The environment of estuarine wetlands has been attracting worldwide attention. To study the spatial distribution of pollutants in the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary, Southeast China, the Eastern Tidal Flat of Chongming Island (EC) and the Jiuduansha Shoal (JS) of the estuary were selected as the study sites. At each of the two sites, a cross-transect from land to sea was established and topsoil and soil core samples in the cross-transect were collected spatially and seasonally to determine their contents of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, Mn, and Fe) and grain-size characteristics. The results showed that the heavy metal loads were commonly higher in the soils of nearshore high tidal flats and had a tendency of decreasing from land to sea at both of the study sites. The contents of heavy metals in the soils of the high and medial tidal flats were mostly higher in April and November but lower in July. Corresponding spatial and seasonal variations in grain size of the intertidal soils were also observed at the two study sites. The soils in the nearshore high tidal flats were finer and gradually got coarser seawards; they were relatively finer in April and November but coarser in July. Furthermore, the contents of heavy metals in the intertidal soils of both the sites EC and JS were significantly positively correlated with the clay (<2 μm) and 2-20 μm fractions, but negatively with the sand (>63 μm) and 20-63 μm fractions, which suggested that the heavy metals in the intertidal soils were primarily combined with the fine particulate fraction (<20 μm), especially clay, and hence the spatial and seasonal variations in heavy metals were actually caused by the change of the grain-size characteristics of the intertidal soils due to the different sedimentary environments in the estuary. The results of this study may also contribute to a better understanding of the soil formation and classification in the tidal flats of the Yangtze Estuary.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51972030 and 51772030)the S&T Major Project of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in China (No. 2020ZD0018)+1 种基金the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientists Program (No. BJJWZYJH01201910007023)the Guangdong Key Laboratory of Battery Safety (No. 2019B121203008)
文摘The existing recycling and regeneration technologies have problems,such as poor regeneration effect and low added value of products for lithium(Li)-ion battery cathode materials with a low state of health.In this work,a targeted Li replenishment repair technology is proposed to improve the discharge-specific capacity and cycling stability of the repaired LiCoO_(2) cathode materials.Compared with the spent cathode material with>50%Li deficiency,the Li/Co molar ratio of the regenerated LiCoO_(2) cathode is>0.9,which completely removes the Co_(3)O_(4) impurity phase formed by the decomposition of LixCoO_(2) in the failed cathode material after repair.The repaired LiCoO_(2) cathode mater-ials exhibit better cycling stability,lower electrochemical impedance,and faster Li^(+)diffusion than the commercial materials at both 1 and 10 C.Meanwhile,Li_(1.05)CoO_(2) cathodes have higher Li replenishment efficiency and cycling stability.The energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of LiCoO_(2) cathodes produced by this repair method are significantly reduced compared to those using pyrometallurgical and hydro-metallurgical recycling processes.
基金supported by the China Petrochemical Corporation(222260).
文摘Metallic lithium(Li)is considered the“Holy Grail”anode material for the nextgeneration of Li batteries with high energy density owing to the extraordinary theoretical specific capacity and the lowest negative electrochemical potential.However,owing to inhomogeneous Li-ion flux,Li anodes undergo uncontrollable Li deposition,leading to limited power output and practical applications.Carbon materials and their composites with controllable structures and properties have received extensive attention to guide the homogeneous growth of Li to achieve high-performance Li anodes.In this review,the correlation between the behavior of Li anode and the properties of carbon materials is proposed.Subsequently,we review emerging strategies for rationally designing high-performance Li anodes with carbon materials,including interface engineering(stabilizing solid electrolyte interphase layer and other functionalized interfacial layer)and architecture design of host carbon(constructing three-dimension structure,preparing hollow structure,introducing lithiophilic sites,optimizing geometric effects,and compositing with Li).Based on the insights,some prospects on critical challenges and possible future research directions in this field are concluded.It is anticipated that further innovative works on the fundamental chemistry and theoretical research of Li anodes are needed.
