PM_(1.0),particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1.0μm,can adversely affect human health.However,fewer stations are capable of measuring PM_(1.0) concentrations than PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations...PM_(1.0),particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1.0μm,can adversely affect human health.However,fewer stations are capable of measuring PM_(1.0) concentrations than PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in real time(i.e.,only 9 locations for PM_(1.0) vs.623 locations for PM2.5 or PM10)in South Korea,making it impossible to conduct a nationwide health risk analysis of PM_(1.0).Thus,this study aimed to develop a PM_(1.0) prediction model using a random forest algorithm based on PM_(1.0) data from the nine measurement stations and various environmental input factors.Cross validation,in which the model was trained in eight stations and tested in the remaining station,achieved an average R^(2) of 0.913.The high R^(2) value achieved undermutually exclusive training and test locations in the cross validation can be ascribed to the fact that all the locations had similar relationships between PM_(1.0) and the input factors,which were captured by our model.Moreover,results of feature importance analysis showed that PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were the two most important input features in predicting PM_(1.0) concentration.Finally,the model was used to estimate the PM_(1.0) concentrations in 623 locations,where input factors such as PM2.5 and PM10 can be obtained.Based on the augmented profile,we identified Seoul and Ansan to be PM_(1.0) concentration hotspots.These regions are large cities or the center of anthropogenic and industrial activities.The proposed model and the augmented PM_(1.0) profiles can be used for large epidemiological studies to understand the health impacts of PM_(1.0).展开更多
The research on the present situation of soil and water development and utilization in Shiyang River Basin shows that water resources and eco-environment situation in this area are near the edge of collapse. Since the...The research on the present situation of soil and water development and utilization in Shiyang River Basin shows that water resources and eco-environment situation in this area are near the edge of collapse. Since the water crises occurred in the 1970s, problems caused by continuous decrease of water resources have been becoming serious year by year and eco-environment crisis occurred as a consequence. Up to now, 10 380ha of irrigated lands have been abandoned due to sand coverage and water shortage in the basin. Ground water was over exploded in Wuwei and Minqin because of water shortage. Ground water table in many places dropped under 5m （which is the ecology water table level）, thus about 3000ha ofElaeagnus angustifolia forest come to dead and another 5800ha become feeble, and wind-drift sand near the oasis become alive. According to the current situation, if water utilization scope was not enlarged, a water transfer volume of 600×10^6m^3/a from other areas will be suitable to keep water resources and eco-environment safety in the basin, and also 70×10^6m^3/a will be left as spare water. Under this condition the water resources and eco-environment of the basin can reach the critical safety line of 2.032×10^6m^3/a; or if 180×10^6m^3 of water can be transferred from other areas, the water resources can reach the safety warning line of 1.732×10^9m^3/a.展开更多
The early diagenetic characteristics of pyrite formation processes in a Miocene freshwater sequence of mixed sediments （coal fragments in clays, sandstones or shales） alternating with continuous brown coal layers wa...The early diagenetic characteristics of pyrite formation processes in a Miocene freshwater sequence of mixed sediments （coal fragments in clays, sandstones or shales） alternating with continuous brown coal layers was investigated. Based on abundant minerals, the following main sedimentary environments were distinguished： the illite-montmorillonitic （I-M）, calcitic （Ct） and coal-forming environment （CL）. For these hydrogeochemically differing environments the effects of limiting factors on the pyrite formation process （availability of sulphate and Fe, amount of organic matter and participation of organic sulphur） were assessed by correlation analysis. Significant differences in the effects of these limiting factors in the particular environments were observed. These differences were explained taking in account the different oxidative activity, Fe-complex and surface complex forming properties of humic substances in dependence of pH of environment and the abundance of sorptionally active clay minerals. In environments having a relatively low pH and containing clay minerals （I-M- and CL-environments） the oxidative activity of humic substances （Hs） on pyrite precursors was greatly prevented however pyrite formation depended on reactive Fe availability as the consequence of complex formation. On the contrary, in environments with a relatively high pH, as it was the calcitic, the oxidative activity of Hs was greatly enhanced, thus oxidizing the sulfur precursors of pyrite. The oxidation degree of organic matter was probably also a consequence of the differing activity of the humic electron-acceptors.展开更多
Laboratory scale model of DMMBF （dual mixed media biofilter） were designed and installed in AI-Mustansiriya University Environmental Hydraulic Lab. Experiments were conducted using two mixed layers through PVR colum...Laboratory scale model of DMMBF （dual mixed media biofilter） were designed and installed in AI-Mustansiriya University Environmental Hydraulic Lab. Experiments were conducted using two mixed layers through PVR column--2.2 m height and 300 mm diameter. The first mixed media filter of depth 640mm mixed of sand, rice husk and granular activated carbon. The percentage volume mix is 1：1：1. While the other mixed media of depth 740 mm, consisting of coal, crash porcelinaite, rock and granite with equally percentage volume. Fifty samples were collected during the experiments, which was spread over a period of forty two weeks. The obtained results indicate that when the flow loading raised from 0.15 L/min to 2.7 L/rain, the removal efficiency of BOD decreased 8%-11%, and the removal efficiency of COD deceased 3%-4%, while the removal efficiency of turbidity increased with the decreasing of hydraulic loading. The results showed that the removal efficiency of turbidity is more than 95% at the lower discharge （0.15 L/min）. Therefore, infiltration should be conservatively designed using low loading rates.展开更多
Salt-affected soils, caused by natural or human activities, are a common environmental hazard in semi-arid and arid landscapes. Excess salts in soils affect plant growth and production, soil and water quality and, the...Salt-affected soils, caused by natural or human activities, are a common environmental hazard in semi-arid and arid landscapes. Excess salts in soils affect plant growth and production, soil and water quality and, therefore, increase soil erosion and land degradation. This research investigates the performance of five different semi-empirical predictive models for soil salinity spatial distribution mapping in arid environment using OLI sensor image data. This is the first attempt to test remote sensing based semi-empirical salinity predictive models in this area: the Kingdom of Bahrain. To achieve our objectives, OLI data were standardized from the atmosphere interferences, the sensor radiometric drift, and the topographic and geometric distortions. Then, the five semi-empirical predictive models based on the Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI), the Salinity Index-ASTER (SI-ASTER), the Salinity Index-1 (SI-1), the Soil Salinity and Sodicity Index-1 and Index-2 (SSSI-1 and SSSI-2), developed for slight and moderate salinity in agricultural land, were implemented and applied to OLI image data. For validation purposes, a fieldwork was organized and different important spots-locations representing different salinity levels were visited, photographed, and localized using an accurate GPS (σ ≤ ±30 cm). Based on this a priori knowledge of the soil salinity, six validation sites were selected to reflect non-saline, low, moderate, high