The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand.The energy-star label for a...The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand.The energy-star label for a residential building is awarded against the notified standard by the regulatory body and electric vehicles(EVs)have not been accommodated as a load for residential buildings.The en-ergy consumption of an existing residential building is taken from a study already carried out and compared with the requirement of the Indian residential star-labelling programme with an EV as a plugged-in load.An annual energy gap of 6060 kWh for the existing residential buildings considered in this study for five-star building energy labels increases to 7784 kWh if the EV load is added to the building load.The residential building will lose two energy stars if it caters to the EV load and,to bridge this energy gap,the replace-ment of existing electrical appliances with five-star-rated energy appliances,employing grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaics(PV)and retrofit of the building envelope are considered.The techno-economic potential of rooftop solar PV and building envelope retrofitting for existing residential buildings is explored using RETScreen®and eQUEST software,respectively.The study establishes that the installation of rooftop solar PV can accommodate the additional load of EVs and can bridge half and three-quarters of the energy gap to achieve five energy stars for an existing building with and without EVs,respectively.It is the most economical option among the options explored in this study.The target Energy Performance Index is achievable by high-end energy consumers(12000 kWh/year)by additional measures,the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances and building envelope retrofitting in addition to the installation of rooftop solar PV.展开更多
This research paper reports the fabrication and evaluation of titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))-and zinc oxide(ZnO)-based dye-sensitized solar cells with anthocyanin dye extracted from pomegranate.TiO_(2) and ZnO were synthes...This research paper reports the fabrication and evaluation of titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))-and zinc oxide(ZnO)-based dye-sensitized solar cells with anthocyanin dye extracted from pomegranate.TiO_(2) and ZnO were synthesized using the hydrothermal synthesis and chemical bath deposition techniques,respectively.The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that TiO_(2) had nanopillars made up of nano rods with dimensions of 111.866,90.521,and 81.908 nm,while ZnO had hexagonal patterned nanorods with lengths of 283.294 nm and diameters of 91.782 nm.The absorption spectra of the pomegranate dye were analysed and the strongest absorp-tion peak was found to be at 520 nm,which corresponds to the existing anthocyanin pigment.The band gap of pomegranate dye was noted down to be 2.45 eV.The performance of the dye-sensitized solar cells was evaluated using one sun illumination(100 mW/cm^(2))where the dye-sensitized solar cell with TiO_(2) nanopillars achieved an improved efficiency of 0.46%whereas the dye-sensitized solar cell with ZnO nanorods showed a considerably reduced efficiency of 0.42%.展开更多
文摘The star-labelling programme for residential buildings was introduced by India in 2020 and applies to all residential buildings with no lower limit on the built-up area or electrical demand.The energy-star label for a residential building is awarded against the notified standard by the regulatory body and electric vehicles(EVs)have not been accommodated as a load for residential buildings.The en-ergy consumption of an existing residential building is taken from a study already carried out and compared with the requirement of the Indian residential star-labelling programme with an EV as a plugged-in load.An annual energy gap of 6060 kWh for the existing residential buildings considered in this study for five-star building energy labels increases to 7784 kWh if the EV load is added to the building load.The residential building will lose two energy stars if it caters to the EV load and,to bridge this energy gap,the replace-ment of existing electrical appliances with five-star-rated energy appliances,employing grid-connected rooftop solar photovoltaics(PV)and retrofit of the building envelope are considered.The techno-economic potential of rooftop solar PV and building envelope retrofitting for existing residential buildings is explored using RETScreen®and eQUEST software,respectively.The study establishes that the installation of rooftop solar PV can accommodate the additional load of EVs and can bridge half and three-quarters of the energy gap to achieve five energy stars for an existing building with and without EVs,respectively.It is the most economical option among the options explored in this study.The target Energy Performance Index is achievable by high-end energy consumers(12000 kWh/year)by additional measures,the replacement of inefficient electrical appliances and building envelope retrofitting in addition to the installation of rooftop solar PV.
文摘This research paper reports the fabrication and evaluation of titanium dioxide(TiO_(2))-and zinc oxide(ZnO)-based dye-sensitized solar cells with anthocyanin dye extracted from pomegranate.TiO_(2) and ZnO were synthesized using the hydrothermal synthesis and chemical bath deposition techniques,respectively.The scanning electron microscopy analysis showed that TiO_(2) had nanopillars made up of nano rods with dimensions of 111.866,90.521,and 81.908 nm,while ZnO had hexagonal patterned nanorods with lengths of 283.294 nm and diameters of 91.782 nm.The absorption spectra of the pomegranate dye were analysed and the strongest absorp-tion peak was found to be at 520 nm,which corresponds to the existing anthocyanin pigment.The band gap of pomegranate dye was noted down to be 2.45 eV.The performance of the dye-sensitized solar cells was evaluated using one sun illumination(100 mW/cm^(2))where the dye-sensitized solar cell with TiO_(2) nanopillars achieved an improved efficiency of 0.46%whereas the dye-sensitized solar cell with ZnO nanorods showed a considerably reduced efficiency of 0.42%.