基金supported by the Battery Energy Storage Testing Center of Chongqing through their provision of testing support and technical assistance。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are gaining attention owing to their affordability,high safety,and high energy density,making them a promising solution for large-scale energy storage.However,their performance is hampered by the instability of both the anode-electrolyte interface and the cathode-electrolyte interface.The use of sodium gluconate(SG),an organic sodium salt with multiple hydroxyl groups,as an electrolyte additive is suggested.Experimental and theoretical analyses demonstrate that Na^(+)from SG can intercalate and deintercalate within the associated V_(2)O_(5) cathode during in situ electrochemical processes.This action supports the layered structure of V_(2)O_(5),prevents structural collapse and phase transitions,and enhances Zn^(2+)diffusion kinetics.Additionally,the gluconate anion disrupts the original Zn^(2+)solvation structure,mitigates water-induced side reactions,and suppresses Zn dendrite growth.The synchronous regulation of both the V_(2)O_(5) cathode and Zn anode by the SG additive leads to considerable performance improvements.Zn‖Zn symmetric batteries demonstrate a cycle life exceeding 2800 h at 0.5 mA cm^(-2)and 1 mAh cm^(-2).In Zn‖V_(2)O_(5) full batteries,a high specific capacity of 288.92 mAh g^(-1)and capacity retention of 82.29%are maintained over 1000 cycles at a current density of 2 A g^(-1).This multifunctional additive strategy offers a new pathway for the practical application of AZIBs.
基金supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi(No.2023-JC-QN-0141)the Qinchuanyuan introducing high-level innovation and entrepreneurship talent program(No.QCYRCXM-2022-363)the“Young Talent Support Plan”of Xi'an Jiaotong University(No.ND6J027).
文摘This study investigated the variations in summer and winter PM_(2.5)concentrations and chemical composition in urban Xi'an before and during the COVID-19 pandemic restrictions.During the pandemic restrictions,summer daytime PM_(2.5)concentrations remained comparable to pre-pandemic levels,while a reduction was noted at nighttime.Conversely,winter experienced a significant increase in both daytime and nighttime PM_(2.5)concentrations.Chemical composition analysis revealed reductions in secondary inorganic ion concentrations but notable increases in crustal matter concentrations during the pandemic restrictions,particularly evident in winter.The reductions in secondary inorganic ion concentrations were likely due to decreased emissions of corresponding anthropogenic precursors in summer,while linked to reductions in transformation efficiencies in winter.The heightened crustal matter concentrations were likely attributed to increased contributions of long-range air mass transport from dusty regions,especially prevalent in winter.Source apportionment using positive matrix factorization analysis provided quantitative insights into the distinct source profiles contributing to PM_(2.5)before and during the pandemic restrictions,with secondary inorganic-rich sources decreasing and dust-related sources increasing during the pandemic restrictions.Additionally,combustion sources,primarily from coal and biomass burning,showed higher contributions during winter.In conclusion,this study underscores the complex interplay between anthropogenic and natural factors influencing PM_(2.5)levels in Xi'an.Efforts to mitigate PM_(2.5)pollution should prioritize reducing anthropogenic emissions and implementing measures to control dust emissions,particularly when dust-related sources significantly contribute to elevated PM_(2.5)concentrations.These findings provide valuable insights into developing effective strategies for addressing the PM_(2.5)pollution problem in Xi'an.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52072036,52272187)the China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(SINOPEC)project(223128).
文摘All-solid-state batteries(ASSBs)assembled with sulfide solid electrolytes(SSEs)and nickel(Ni)-rich oxide cathode materials are expected to achieve high energy density and safety,representing potential candidates for the next-generation energy storage systems.However,interfacial issues between SSEs and Nirich oxide cathode materials,attributed to space charge layer,interfacial side reactions,and mechanical contact failure,significantly restrict the performances of ASSBs.The interface degradation is closely related to the components of the composite cathode and the process of electrode fabrication.Focusing on the influencing factors of interface compatibility between SSEs and Ni-rich oxide cathode,this article systematically discusses how cathode active materials(CAMs),electrolytes,conductive additives,binders,and electrode fabrication impact the interface compatibility.In addition,the strategies for the compatibility modification are reviewed.Furthermore,the challenges and prospects of intensive research on the degradation and modification of the SSE/Ni-rich cathode material interface are discussed.This review is intended to inspire the development of high-energy-density and high-safety all-solid-state batteries.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U23A20679)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2023JJ0065)+1 种基金the Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52121004)the Key Research and Development Project of the Power Construction Corporation of China(No.DJ-ZDXM-2023-24).