and extreme salinity classes, descriptive statistics extracted from polygons and/or transects over these sites were used. The obtained results showed that the models based on NDSI, SI-1 and SI-ASTER all failed to detect salinity bounds for both extreme salinity (Sabkhah) and non-saline conditions. In Fact, NDSI and SI-ASTER gave respectively only 35% dS/m and 25% dS/m in extreme salinity validation site, while SI-1 and SI-ASTER indicated 38% dS/m and 39% dS/m in non-saline validation site. Therefore, these three models were deemed inadequate for the study site. However, both SSSI-1 and SSSI-2 allowed a detection of the previous salinity bounds and furthermore described similarly and correctly the urban-vegetation areas and the open-land areas. Their predicted EC is around 10% dS/m for non-saline urban soil, about 25% dS/m for low salinity urban-vegetation soil, approximately 30% to 75% dS/m, respectively, for moderate to high salinity soils. SSSI-2 based semi-empirical salinity models was able to differentiate the high salinity versus extreme salinity in areas where both exist and was very accurate to highlight the pure salt where SSSI-1 has reach saturation for both salinity classes. In conclusion, reliable salinity map was produced using the model based on SSSI-2 and OLI sensor data that allows a better characterization of the soil salinity problem in an Arid Environment.展开更多
Quantitative real-time retrieval of concentration-lengths (CL) through gaseous plumes is an important tool for environmental monitoring, enabling remote monitoring of emissions from industrial facilities and risk asse...Quantitative real-time retrieval of concentration-lengths (CL) through gaseous plumes is an important tool for environmental monitoring, enabling remote monitoring of emissions from industrial facilities and risk assessment in scenarios of toxic gas releases. The adoption of LWIR (Long Wave InfraRed) hyperspectral imaging as a leading technique for remote gas plume detection paved the way for an introduction of a precise CL estimation and two-dimensional (2D) mapping. A novel methodology for evaluating and characterizing the performance of a retrieval algorithm is presented. The algorithm utilizes state-of-the-art retrieved hyperspectral 2D mapping and is applied on a series of localized atmospheric tracer gas (SF<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) releases in monitored environmental conditions. The retrieved CL distributions are compared to a numeric atmospheric T&D (Transport and Diffusion) model. Satisfactory agreement between retrieved and simulated CL prediction is manifested, and the uncertainty involved is quantified. Possible sources for the remained discrepancies between retrieved and simulated CL values are characterized, and methods to minimize them are discussed.</span>展开更多
With the implementation of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CONAGUA-2000 [1], the water balance of 730 basins has been calculated and its water availability agreement is published. This rule points out to allocat...With the implementation of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CONAGUA-2000 [1], the water balance of 730 basins has been calculated and its water availability agreement is published. This rule points out to allocate water for the environment only as an annual volume since methods for estimating environmental flows were not standardized in the country. For this reason, The Water Agency (CONAGUA) issued the standard NMX-AA-159-SCFI-2012 [2], to assess environmental flows needed both, at the strategic level in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), or as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of large hydraulic projects. For over ten years, this standard was developed and finally published in September 2012 [3]. It explains different methods from hydrological to holistic approaches, with examples for the country. Its application will cover the urgent need to preserve water for ecosystems in watersheds with high ecological importance and low stress for water use. In this paper, an analysis of the environmental flow standard and examples of the suggested hydrological methods are presented. For its implementation, some steps are taking place, mainly establishing environmental water reserves and building capacities. In addition, environmental allocations are becoming a common practice for all water projects, as well as setting limits to hydrological alterations by hydroelectric dams. The standard promotes the use of technical integration tools to analyze the responses of ecosystems to changes in the flow regime and adaptive management under different scenarios of water use. Although the main steps have been taken, its implementation as mandatory rule will take time.展开更多
The present work ascertains the feasibility of oil residue treatment for stabilizing wind-blown sand dunes. Various combinations of natural collapsible saline from the Jandaq desert of Iran and oil residue from distil...The present work ascertains the feasibility of oil residue treatment for stabilizing wind-blown sand dunes. Various combinations of natural collapsible saline from the Jandaq desert of Iran and oil residue from distillation towers of Iranian refineries were tested in laboratory experiments. Stabilized sands were evaluated in terms of geotechnical properties, permeability, and oil retention characteristics(i.e. bonding mechanisms, leaching and migrating behaviour of oil residue from the stabilized sands). Since the presence of oil residue in soils can pose an environmental threat, the optimum retention capacity of the stabilized sands is of critical concern. Relative to sand that was not augmented with oil residue, specimens made of 7% oil residues had the highest compressive strength, significantly higher cohesion and load bearing capacity, and considerably lower permeability. The effect of distilled water, saline water and municipal sewage on prepared specimens were also evaluated.展开更多
Strategic assessments are a landscape scale assessment and unlike project-by-project assessments which look at individual actions, they can consider a much broader set of issues;for example, a large urban growth area ...Strategic assessments are a landscape scale assessment and unlike project-by-project assessments which look at individual actions, they can consider a much broader set of issues;for example, a large urban growth area that will be developed over many years or a fire management policy across a broad landscape. Wetlands are important and effective ecosystems for biodiversity protection and improving environmental conditions. Bird watching as tourism and ecotourism activity is a complex process which it is compatible with conservation of wetlands and other aquatic zones. In this research, combination of SWOT analysis and FAHP method base on strategic fuzzy assessment are used for bird watch zoning in Bazangan Lake. By making internal and external matrix for SWOT factors, existing condition was in competitive strategies (ST) in the study area. Offered strategies in this condition were environment restoration to increase in environment resilience against hazards (natural and human), avoiding of land use and land cover changes and presence of ecotourism responsibly especially Bird watching. The sensitivity analysis results did not show any difference within the results of the present study and it was suitable and valid to use for similar situations. Base on the presented medium and short term strategies, it needed to have a short time training program to inform and empower local communities to wetlands partnership management by sharing them in the getting benefits in Bazangan Lake. By using the preferred frame in this study, decision makers can plan for each lake, dam and wetland and determine the best areas for tourist activities like bird watching. Conservation, protection and restoration of environment with its wildlife are guaranteed by using fuzzy assessment to provide reasonable strategies.展开更多
