Wood biomass has been viewed as “carbon neutral”—its uses as energy have a zero carbon footprint. Some observers argue that the use of wood biofuels will result in a decrease of the forest stock and a net reduction...Wood biomass has been viewed as “carbon neutral”—its uses as energy have a zero carbon footprint. Some observers argue that the use of wood biofuels will result in a decrease of the forest stock and a net reduction of the carbon captured in the forest. Such assessments take a static, accounting view of forest systems and do not consider the effects of management in renewing the forest and increasing its extent or ability to sequester carbon. This paper addresses the carbon neutrality debate using a dynamic optimization forest management model to examine the effect on the existing and future forests of a changing demand for wood biomass. The results show that under market optimizing conditions, when future demand is anticipated to increase for significant periods, the response of managers will be to increase the intensity of forest production thereby offsetting much of the carbon released in bioenergy production.展开更多
China’s swift and substantial economic growth over the past 20 years has made the country one of the top industrial powers in the world, second only the United States. From the perspective of ecology and the impact o...China’s swift and substantial economic growth over the past 20 years has made the country one of the top industrial powers in the world, second only the United States. From the perspective of ecology and the impact on the environment produced by economic and industrial growth, the exports that have driven rapid growth have also resulted in an alarming level of environmental pollution in major Chinese cities. Research has shown that the Chinese government’s investment in bringing down pollution levels has been insufficient and ineffective. The monetary amount allocated for pollution reduction has barely reached 0.15% of the country’s GDP and has failed to meaningfully reverse the effects of industrialization, including increased exports and economic growth rates affecting China’s ecology. The present study investigated China’s ecological situation in terms of the industrial production that has generated its level of exports, with special focus on problems related to water, air, and solid waste. An econometric analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between the main variables. The exports and GDP (dependent variable), air pollution, water pollution, and industrial solid waste (independent variables) were provided by the Institute of Statistics and the Environment Institute of China for this study. The data was managed in Econometric Eviews 7.0 software and yielded an adjusted R<sup>2 </sup>of 96.09% (high correlation) with an interesting correlation between the exports and three independent variables;after subsequent variable analysis, we found that investments in water and industrial solid waste were not significant (i.e., that said investments have failed to solve the pollution problem). It is necessary to review the Chinese investment policy with special attention to these variables to appropriately respond to China’s ecological crisis.展开更多
Education is a cornerstone in promoting the overall welfare of individuals and plays a pivotal role in shaping their lives.As the developing world grapples with the multifaceted challenges of poverty,there is a growin...Education is a cornerstone in promoting the overall welfare of individuals and plays a pivotal role in shaping their lives.As the developing world grapples with the multifaceted challenges of poverty,there is a growing emphasis on evaluating poverty from a multidimensional perspective.Therefore,this study estimates the educational poverty index(EPI).To construct the EPI,Alkire and Foster’s methodology was used with data from the Pakistan Panel Household Survey.We also estimated the dynamics of educational poverty using logistic regression.The results show that the EPI declined from 0.24 in 2001 to 0.21 in 2010.Similarly,the intensity decreased from 0.42 to 0.30.However,the incidence of educational poverty increased from 0.58 to 0.69.At the provincial level,there was a reduction in educational poverty and intensity across all provinces.However,the rate of decline in the EPI and intensity was comparatively higher in Baluchistan than in other provinces.Most of the population belonged to the transitory poor category(0.47).Other dynamic factors such as the household head’s age,education,family size,disability,and land acres also play vital roles in moving into or out of poverty.Our study reveals numerous dimensions that can increase household educational poverty.The government should be vigilant while preparing the policy and must consider the multiple dimensions of a household to eradicate educational poverty.展开更多
Marine aquaculture is currently the fastest-growing seafood industry globally,offering a potential solution to overfishing problems,while enhancing food security and income generation.South Sulawesi,a province in Indo...Marine aquaculture is currently the fastest-growing seafood industry globally,offering a potential solution to overfishing problems,while enhancing food security and income generation.South Sulawesi,a province in Indonesia,is rich in aquaculture resources,one of which is lobster.The two commonly used aquaculture systems are the floating-net cage(KJA)and fixed-net cage(KJD).The growing market demand and rising lobster prices pose a threat to resource sustainability due to overexploitation.This is issue have to be addressed to achieve sustainable fishery development.Sustainability is the primary focus on global fishery development.According to the United Nations,sustainable development encompasses three dimensions:the economy,social and ecology.Therefore,sustainable fishery,particularly aquaculture,relies on obtaining significant benefits while minimizing environmental damage.Hence,this study aimed to analyze the sustainability level of the pearl lobster(Panulirus ornatus)aquaculture in South Sulawesi,based on the provided background information.The study included a sample of 62 farmers.The sample selection involved the use of the stratified sampling method,with 51 farmers from(KJA)and 11 farmers from(KJD).The sustainability analysis,conducted through assessment of based farmers’perceptions,served as the analytical method.The findings revealed that pearl lobster(Panulirus ornatus)aquaculture has a medium level of sustainability.Employing Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture(IMTA)and Regional Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture(RIMTA)techniques is a recommended sustainability level.展开更多
文摘Wood biomass has been viewed as “carbon neutral”—its uses as energy have a zero carbon footprint. Some observers argue that the use of wood biofuels will result in a decrease of the forest stock and a net reduction of the carbon captured in the forest. Such assessments take a static, accounting view of forest systems and do not consider the effects of management in renewing the forest and increasing its extent or ability to sequester carbon. This paper addresses the carbon neutrality debate using a dynamic optimization forest management model to examine the effect on the existing and future forests of a changing demand for wood biomass. The results show that under market optimizing conditions, when future demand is anticipated to increase for significant periods, the response of managers will be to increase the intensity of forest production thereby offsetting much of the carbon released in bioenergy production.