文摘Natural organic matter(NOM)containing Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides effectively stabilizes antimony(Sb)and arsenic(As)in soils.However,the specific type of NOM that limits the mobility of Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides and howNOM-Fe/Mn colloidal properties can bemodulated for better Sb and As stabilization remains unclear.This study suggests that the degree of stabilization of the colloidal structure formed between NOM and Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides is crucial for Sb and As stabilization.It was found that straw-derived(SD),compared to humic acid(HA)with a high content of carboxyl groups,forms more stable colloidal structures with Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.HA-Fe/Mn colloids show greater mobility and less deposition than SD-Fe/Mn colloids.In soil remediation simulations,SD-Fe/Mn colloids more effectively stabilized Sb and As.After 35 days,SD-Fe/Mn achieved nearly complete stabilization(100%)of water-soluble and decarbonate-extracted bioavailable fractions at depths of 1-12 cm,with high rates for other fractions as well.Even at depths of 23-34 cm,SD-Fe/Mn outperformed HA-Fe/Mn,showing higher stabilization rates for Sb and As by 12.6%and 20.4%,respectively.Morphological analysis suggests that the stabilization of Sb and As by SD-Fe/Mn primarily involves adsorption onto or incorporation within the Fe/Mn(hydr)oxides.This study offers guidance for optimizing NOM-Fe/Mn for in situ stabilization of Sb and As,enhances the understanding of different types of NOM that affect the behavior of Sb and As soil contamination,and presents new perspectives for developing effective in situ remediation materials.
基金supported by Zhongtian Iron and Steel-University of Science and Technology Beijing Youth Science and Technology Innovation Fund(No.FZTNTC2024050005)National Engineering Laboratory for Mobile Source Emission Control Technology,China(No.NELMS2020A07)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.FRF-AT-20-12)。
文摘Zeolite-loaded noble metal catalysts have demonstrated excellent performance in addressing cold-start automotive exhaust NOx emissions and catalytic oxidation of VOCs applications.Pd and Pt are the most commonly used active metals in PNA and VOC catalysts,respectively.However,despite the same metal/zeolite composition,the efficient active sites for PNA and VOC catalysts have been viewed as mainly Pd^(2+) and Pt^(0),respectively,both of which are different from each other.As a result,various methods need to be applied to dope Pd and Pt in zeolitic support respectively for different usages.No matter which type of metal species is needed,the common requirement for both PNA and VOC catalysts is that the metal species should be highly dispersed in zeolite support and stay stable.The purpose of this paper is to review the progress of synthetic means of zeolite-coated noble metals(Pd,Pt,etc.)as effective PNA or VOC catalysts.To give a better understanding of the relationship between efficient metal species and the introduced methods,the species that contributed to the NOx adsorption(PNA)and VOCs deep catalytic oxidation were first summarized and compared.Then,based on the above discussion,the detailed construction strategies for different active sites in PNA and VOC catalysts,respectively,were elaborated in terms of synthetic routes,precursor selection,and zeolite carrier requirements.It is hoped that this will contribute to a better understanding of noble metal adsorption/catalysis in zeolites and provide promising strategies for the design of adsorption/catalysts with high activity,selectivity and stability.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52270119).
文摘The inhibitory effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs)and impacts of N-acylhomoserine lactone(AHL)-based quorum sensing(QS)on biological nitrogen removal(BNR)performance have beenwell-investigated.However,the effects of ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)concentrations on NP toxicity and AHL regulation have seldom been addressed yet.This study consulted on the impacts of ZnO NPs on BNR systems when high NH_(4)^(+)-N concentrationwas available.The synergistic toxic effects of high-strength NH_(4)^(+)-N(200 mg/L)and ZnO NPs resulted in decreased ammonia oxidation rates and dropped the nitrogen removal efficiencies by 17.5%±0.2%.The increased extracellular polymeric substances(EPS)production was observed in response to the high NH_(4)^(+)-N and ZnO NP stress,which indicated the defensemechanism against the toxic effects in the BNR systemswas stimulated.Furthermore,the regulatory effects of exogenous N-decanoyl-homoserine lactone(C_(10)-HSL)-mediated QS system on NP-stressed BNR systems were revealed to improve the BNR performance under different NH_(4)^(+)-N concentrations.The C_(10)-HSL regulated the intracellular reactive oxygen species levels,denitrification functional enzyme activities,and antioxidant enzyme activities,respectively.This probably synergistically enhanced the defense mechanism against NP toxicity.However,compared to the low NH_(4)^(+)-N concentration of 60 mg/L,the efficacy of C_(10)-HSL was inhibited at high NH_(4)^(+)-N levels of 200 mg/L.The findings provided the significant application potential of QS system for BNR when facing toxic compound shock threats.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22179005,92372207)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2022CX01017).