During the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure (EIA) for hydropower projects, apart from the compliance with environmental standards and regulations, important environmental and ecosystem changes are foreseen fr...During the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure (EIA) for hydropower projects, apart from the compliance with environmental standards and regulations, important environmental and ecosystem changes are foreseen from planning and construction stages. In Mexico, the EIA and environmental standards are being systematically applied and fulfilled at planning and construction stages for hydropower projects. These are mainly related to control air emissions, solid and hazardous wastes, water discharges and deal with protected species. In addition, due to land use changes, forestry compensation procedures have already been established. To comply with project approval conditions, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is carried out during construction;it includes mitigation measures, standards, regulations and approval conditions resulting of project review and in some cases requests from the public audience. Monitoring is carried out in the area of influence that is in the works and where it is expected that natural processes are modified. However, indicators to track these changes are minimal. This paper analyzes the regulatory and organizational frameworks to address environmental management during the planning and construction of hydropower facilities in Mexico and gives recommendations to expand the scope of the supervision and management of ecosystem changes.展开更多
Almost every country requires some form of environmental licensing prior to the inception of development projects that may affect the integrity of the environment and its social context.We developed a new conceptual a...Almost every country requires some form of environmental licensing prior to the inception of development projects that may affect the integrity of the environment and its social context.We developed a new conceptual and methodological model to instruct the assessment of the potential impacts posed by proposed projects.Susceptibility to Human Interventions for Environmental Licensing Determination(SHIELD)includes a novel geomorphological interpretation of the Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA).It considers the impact of human interventions on geomorphological processes and landscape functioning in the context of the entire ecosystem,going further than the classical concept of vulnerability.Estimated susceptibility of the site informs the screening stage,allowing local conditions to help define the criteria used in the process.Similarly,the level of detail of the environmental baseline is scoped by considering the degree of disturbance of natural processes posed by human intervention.Testing this geomorphological susceptibility model on different kinds of environments would allow shifting the environmental licensing practices from the prevailing anthropocentric and static conception of the environment towards an Ecosystem Approach.SHIELD addresses the need to improve the screening and scoping stages that form the basis of the rest of any EIA.SHIELD introduces several innovations to EIA including the incorporation of fuzzy logic,a preassembled database of contributions form experts,and a shifting of emphasis from the type of proposed intervention to the type of environment and its relative susceptibility.展开更多
Defining impact significance is the main technical task that influences decision-making during the Environmental Licensing Procedure(ELP).The ELP begins with screening to determine potentially significant impacts of t...Defining impact significance is the main technical task that influences decision-making during the Environmental Licensing Procedure(ELP).The ELP begins with screening to determine potentially significant impacts of the proposed project.Scoping then follows to address any interventions deemed worthy of attention in the production of an Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA).This will include consideration of relevant landforms and geomorphological processes.However,preliminary assessments of environmental impacts often lack the scientific robustness to procure substantive and transactive effectiveness.This review presents an examination of the established practices of screening and scoping while highlighting the foremost challenges to improve the technical grounds of the ELP.The analysis of screening and scoping practices stresses the need for novel methods that ensure the sequential reasoning between their criteria while improving the preliminary evaluation of impact significance.Reducing the inherent subjectivity of discretionary judgment requires scientific methodologies that acknowledge the interaction between the natural system and human interventions,which has been addressed by geomorphological research.The knowledge consolidated in this review opens the gate to explore the compatibility between the United Nations strategy of Ecosystem Approach(EA)with the ELP through a novel geomorphological interpretation of the EIA.Therefore,this diagnosis demonstrate that screening and scoping practices would benefit from reliable methods that balance the precautionary principle with the efficient character required in the ELP.展开更多
The outstanding value of landscape building is mainly reflected in the isomorphic relationship with the environment.If properly placed,it can play a key role in the natural landscape,which puts forward higher requirem...The outstanding value of landscape building is mainly reflected in the isomorphic relationship with the environment.If properly placed,it can play a key role in the natural landscape,which puts forward higher requirements for the site selection,modeling,volume and material selection of buildings.As a prerequisite,site selection is more demanding.Based on the previous studies of geomancy,the author summed up four types of site selection:gathering potential,blocking pass,bundle vein and acupoint from the isomorphic relationship between the landscape building and terrain in Wuling Area,analyzed its gestalt function and ecological ethics from the perspective of Gestalt psychology and ecological perception theory,explored the fit between the traditional Fengshui regulations and the Gestalt theory,and further revealed the influence of the accumulated genetic function of local living experience and survival wisdom on people’s deep psychological structure.展开更多
Surface sediment samples were collected from 35 locations in Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait. Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined. Grain sizes, TOC （total organic carbon）, carbonate, mineralogical and e...Surface sediment samples were collected from 35 locations in Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait. Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined. Grain sizes, TOC （total organic carbon）, carbonate, mineralogical and environmental data were also determined. Multiple linear regression is applied to the data from the sediment sequential extractions to assess the relative importance of mineralogical and sedimentological factors in controlling heavy metal concentrations in individual chemical fractions （exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, residual） under different environmental conditions. The analysis shows that grain size, TOC, calcium carbonate and minerals clearly influence heavy metal concentrations. For the exchangeable fraction, clay, grain size and the mineral pyrite are the main factors, whereas for the reducible fraction, TOC is the main factor influencing concentrations ofZn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cr. For the oxidizable fraction, modelling shows that TOC is the main factor influencing Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr and Co concentrations. The residual fraction concentrations of Zn, Ni, Cr and Co were best predicted by the abundance of sand, with sand content having a negative effect on heavy metal concentrations in this fraction. The statistical techniques in environmental data interpretation are quite useful in cutting down the volume of the data and identifying identical classes which are statistically distinct.展开更多