文摘China’s swift and substantial economic growth over the past 20 years has made the country one of the top industrial powers in the world, second only the United States. From the perspective of ecology and the impact on the environment produced by economic and industrial growth, the exports that have driven rapid growth have also resulted in an alarming level of environmental pollution in major Chinese cities. Research has shown that the Chinese government’s investment in bringing down pollution levels has been insufficient and ineffective. The monetary amount allocated for pollution reduction has barely reached 0.15% of the country’s GDP and has failed to meaningfully reverse the effects of industrialization, including increased exports and economic growth rates affecting China’s ecology. The present study investigated China’s ecological situation in terms of the industrial production that has generated its level of exports, with special focus on problems related to water, air, and solid waste. An econometric analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between the main variables. The exports and GDP (dependent variable), air pollution, water pollution, and industrial solid waste (independent variables) were provided by the Institute of Statistics and the Environment Institute of China for this study. The data was managed in Econometric Eviews 7.0 software and yielded an adjusted R<sup>2 </sup>of 96.09% (high correlation) with an interesting correlation between the exports and three independent variables;after subsequent variable analysis, we found that investments in water and industrial solid waste were not significant (i.e., that said investments have failed to solve the pollution problem). It is necessary to review the Chinese investment policy with special attention to these variables to appropriately respond to China’s ecological crisis.
文摘Education is a cornerstone in promoting the overall welfare of individuals and plays a pivotal role in shaping their lives.As the developing world grapples with the multifaceted challenges of poverty,there is a growing emphasis on evaluating poverty from a multidimensional perspective.Therefore,this study estimates the educational poverty index(EPI).To construct the EPI,Alkire and Foster’s methodology was used with data from the Pakistan Panel Household Survey.We also estimated the dynamics of educational poverty using logistic regression.The results show that the EPI declined from 0.24 in 2001 to 0.21 in 2010.Similarly,the intensity decreased from 0.42 to 0.30.However,the incidence of educational poverty increased from 0.58 to 0.69.At the provincial level,there was a reduction in educational poverty and intensity across all provinces.However,the rate of decline in the EPI and intensity was comparatively higher in Baluchistan than in other provinces.Most of the population belonged to the transitory poor category(0.47).Other dynamic factors such as the household head’s age,education,family size,disability,and land acres also play vital roles in moving into or out of poverty.Our study reveals numerous dimensions that can increase household educational poverty.The government should be vigilant while preparing the policy and must consider the multiple dimensions of a household to eradicate educational poverty.
文摘Marine aquaculture is currently the fastest-growing seafood industry globally,offering a potential solution to overfishing problems,while enhancing food security and income generation.South Sulawesi,a province in Indonesia,is rich in aquaculture resources,one of which is lobster.The two commonly used aquaculture systems are the floating-net cage(KJA)and fixed-net cage(KJD).The growing market demand and rising lobster prices pose a threat to resource sustainability due to overexploitation.This is issue have to be addressed to achieve sustainable fishery development.Sustainability is the primary focus on global fishery development.According to the United Nations,sustainable development encompasses three dimensions:the economy,social and ecology.Therefore,sustainable fishery,particularly aquaculture,relies on obtaining significant benefits while minimizing environmental damage.Hence,this study aimed to analyze the sustainability level of the pearl lobster(Panulirus ornatus)aquaculture in South Sulawesi,based on the provided background information.The study included a sample of 62 farmers.The sample selection involved the use of the stratified sampling method,with 51 farmers from(KJA)and 11 farmers from(KJD).The sustainability analysis,conducted through assessment of based farmers’perceptions,served as the analytical method.The findings revealed that pearl lobster(Panulirus ornatus)aquaculture has a medium level of sustainability.Employing Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture(IMTA)and Regional Integrated Multi Tropic Aquaculture(RIMTA)techniques is a recommended sustainability level.