文摘Lithium metal is a compelling choice as an anode material for high-energy-density batteries,attributed to its elevated theoretical specific energy and low redox potential.Nevertheless,challenges arise due to its susceptibility to high-volume changes and the tendency for dendritic development during cycling,leading to restricted cycle life and diminished Coulombic efficiency(CE).Here,we innovatively engineered a kind of porous biocarbon to serve as the framework for a lithium metal anode,which boasts a heightened specific surface area and uniformly dispersed ZnO active sites,directly derived from metasequoia cambium.The porous structure efficiently mitigates local current density and alleviates the volume expansion of lithium.Also,incorporating the ZnO lithiophilic site notably reduces the nucleation overpotential to a mere 16 mV,facilitating the deposition of lithium in a compact form.As a result,this innovative material ensures an impressive CE of 98.5%for lithium plating/stripping over 500 cycles,a remarkable cycle life exceeding 1200 h in a Li symmetrical cell,and more than 82%capacity retention ratio after an astonishing 690 cycles in full cells.In all,such a rationally designed Li composite anode effectively mitigates volume change,enhances lithophilicity,and reduces local current density,thereby inhibiting dendrite formation.The preparation of a highperformance lithium anode frame proves the feasibility of using biocarbon in a lithium anode frame.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U2130204)the Joint Funds of the National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFB2502102)+1 种基金the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS20200364)the Beijing Outstanding Young Scientists Program(BJJWZYJH01201910007023)。
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)are pivotal for achieving net-zero goals,yet their commercialization is impeded by zinc dendrites,parasitic reactions,and interfacial instability.Current debates persist on the interplay between zincophilic-hydrophilic and zincophobic-hydrophobic interactions at the anode-electrolyte interface.Herein,a conceptual framework that decouples these competing effects was proposed,enabling the rational design of a dual-layer architecture with an inner zincophilic layer for Zn^(2+)flux homogenization and an outer hydrophobic layer for water shielding.Through in situ and ex situ analyses,the synergistic mechanism was elucidated.During the cycling process,the zincophilic interface guides uniform Zn deposition,while the hydrophobic coating suppresses H_(2)O-induced side reactions.This dual modification achieves a Zn||Cu cell with an unprecedented 99.89%Coulombic efficiency and 975-cycle stability.This work resolves the long-standing controversy over interfacial affinity design,offering a scalable and industrially viable strategy to enhance AZIBs’durability without sacrificing energy density.
基金the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52104312,22278329,22271229,22105153)Qin Chuangyuan Talent Project of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2021QCYRC4-43,QCYRCXM-2022-308)the State Key Laboratory for Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment(No.EIPE23125)。
文摘Lithium-sulfur batteries(LSBs)are promising energy storage systems due to their low cost and high energy density.However,sluggish reaction kinetics and the“shuttle effect”of lithium polysulfides(LiPSs)from sulfur cathode hinder the practical application of LSBs.In this work,a separator loaded with the Eu_(2)O_(3-δ)nanoparticles/carbon nanotube interlayer is designed to immobilize Li PSs and catalyze their conversion reaction.The oxygen-deficient Eu_(2)O_(3-δ)nanoparticles,with abundant catalytic sites,promote Li PSs conversion kinetics even at high current densities.Moreover,the unique 4f electronic structure of Eu_(2)O_(3-δ)effectively mitigates undesired sulfur cathode crossover,significantly enhancing the cycling performance of LSBs.Specifically,a high capacity of 620.7 mAh/g at a rate of 5 C is achieved,maintaining at 545 mAh/g after 300 cycles at 1 C.This work demonstrates the potential application of rare earth catalysts in LSBs,offering new research avenues for promoting dynamic conversion design in electrocatalysts.