How the morphology of captive-reared fish is affected by structural enrichment in their rearing tanks is not well understood.Some studies have suggested that deficiencies in rearing environments could produce inapprop...How the morphology of captive-reared fish is affected by structural enrichment in their rearing tanks is not well understood.Some studies have suggested that deficiencies in rearing environments could produce inappropriate body shape in salmonids(Vehanen and Huusko 2011).Garduho-Paz et al.(2010)have found significant differences in body and head shapes of 3-spine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus,depending on whether fish were reared in an environment with just gravel or in an environment enriched with large stones and artificial plants.展开更多
Republic of Guinea’s environmental situation is characterized by the continued degradation of natural resources. Lefa gold mine is one of the Guinean Republic’s gold companies which support the socioeconomic improve...Republic of Guinea’s environmental situation is characterized by the continued degradation of natural resources. Lefa gold mine is one of the Guinean Republic’s gold companies which support the socioeconomic improvement. It operates in the northeastern part of the country and extracts the ore gold by open pit method by using cyanide. The exploitation of the Lefa Gold Mine impacts?the natural resources and the surrounding population. This paper considers the impact of Lefa Gold Mine activities on the environment and its local population including ecological disturbance, destruction of fauna and flora, land and landscape degradation. The study was carried out in April to July 2013 in two villages, Fayalala Carrefour, and Lèro Karta. Questionnaires were illustrated for data collection, and the proposed sampling size number (1204 respondents) consisted of the two villages and the surrounding villages was?founded on the proximity to the mine sites and their degree of suffering?after a direct impact of mining activities. 961 (79.82% of respondents) adhered?to the research to provide information about the situation. The principal objective of this paper was to provide new information on the problems existing in the achievement of mining policies that will help to mitigate the environmental impacts of gold mining activities on the local population. From the respondents, the results showed that the Lefa gold mine’s activities contaminated the farmland (31.21%), allowed the extinction of many animals and plant species (28.19%), which caused the change of the landscape of the study area. However, the most important situation was the life of the surrounding population. Therefore, the study has proposed a serial of recommendation to help Lefa gold mine reduce the impact of their activities on the environment and local population.展开更多
Shade caused by trees or buildings can affect the quality and growth of turfgrasses.Thus,breeding for shade tolerance is an essential component of most turfgrass improvement programs.The objective of this study was to...Shade caused by trees or buildings can affect the quality and growth of turfgrasses.Thus,breeding for shade tolerance is an essential component of most turfgrass improvement programs.The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of seashore paspalum(Paspalum vaginatum Sw.)breeding lines under shade in multi-environment trials.Germplasm sources were 20 lines from the University of Georgia seashore paspalum breeding program and two checks,the cultivars'SeaDwarf'and'SeaStar'.Field trials were conducted from 2016 to 2019 under shade structures designed to reduce ambient sunlight at three locations:Citra(FL),Tifton(GA),and Raleigh(NC).The response variables evaluated were percent living ground cover(%GC),dark green color index(DGCI),canopy height(CH)and turfgrass quality(TQ).Data were analyzed by mixed model approaches using ASReml-R,and the t-statistics were used to group the entries.Significant genetic variances were observed in the single-location-repeated-measures analysis for CH and DGCI at Citra and Tifton,%GC at Citra,and TQ at Raleigh.Spearman correlations of the predicted values for entries between locations ranged from low to moderate,with the exception of between Citra and Tifton(0.76)for CH.There were a few breeding lines with superior performance to the entry average for all traits for which the entry variance was significant.In conclusion,genetic variability was observed for all traits and superior seashore paspalum breeding lines for multiple traits were identified under shade.展开更多
Environmental catalysis has drawn a great deal ofattention due to its clean ways to produce useful chemicals or carry out some chemical processes.Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis play important roles in these field...Environmental catalysis has drawn a great deal ofattention due to its clean ways to produce useful chemicals or carry out some chemical processes.Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis play important roles in these fields.They can decompose and remove organic pollutants from the aqueous environment,and prepare some fine chemicals.Moreover,they also can carry out some important reactions,such as 02 reduction reaction(ORR),O2 evolution reaction(OER),H2 evolution reaction(HER),CO2 reduction reaction(C02 RR),and N2 fixation(NRR).For catalytic reactions,it is the key to develop high-performance catalysts to meet the demand fortargeted reactions.In recentyears,two-dimensional(2 D) materials have attracted great interest in environmental catalysis due to their unique layered structures,which offer us to make use of their electronic and structural characteristics.Great progress has been made so far,including graphene,black phosphorus,oxides,layered double hydroxides(LDHs),chalcogenides,bismuth-based layered compounds,MXenes,metal organic frameworks(MOFs),covalent organic frameworks(COFs),and others.This content drives us to invite many famous groups in these fields to write the roadmap on two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis.We hope that this roadmap can give the useful guidance to researchers in future researches,and provide the research directions.展开更多
Initial success has been achieved in Hong Kong in controlling primary air pollutants,but ambient ozone levels kept increasing during the past three decades.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important for mitigating ...Initial success has been achieved in Hong Kong in controlling primary air pollutants,but ambient ozone levels kept increasing during the past three decades.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important for mitigating ozone pollution as its major precursors.This study analyzed VOC characteristics of roadside,suburban,and rural sites in Hong Kong to investigate their compositions,concentrations,and source contributions.Herewe showthat the TVOC concentrations were 23.05±13.24,12.68±15.36,and 5.16±5.48 ppbv for roadside,suburban,and rural sites between May 2015 to June 2019,respectively.By using Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)model,six sources were identified at the roadside site over five years:Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)usage(33%–46%),gasoline evaporation(8%–31%),aged air mass(11%–28%),gasoline exhaust(5%–16%),diesel exhaust(2%–16%)and fuel filling(75–9%).Similarly,six sources were distinguished at the suburban site,including LPG usage(30%–33%),solvent usage(20%–26%),diesel exhaust(14%–26%),gasoline evaporation(8%–16%),aged air mass(4%–11%),and biogenic emissions(2%–5%).At the rural site,four sources were identified,including aged airmass(33%–51%),solvent usage(25%–30%),vehicular emissions(11%–28%),and biogenic emissions(6%–12%).The analysis further revealed that fuel filling and LPG usage were the primary contributors to OFP and OH reactivity at the roadside site,while solvent usage and biogenic emissions accounted for almost half of OFP and OH reactivity at the suburban and rural sites,respectively.These findings highlight the importance of identifying and characterizing VOC sources at different sites to help policymakers develop targeted measures for pollution mitigation in specific areas.展开更多
基金supported by the Fine Particle Research Initiative in East Asia Considering National Differences Project through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT(No.NRF-2023M3G1A1090660)supported by a grant from the National Institute of Environmental Research(NIER),funded by the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea(No.NIER-2023-04-02-056).
文摘PM_(1.0),particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 1.0μm,can adversely affect human health.However,fewer stations are capable of measuring PM_(1.0) concentrations than PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations in real time(i.e.,only 9 locations for PM_(1.0) vs.623 locations for PM2.5 or PM10)in South Korea,making it impossible to conduct a nationwide health risk analysis of PM_(1.0).Thus,this study aimed to develop a PM_(1.0) prediction model using a random forest algorithm based on PM_(1.0) data from the nine measurement stations and various environmental input factors.Cross validation,in which the model was trained in eight stations and tested in the remaining station,achieved an average R^(2) of 0.913.The high R^(2) value achieved undermutually exclusive training and test locations in the cross validation can be ascribed to the fact that all the locations had similar relationships between PM_(1.0) and the input factors,which were captured by our model.Moreover,results of feature importance analysis showed that PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations were the two most important input features in predicting PM_(1.0) concentration.Finally,the model was used to estimate the PM_(1.0) concentrations in 623 locations,where input factors such as PM2.5 and PM10 can be obtained.Based on the augmented profile,we identified Seoul and Ansan to be PM_(1.0) concentration hotspots.These regions are large cities or the center of anthropogenic and industrial activities.The proposed model and the augmented PM_(1.0) profiles can be used for large epidemiological studies to understand the health impacts of PM_(1.0).
文摘The research on the present situation of soil and water development and utilization in Shiyang River Basin shows that water resources and eco-environment situation in this area are near the edge of collapse. Since the water crises occurred in the 1970s, problems caused by continuous decrease of water resources have been becoming serious year by year and eco-environment crisis occurred as a consequence. Up to now, 10 380ha of irrigated lands have been abandoned due to sand coverage and water shortage in the basin. Ground water was over exploded in Wuwei and Minqin because of water shortage. Ground water table in many places dropped under 5m （which is the ecology water table level）, thus about 3000ha ofElaeagnus angustifolia forest come to dead and another 5800ha become feeble, and wind-drift sand near the oasis become alive. According to the current situation, if water utilization scope was not enlarged, a water transfer volume of 600×10^6m^3/a from other areas will be suitable to keep water resources and eco-environment safety in the basin, and also 70×10^6m^3/a will be left as spare water. Under this condition the water resources and eco-environment of the basin can reach the critical safety line of 2.032×10^6m^3/a; or if 180×10^6m^3 of water can be transferred from other areas, the water resources can reach the safety warning line of 1.732×10^9m^3/a.
文摘The early diagenetic characteristics of pyrite formation processes in a Miocene freshwater sequence of mixed sediments （coal fragments in clays, sandstones or shales） alternating with continuous brown coal layers was investigated. Based on abundant minerals, the following main sedimentary environments were distinguished： the illite-montmorillonitic （I-M）, calcitic （Ct） and coal-forming environment （CL）. For these hydrogeochemically differing environments the effects of limiting factors on the pyrite formation process （availability of sulphate and Fe, amount of organic matter and participation of organic sulphur） were assessed by correlation analysis. Significant differences in the effects of these limiting factors in the particular environments were observed. These differences were explained taking in account the different oxidative activity, Fe-complex and surface complex forming properties of humic substances in dependence of pH of environment and the abundance of sorptionally active clay minerals. In environments having a relatively low pH and containing clay minerals （I-M- and CL-environments） the oxidative activity of humic substances （Hs） on pyrite precursors was greatly prevented however pyrite formation depended on reactive Fe availability as the consequence of complex formation. On the contrary, in environments with a relatively high pH, as it was the calcitic, the oxidative activity of Hs was greatly enhanced, thus oxidizing the sulfur precursors of pyrite. The oxidation degree of organic matter was probably also a consequence of the differing activity of the humic electron-acceptors.
文摘Laboratory scale model of DMMBF （dual mixed media biofilter） were designed and installed in AI-Mustansiriya University Environmental Hydraulic Lab. Experiments were conducted using two mixed layers through PVR column--2.2 m height and 300 mm diameter. The first mixed media filter of depth 640mm mixed of sand, rice husk and granular activated carbon. The percentage volume mix is 1：1：1. While the other mixed media of depth 740 mm, consisting of coal, crash porcelinaite, rock and granite with equally percentage volume. Fifty samples were collected during the experiments, which was spread over a period of forty two weeks. The obtained results indicate that when the flow loading raised from 0.15 L/min to 2.7 L/rain, the removal efficiency of BOD decreased 8%-11%, and the removal efficiency of COD deceased 3%-4%, while the removal efficiency of turbidity increased with the decreasing of hydraulic loading. The results showed that the removal efficiency of turbidity is more than 95% at the lower discharge （0.15 L/min）. Therefore, infiltration should be conservatively designed using low loading rates.