文摘Currently,air pollution is being exacerbated by rapid social,economic,and industrial development.Major air pollutants include volatile organic compounds(VOCs)and CO.Photocatalytic and thermocatalytic technology can be used to convert VOCs and CO into harmless gases effectively.Recently,photothermal synergistic catalysis has aroused much attention because of its higher performance than those of individual photocatalytic and thermocatalytic processes.There have been many reviews on separate photocatalysts and thermocatalysts for the treatment of VOCs and CO,but few reviews have focused on photothermal synergistic catalysis.In this minireview,we concentrate on recent progress into photothermal synergistic catalysis for the efficient removal of VOCs and CO.The treatment of typical VOCs(such as benzene,toluene,ethanol,formaldehyde,acetone,propylene,and propane)and CO are summarized and analyzed.Furthermore,we discuss the use of conventional reactor technology,such as fixed‐bed quartz reactors,for VOCs and CO removal.We also discuss the mechanism of the photothermal synergistic catalytic removal of VOCs and CO.Finally,we present perspectives for the photothermal synergistic catalytic removal of VOCs and CO.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51804290,22075025)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(L182023)+1 种基金the Science and Technology Project of Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Co.Ltd.(SGGR0000WLJS1900858)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(2019CX04092)。
文摘The dependence on portable devices and electrical vehicles has triggered the awareness on the energy storage systems with ever-growing energy density.Lithium metal batteries(LMBs)has revived and attracted considerable attention due to its high volumetric(2046 m Ah cm-3),gravimetric specific capacity(3862 m Ah g^(-1))and the lowest reduction potential(-3.04 V vs.SHE.).However,during the electrochemical process of lithium anode,the growth of lithium dendrite constitutes the biggest stumbling block on the road to LMBs application.The undesirable dendrite not only limit the Coulombic efficiency(CE)of LMBs,but also cause thermal runaway and other safety issues due to short-circuits.Understanding the mechanisms of lithium nucleation and dendrite growth provides insights to solve these problems.Herein,we summarize the electrochemical models that inherently describe the lithium nucleation and dendrite growth,such as the thermodynamic,electrodeposition kinetics,internal stress,and interface transmission models.Essential parameters of temperature,current density,internal stress and interfacial Li+flux are focused.To improve the LMBs performance,state-of-the-art optimization procedures have been developed and systematically illustrated with the intrinsic regulation principles for better lithium anode stability,including electrolyte optimization,artificial interface layers,threedimensional hosts,external field,etc.Towards practical applications of LMBs,the current development of pouch cell LMBs have been further introduced with different assembly systems and fading mechanism.However,challenges and obstacles still exist for the development of LMBs,such as in-depth understanding and in-situ observation of dendrite growth,the surface protection under extreme condition and the self-healing of solid electrolyte interface.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.21975026 and 22005033)the National Postdoctoral Program of China(no.BX20180037)+1 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(no.2018M640077)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(no.XSQD-202108005).
文摘Developing effective strategies to improve the initial Coulombic efficiency(ICE)and cycling stability of hard carbon(HC)anodes for sodium-ion batteries is the key to promoting the commercial application of HC.In this paper,homotype heterojunctions are designed on HC to induce the generation of stable solid electrolyte interfaces,which can effectively increase the ICE of HC from 64.7%to 81.1%.The results show that using a simple surface engineering strategy to construct a homotypic amorphous Al_(2)O_(3) layer on the HC could shield the active sites,and further inhibit electrolyte decomposition and side effects occurrence.Particularly,due to the suppression of continuous decomposition of NaPF 6 in ester-based electrolytes,the accumulation of NaF could be reduced,leading to the formation of thinner and denser solid electrolyte interface films and a decrease in the interface resistance.The HC anode can not only improve the ICE but elevate its sodium storage performance based on this homotype heterojunction composed of HC and Al_(2)O_(3).The optimized HC anode exhibits an outstanding reversible capacity of 321.5mAhg^(−1) at 50mAg^(−1).The cycling stability is also improved effectively,and the capacity retention rate is 86.9%after 2000 cycles at 1Ag^(−1) while that of the untreated HC is only 52.6%.More importantly,the improved sodium storage behaviors are explained by electrochemical kinetic analysis.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975026 and 22005033)Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars(No.XSQD-202108005)。
文摘Hard carbon(HC) is considered as a commercial candidate for anode materials of sodium-ion batteries due to its low cost and excellent capacity. However, the problem of low initial Coulombic efficiency is still urgently needed to be solved to promote the industrialization of HC.In this paper, 2,2-dimethylvinyl boric acid(DEBA) is used to modify the surface of HC to prepare HC-DEBA materials. During the cycling, the C = C bonds of DEBA molecules will be in situ electro-polymerized to form a polymer network, which can act as the passive protecting layer to inhibit irreversible decomposition of electrolyte,and induce a thinner solid electrolyte interface with lower interface impedance. Therefore, HC-DEBA has higher initial Coulombic efficiency and better cycling stability. In ester-based electrolyte, the initial Coulombic efficiency of the optimized HC-DEBA-3% increases from 65.2% to77.2%. After 2000 cycles at 1 A·g^(-1), the capacity retention rate is 90.92%. Moreover, it can provide a high reversible capacity of 294.7 m Ah·g^(-1) at 50 mA·g^(-1). This simple surface modification method is ingenious and versatile,which can be extended to other energy storage materials.