文摘Salt-affected soils, caused by natural or human activities, are a common environmental hazard in semi-arid and arid landscapes. Excess salts in soils affect plant growth and production, soil and water quality and, therefore, increase soil erosion and land degradation. This research investigates the performance of five different semi-empirical predictive models for soil salinity spatial distribution mapping in arid environment using OLI sensor image data. This is the first attempt to test remote sensing based semi-empirical salinity predictive models in this area: the Kingdom of Bahrain. To achieve our objectives, OLI data were standardized from the atmosphere interferences, the sensor radiometric drift, and the topographic and geometric distortions. Then, the five semi-empirical predictive models based on the Normalized Difference Salinity Index (NDSI), the Salinity Index-ASTER (SI-ASTER), the Salinity Index-1 (SI-1), the Soil Salinity and Sodicity Index-1 and Index-2 (SSSI-1 and SSSI-2), developed for slight and moderate salinity in agricultural land, were implemented and applied to OLI image data. For validation purposes, a fieldwork was organized and different important spots-locations representing different salinity levels were visited, photographed, and localized using an accurate GPS (σ ≤ ±30 cm). Based on this a priori knowledge of the soil salinity, six validation sites were selected to reflect non-saline, low, moderate, high and extreme salinity classes, descriptive statistics extracted from polygons and/or transects over these sites were used. The obtained results showed that the models based on NDSI, SI-1 and SI-ASTER all failed to detect salinity bounds for both extreme salinity (Sabkhah) and non-saline conditions. In Fact, NDSI and SI-ASTER gave respectively only 35% dS/m and 25% dS/m in extreme salinity validation site, while SI-1 and SI-ASTER indicated 38% dS/m and 39% dS/m in non-saline validation site. Therefore, these three models were deemed inadequate for the study site. However, both SSSI-1 and SSSI-2 allowed a detection of the previous salinity bounds and furthermore described similarly and correctly the urban-vegetation areas and the open-land areas. Their predicted EC is around 10% dS/m for non-saline urban soil, about 25% dS/m for low salinity urban-vegetation soil, approximately 30% to 75% dS/m, respectively, for moderate to high salinity soils. SSSI-2 based semi-empirical salinity models was able to differentiate the high salinity versus extreme salinity in areas where both exist and was very accurate to highlight the pure salt where SSSI-1 has reach saturation for both salinity classes. In conclusion, reliable salinity map was produced using the model based on SSSI-2 and OLI sensor data that allows a better characterization of the soil salinity problem in an Arid Environment.
文摘Quantitative real-time retrieval of concentration-lengths (CL) through gaseous plumes is an important tool for environmental monitoring, enabling remote monitoring of emissions from industrial facilities and risk assessment in scenarios of toxic gas releases. The adoption of LWIR (Long Wave InfraRed) hyperspectral imaging as a leading technique for remote gas plume detection paved the way for an introduction of a precise CL estimation and two-dimensional (2D) mapping. A novel methodology for evaluating and characterizing the performance of a retrieval algorithm is presented. The algorithm utilizes state-of-the-art retrieved hyperspectral 2D mapping and is applied on a series of localized atmospheric tracer gas (SF<sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">6</span></sub><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) releases in monitored environmental conditions. The retrieved CL distributions are compared to a numeric atmospheric T&D (Transport and Diffusion) model. Satisfactory agreement between retrieved and simulated CL prediction is manifested, and the uncertainty involved is quantified. Possible sources for the remained discrepancies between retrieved and simulated CL values are characterized, and methods to minimize them are discussed.</span>
文摘With the implementation of the Official Mexican Standard NOM-011-CONAGUA-2000 [1], the water balance of 730 basins has been calculated and its water availability agreement is published. This rule points out to allocate water for the environment only as an annual volume since methods for estimating environmental flows were not standardized in the country. For this reason, The Water Agency (CONAGUA) issued the standard NMX-AA-159-SCFI-2012 [2], to assess environmental flows needed both, at the strategic level in Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM), or as part of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of large hydraulic projects. For over ten years, this standard was developed and finally published in September 2012 [3]. It explains different methods from hydrological to holistic approaches, with examples for the country. Its application will cover the urgent need to preserve water for ecosystems in watersheds with high ecological importance and low stress for water use. In this paper, an analysis of the environmental flow standard and examples of the suggested hydrological methods are presented. For its implementation, some steps are taking place, mainly establishing environmental water reserves and building capacities. In addition, environmental allocations are becoming a common practice for all water projects, as well as setting limits to hydrological alterations by hydroelectric dams. The standard promotes the use of technical integration tools to analyze the responses of ecosystems to changes in the flow regime and adaptive management under different scenarios of water use. Although the main steps have been taken, its implementation as mandatory rule will take time.
文摘The present work ascertains the feasibility of oil residue treatment for stabilizing wind-blown sand dunes. Various combinations of natural collapsible saline from the Jandaq desert of Iran and oil residue from distillation towers of Iranian refineries were tested in laboratory experiments. Stabilized sands were evaluated in terms of geotechnical properties, permeability, and oil retention characteristics(i.e. bonding mechanisms, leaching and migrating behaviour of oil residue from the stabilized sands). Since the presence of oil residue in soils can pose an environmental threat, the optimum retention capacity of the stabilized sands is of critical concern. Relative to sand that was not augmented with oil residue, specimens made of 7% oil residues had the highest compressive strength, significantly higher cohesion and load bearing capacity, and considerably lower permeability. The effect of distilled water, saline water and municipal sewage on prepared specimens were also evaluated.
文摘Strategic assessments are a landscape scale assessment and unlike project-by-project assessments which look at individual actions, they can consider a much broader set of issues;for example, a large urban growth area that will be developed over many years or a fire management policy across a broad landscape. Wetlands are important and effective ecosystems for biodiversity protection and improving environmental conditions. Bird watching as tourism and ecotourism activity is a complex process which it is compatible with conservation of wetlands and other aquatic zones. In this research, combination of SWOT analysis and FAHP method base on strategic fuzzy assessment are used for bird watch zoning in Bazangan Lake. By making internal and external matrix for SWOT factors, existing condition was in competitive strategies (ST) in the study area. Offered strategies in this condition were environment restoration to increase in environment resilience against hazards (natural and human), avoiding of land use and land cover changes and presence of ecotourism responsibly especially Bird watching. The sensitivity analysis results did not show any difference within the results of the present study and it was suitable and valid to use for similar situations. Base on the presented medium and short term strategies, it needed to have a short time training program to inform and empower local communities to wetlands partnership management by sharing them in the getting benefits in Bazangan Lake. By using the preferred frame in this study, decision makers can plan for each lake, dam and wetland and determine the best areas for tourist activities like bird watching. Conservation, protection and restoration of environment with its wildlife are guaranteed by using fuzzy assessment to provide reasonable strategies.
文摘During the Environmental Impact Assessment procedure (EIA) for hydropower projects, apart from the compliance with environmental standards and regulations, important environmental and ecosystem changes are foreseen from planning and construction stages. In Mexico, the EIA and environmental standards are being systematically applied and fulfilled at planning and construction stages for hydropower projects. These are mainly related to control air emissions, solid and hazardous wastes, water discharges and deal with protected species. In addition, due to land use changes, forestry compensation procedures have already been established. To comply with project approval conditions, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is carried out during construction;it includes mitigation measures, standards, regulations and approval conditions resulting of project review and in some cases requests from the public audience. Monitoring is carried out in the area of influence that is in the works and where it is expected that natural processes are modified. However, indicators to track these changes are minimal. This paper analyzes the regulatory and organizational frameworks to address environmental management during the planning and construction of hydropower facilities in Mexico and gives recommendations to expand the scope of the supervision and management of ecosystem changes.
基金part of a Ph.D.project supported by the EAFIT University[grant number 767-000015]in Colombia。
文摘Almost every country requires some form of environmental licensing prior to the inception of development projects that may affect the integrity of the environment and its social context.We developed a new conceptual and methodological model to instruct the assessment of the potential impacts posed by proposed projects.Susceptibility to Human Interventions for Environmental Licensing Determination(SHIELD)includes a novel geomorphological interpretation of the Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA).It considers the impact of human interventions on geomorphological processes and landscape functioning in the context of the entire ecosystem,going further than the classical concept of vulnerability.Estimated susceptibility of the site informs the screening stage,allowing local conditions to help define the criteria used in the process.Similarly,the level of detail of the environmental baseline is scoped by considering the degree of disturbance of natural processes posed by human intervention.Testing this geomorphological susceptibility model on different kinds of environments would allow shifting the environmental licensing practices from the prevailing anthropocentric and static conception of the environment towards an Ecosystem Approach.SHIELD addresses the need to improve the screening and scoping stages that form the basis of the rest of any EIA.SHIELD introduces several innovations to EIA including the incorporation of fuzzy logic,a preassembled database of contributions form experts,and a shifting of emphasis from the type of proposed intervention to the type of environment and its relative susceptibility.
基金This contribution is a product of the post-doctoral research No 80740-103-2020,financed by the National Financing Fund"FRANCISCO JOSéDE CALDAS"the Ministry of Science,Technology and Innovation of ColombiaProject INDEX No.INV.1106-01-002-15"Cultural practices and environmental certification of beaches:a contribution for the sustainable development in the insular states"of Universidad de la Costa of Barranquilla,Colombia。
文摘Defining impact significance is the main technical task that influences decision-making during the Environmental Licensing Procedure(ELP).The ELP begins with screening to determine potentially significant impacts of the proposed project.Scoping then follows to address any interventions deemed worthy of attention in the production of an Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA).This will include consideration of relevant landforms and geomorphological processes.However,preliminary assessments of environmental impacts often lack the scientific robustness to procure substantive and transactive effectiveness.This review presents an examination of the established practices of screening and scoping while highlighting the foremost challenges to improve the technical grounds of the ELP.The analysis of screening and scoping practices stresses the need for novel methods that ensure the sequential reasoning between their criteria while improving the preliminary evaluation of impact significance.Reducing the inherent subjectivity of discretionary judgment requires scientific methodologies that acknowledge the interaction between the natural system and human interventions,which has been addressed by geomorphological research.The knowledge consolidated in this review opens the gate to explore the compatibility between the United Nations strategy of Ecosystem Approach(EA)with the ELP through a novel geomorphological interpretation of the EIA.Therefore,this diagnosis demonstrate that screening and scoping practices would benefit from reliable methods that balance the precautionary principle with the efficient character required in the ELP.
基金Sponsored by Henan Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project in 2018(2018BYS025).
文摘The outstanding value of landscape building is mainly reflected in the isomorphic relationship with the environment.If properly placed,it can play a key role in the natural landscape,which puts forward higher requirements for the site selection,modeling,volume and material selection of buildings.As a prerequisite,site selection is more demanding.Based on the previous studies of geomancy,the author summed up four types of site selection:gathering potential,blocking pass,bundle vein and acupoint from the isomorphic relationship between the landscape building and terrain in Wuling Area,analyzed its gestalt function and ecological ethics from the perspective of Gestalt psychology and ecological perception theory,explored the fit between the traditional Fengshui regulations and the Gestalt theory,and further revealed the influence of the accumulated genetic function of local living experience and survival wisdom on people’s deep psychological structure.
文摘Surface sediment samples were collected from 35 locations in Sulaibikhat Bay, Kuwait. Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn concentrations were determined. Grain sizes, TOC （total organic carbon）, carbonate, mineralogical and environmental data were also determined. Multiple linear regression is applied to the data from the sediment sequential extractions to assess the relative importance of mineralogical and sedimentological factors in controlling heavy metal concentrations in individual chemical fractions （exchangeable, reducible, oxidizable, residual） under different environmental conditions. The analysis shows that grain size, TOC, calcium carbonate and minerals clearly influence heavy metal concentrations. For the exchangeable fraction, clay, grain size and the mineral pyrite are the main factors, whereas for the reducible fraction, TOC is the main factor influencing concentrations ofZn, Pb, Ni, Cu and Cr. For the oxidizable fraction, modelling shows that TOC is the main factor influencing Zn, Ni, Cu, Cr and Co concentrations. The residual fraction concentrations of Zn, Ni, Cr and Co were best predicted by the abundance of sand, with sand content having a negative effect on heavy metal concentrations in this fraction. The statistical techniques in environmental data interpretation are quite useful in cutting down the volume of the data and identifying identical classes which are statistically distinct.
基金The authors are grateful to E.Garcia-Galea,B.Elvira,and S.Dougherty for lab and analysis assistance and to the team from the animal facilities of the Faculty of Biology for their help in the maintenance of aquaria.The authors are grateful to 3 anonymous reviewers and V.Bonet for the English review.