文摘The high mountains of Hindu-Kush Karakoram and Himalaya(HKKH) contain a large volume of snow and ice, which are the primary sources of water for the entire mountainous population of HKKH. Thus, knowledge of these available resources is very important in relation to their sustainable use. A Modified Positive Degree Day Model was used to simulate daily discharge with the contribution of snow and ice melt from the Shigar River Basin, Central Karakoram, Pakistan. The basin covers an area of 6,921 km2 with an elevation range of 2,204 to 8,611 m a.s.l.. Forty percent of the total area is glaciated among which 20% is covered by debris and remaining 80% by clean ice and permanent snow. To simulate daily discharge, the entire basin was divided into 26 altitude belts. Remotely sensed land cover types are derived by classifying Landsat images of 2009. Daily temperature and precipitation from Skardu meteorological station is used to calibrate the glacio-hydrological model as an input variable after correlating data with the Shigar station data(r=0.88). Local temperature lapse rate of 0.0075 °C/m is used. 2 °C critical temperature is used to separate rain and snow from precipitation. The model is calibrated for 1988~1991 and validated for 1992~1997. The model shows a good Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency and volume difference in calibration(0.86% and 0.90%) and validation(0.78% and 6.85%). Contribution of snow and ice melt in discharge is 32.37% in calibration period and 33.01% is validation period. The model is also used to predict future hydrological regime up to 2099 by using CORDEX South Asia RCM considering RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate scenarios.Predicted future snow and ice melt contributions in both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 are 36% and 37%, respectively. Temperature seems to be more sensitive as compared to other input variables, which is why the contribution of snow and ice in discharge varies significantly throughout the whole century.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21906127,21677114,21876139 and 21922606)the Key R&D Program of Shaanxi Province(Nos.2019SF-244 and 2019ZDLSF05-05-02)+4 种基金the China PostdoctoralScience Foundation(No.2016M602831)Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(No.2019JQ-502)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Nos.xjj2017113 and xjj2017170)financial supports from the China Scholarship Councilthe support of K.C.Wong Education Foundation
文摘CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts with high catalytic activity and excellent resistant to SO2 and H2 O,were thought to be promising catalysts used in Selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides by NH3.The performance of catalysts is largely affected by calcination temperature.Here,effects of calcination temperature on physicochemical property and catalytic activity of CuSO4/TiO2 catalysts were investigated in depth.Catalyst samples calcined at different temperatures were prepared first and then physicochemical properties of the catalyst were characterized by N2 adsorption-desorption,X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,Raman spectra,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,temperature-pro grammed desorption of NH3,temperature-programmed reduction of H2 and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy.Results revealed that high calcination temperature had three main effects on the catalyst.First,sintering and anatase transform into rutile with increase of calcination temperature,causing a decrement of specific surface area.Second,decomposition of CuSO4 under higher calcination temperature,resulting in disappears of Br(?)nsted acid sites(S-OH),which had an adverse effect on surface acidity.Third,CuO from the decomposition of CuSO4 changed surface reducibility of the catalyst and favored the process of NH3 oxidation to nitrogen oxides(NOx).Thus,catalytic activity of the catalyst calcined under high temperatures(≥600℃)decreased largely.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22075028)the Beijing Institute of Technology Research Fund Program for Young Scholars (2019CX04092).
文摘Multivalent metal-sulfur(M-S,where M=Mg,Al,Ca,Zn,Fe,etc.)batteries offer unique opportunities to achieve high specific capacity,elemental abundancy and cost-effectiveness beyond lithium-ion batteries(LIBs).However,the slow diffusion of multivalent-metal ions and the shuttle of soluble polysulfide result in impoverished reversible capacity and limited cycle performance of M-S(Mg-S,Al-S,Ca-S,Zn-S,Fe-S,etc.)batteries.It is a necessity to optimize the electrochemical performance,while deepening the understanding of the unique electrochemical reaction mechanism,such as the intrinsic multi-electron reaction process,polysulfides dissoluti on and the in stability of metal an odes.To solve these problems,we have summarized the state-of-the-art progress of current M-S batteries,and sorted out the existing challen ges for different multivalent M-S batteries according to sulfur cathode,electrolytes,metallic an ode and current collectors/separators,respectively.In this literature,we have surveyed and exemplified the strategies developed for better M-S batteries to strengthen the application of green,cost-effective and high energy density M-S batteries.