文摘How the morphology of captive-reared fish is affected by structural enrichment in their rearing tanks is not well understood.Some studies have suggested that deficiencies in rearing environments could produce inappropriate body shape in salmonids(Vehanen and Huusko 2011).Garduho-Paz et al.(2010)have found significant differences in body and head shapes of 3-spine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus,depending on whether fish were reared in an environment with just gravel or in an environment enriched with large stones and artificial plants.
文摘Republic of Guinea’s environmental situation is characterized by the continued degradation of natural resources. Lefa gold mine is one of the Guinean Republic’s gold companies which support the socioeconomic improvement. It operates in the northeastern part of the country and extracts the ore gold by open pit method by using cyanide. The exploitation of the Lefa Gold Mine impacts?the natural resources and the surrounding population. This paper considers the impact of Lefa Gold Mine activities on the environment and its local population including ecological disturbance, destruction of fauna and flora, land and landscape degradation. The study was carried out in April to July 2013 in two villages, Fayalala Carrefour, and Lèro Karta. Questionnaires were illustrated for data collection, and the proposed sampling size number (1204 respondents) consisted of the two villages and the surrounding villages was?founded on the proximity to the mine sites and their degree of suffering?after a direct impact of mining activities. 961 (79.82% of respondents) adhered?to the research to provide information about the situation. The principal objective of this paper was to provide new information on the problems existing in the achievement of mining policies that will help to mitigate the environmental impacts of gold mining activities on the local population. From the respondents, the results showed that the Lefa gold mine’s activities contaminated the farmland (31.21%), allowed the extinction of many animals and plant species (28.19%), which caused the change of the landscape of the study area. However, the most important situation was the life of the surrounding population. Therefore, the study has proposed a serial of recommendation to help Lefa gold mine reduce the impact of their activities on the environment and local population.
基金Funding for this project was provided by a Specialty Crop Research Initiative grant[2015-51181-24291]from the USDA National Institute for Food and Agriculture。
文摘Shade caused by trees or buildings can affect the quality and growth of turfgrasses.Thus,breeding for shade tolerance is an essential component of most turfgrass improvement programs.The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of seashore paspalum(Paspalum vaginatum Sw.)breeding lines under shade in multi-environment trials.Germplasm sources were 20 lines from the University of Georgia seashore paspalum breeding program and two checks,the cultivars'SeaDwarf'and'SeaStar'.Field trials were conducted from 2016 to 2019 under shade structures designed to reduce ambient sunlight at three locations:Citra(FL),Tifton(GA),and Raleigh(NC).The response variables evaluated were percent living ground cover(%GC),dark green color index(DGCI),canopy height(CH)and turfgrass quality(TQ).Data were analyzed by mixed model approaches using ASReml-R,and the t-statistics were used to group the entries.Significant genetic variances were observed in the single-location-repeated-measures analysis for CH and DGCI at Citra and Tifton,%GC at Citra,and TQ at Raleigh.Spearman correlations of the predicted values for entries between locations ranged from low to moderate,with the exception of between Citra and Tifton(0.76)for CH.There were a few breeding lines with superior performance to the entry average for all traits for which the entry variance was significant.In conclusion,genetic variability was observed for all traits and superior seashore paspalum breeding lines for multiple traits were identified under shade.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 21603129 & 20871167)National Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province (No. 201601D202021)the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion (No. J1819-903) for the financial support
文摘Environmental catalysis has drawn a great deal ofattention due to its clean ways to produce useful chemicals or carry out some chemical processes.Photocatalysis and electrocatalysis play important roles in these fields.They can decompose and remove organic pollutants from the aqueous environment,and prepare some fine chemicals.Moreover,they also can carry out some important reactions,such as 02 reduction reaction(ORR),O2 evolution reaction(OER),H2 evolution reaction(HER),CO2 reduction reaction(C02 RR),and N2 fixation(NRR).For catalytic reactions,it is the key to develop high-performance catalysts to meet the demand fortargeted reactions.In recentyears,two-dimensional(2 D) materials have attracted great interest in environmental catalysis due to their unique layered structures,which offer us to make use of their electronic and structural characteristics.Great progress has been made so far,including graphene,black phosphorus,oxides,layered double hydroxides(LDHs),chalcogenides,bismuth-based layered compounds,MXenes,metal organic frameworks(MOFs),covalent organic frameworks(COFs),and others.This content drives us to invite many famous groups in these fields to write the roadmap on two-dimensional nanomaterials for environmental catalysis.We hope that this roadmap can give the useful guidance to researchers in future researches,and provide the research directions.
基金supported by Hong Kong Environment Protection Department(Quotation Ref.18-06532)Hong Kong Innovation and Technology Fund(ITS/193/20FP)Hong Kong Research Grants Council(No.26304921).
文摘Initial success has been achieved in Hong Kong in controlling primary air pollutants,but ambient ozone levels kept increasing during the past three decades.Volatile organic compounds(VOCs)are important for mitigating ozone pollution as its major precursors.This study analyzed VOC characteristics of roadside,suburban,and rural sites in Hong Kong to investigate their compositions,concentrations,and source contributions.Herewe showthat the TVOC concentrations were 23.05±13.24,12.68±15.36,and 5.16±5.48 ppbv for roadside,suburban,and rural sites between May 2015 to June 2019,respectively.By using Positive Matrix Factorization(PMF)model,six sources were identified at the roadside site over five years:Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG)usage(33%–46%),gasoline evaporation(8%–31%),aged air mass(11%–28%),gasoline exhaust(5%–16%),diesel exhaust(2%–16%)and fuel filling(75–9%).Similarly,six sources were distinguished at the suburban site,including LPG usage(30%–33%),solvent usage(20%–26%),diesel exhaust(14%–26%),gasoline evaporation(8%–16%),aged air mass(4%–11%),and biogenic emissions(2%–5%).At the rural site,four sources were identified,including aged airmass(33%–51%),solvent usage(25%–30%),vehicular emissions(11%–28%),and biogenic emissions(6%–12%).The analysis further revealed that fuel filling and LPG usage were the primary contributors to OFP and OH reactivity at the roadside site,while solvent usage and biogenic emissions accounted for almost half of OFP and OH reactivity at the suburban and rural sites,respectively.These findings highlight the importance of identifying and characterizing VOC sources at different sites to help policymakers develop targeted measures for pollution mitigation in specific areas.
