The emerging nanoscience,nanotechnology and nanomaterials can be used for various industrial applications to enhance reliability,performance,stability and functional capability.Their application in the design and deve...The emerging nanoscience,nanotechnology and nanomaterials can be used for various industrial applications to enhance reliability,performance,stability and functional capability.Their application in the design and development of tools and materials used in oil and gas industry for extreme drilling conditions could overcome the current limitations of conventional tools and the various fluid systems used by the industry.The functional limitations such as poor physio-chemical stability in acid gas environment,frequent mechanical failure and malfunctioning in complex geological environment,thermal degradation in high temperature environment,etc.of currently used conventional tools and fluid systems are associated with extreme operating conditions due to a shift of the drilling operation from low risk to high risk geological environments,onshore to offshore locations,shallow water to deep water environment,etc.The progressive shift to increasingly higher risk operating environments is unavoidable as the energy demand of global community has increased manifold and is expected to increase further in future.Moreover,the probability and likelihood of finding easy oils and gas resources in low risk areas are diminishing quickly.That is why the oil and gas companies are constantly shifting to extremely challenging environments to meet the global energy demand.This is reflected by the expansion of drilling activities in complex geological areas,deep water environments,extreme-HPHT environments,etc.As the current tools and equipment and also the additives and chemicals often fail and/or lose their functional ability due to the detrimental effect of exposure of extremely harsh conditions,the industry needs tools and equipment,chemicals fluid additives that are highly reliable,chemically resistive,thermally and mechanically stable to ensure safe and trouble free drilling operations.It has been demonstrated in several fields of study that nanostructured materials and additives exhibit improved mechanical,chemical,thermal,electrical and tribological properties that can significantly increase the stability and durability of the tools and equipment along with the chemical and thermal stability of additives required for high performance fluid design.This review article captures the recent developments about the application of nanomaterials in the design and development of tools,equipment,additives,chemicals and smart materials to overcome current and future technical challenges of the oil and gas industry.Finally,the conventional of rule of mixtures of composite materials design and the current nanotechnology-based research conducted by various researchers have been highlighted to demonstrate potential of nanotechnology to enhance the physical,mechanical,chemical and thermal property of tools,equipment and various fluid systems used by the oil and gas industry.展开更多
The global oil and gas industry has a long standing initiative to develop and use the most environment friendly solutions in the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources to prevent any damage or degradati...The global oil and gas industry has a long standing initiative to develop and use the most environment friendly solutions in the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources to prevent any damage or degradation of other marine and terrestrial resources. This is reflected by increasing research in academics, research institutes and organizations around the globe to develop better and more environment friendly base fluids, viscosifiers, fluid loss additives, emulsifiers, lubricants, etc. to protect the local, regional and global environments, eco-systems, habitats and also the OHS of workers and professionals working in the oil and gas industry. This paper describes the development, testing and evaluation of several novel additives to demonstrate their suitability for oil and gas field applications to avoid any negative impact to the surrounding environment. Experimental results indicate that the newly developed additives provide desirable, similar or better performance with respect to conventional additives used by the industry and thus demonstrate their suitability for application in aqueous and non-aqueous fluid design. The plant-based organic additive identified to use as an ecofriendly viscosifier for aqueous mud system can also control the fluid loss behavior of clay free system and thus can act as a bi-functional additive. Several waste vegetable oil-based eco-friendly additives have been developed for their application as spotting fluids, base oil and emulsifiers for invert emulsion oil based mud. These additives have similar or better technical performance than the equivalents and the eco-friendly nature of the mud additives demonstrates their ability to perform the functional tasks with better protection of the surrounding environments.展开更多
With the development of new synthesis methods and chemistries,a number of new superhard materials have been reported to be harder than diamond.While such materials are highly desirable due to their wide-ranging applic...With the development of new synthesis methods and chemistries,a number of new superhard materials have been reported to be harder than diamond.While such materials are highly desirable due to their wide-ranging applications,there are some inherent uncertainties in the methods utilized to determine and define the hardness of such materials.In this paper,we employed the standard Vickers diamond indenter and substitute indenters with the same shape to measure the hardness of nine ceramics and superhard materials within well-defined criteria and methodology,for the assessment of consistency in the hardness testing.The findings and the developed testing method in the current study have broad implications in characterizing new and emerging superhard materials,leading to new discoveries.展开更多
Current interest in deep,low-permeability formations(<10 md)demands accelerated development of high-temperature hydraulic fracturing technologies.Conventional guar systems break down above 300°F and require hi...Current interest in deep,low-permeability formations(<10 md)demands accelerated development of high-temperature hydraulic fracturing technologies.Conventional guar systems break down above 300°F and require higher polymer loadings to maintain thermal stability.However,higher polymer loadings generate more residue and damage to the proppant pack and the formation.To resolve these problems,a variety of high-temperature stabilizers are added to enhance the thermal stability of these fracturing fluids at temperatures above 300F.The focus of this work is to:(1)identify those additives that best enhance temperature stability of fracturing fluids and(2)study the rheological influence of incorporating these additives on the fracturing fluid systems.The experimental fracturing-fluid solutions were prepared at a total polymer concentration of 30 and 40 lb/1000 gal.Additives such as synthetic polymer,oxygen scavengers,crosslinkers,crosslinker delay additives,and pH buffers were examined in this work.Hydrated polymer solutions were crosslinked with a metallic crosslinker between 200 and 400°F.Viscosity measurements were carried out in a highpressure/high-temperature(HP/HT)rheometer to evaluate rheology and thermal stability.Results show that adding a synthetic polymer and a crosslinker with the slowest reaction rate improves the fracturing fluid thermal stability.Of the three other additives tested,oxygen scavengers showed the greatest enhancement to thermal stability while pH buffers showed the least.Through the addition of high-temperature stabilizing additives,the fracturing fluid in this work was able to maintain a stable performance at temperatures up to 400°F.Maintaining the thermal stability of fracturing fluids at a lower polymer loading remains a challenge in the industry.This work proposes techniques that can be used to enhance the thermal stability of fracturing fluids.Deeper knowledge about these different techniques will allow for better additive development and application in the field.展开更多
文摘The emerging nanoscience,nanotechnology and nanomaterials can be used for various industrial applications to enhance reliability,performance,stability and functional capability.Their application in the design and development of tools and materials used in oil and gas industry for extreme drilling conditions could overcome the current limitations of conventional tools and the various fluid systems used by the industry.The functional limitations such as poor physio-chemical stability in acid gas environment,frequent mechanical failure and malfunctioning in complex geological environment,thermal degradation in high temperature environment,etc.of currently used conventional tools and fluid systems are associated with extreme operating conditions due to a shift of the drilling operation from low risk to high risk geological environments,onshore to offshore locations,shallow water to deep water environment,etc.The progressive shift to increasingly higher risk operating environments is unavoidable as the energy demand of global community has increased manifold and is expected to increase further in future.Moreover,the probability and likelihood of finding easy oils and gas resources in low risk areas are diminishing quickly.That is why the oil and gas companies are constantly shifting to extremely challenging environments to meet the global energy demand.This is reflected by the expansion of drilling activities in complex geological areas,deep water environments,extreme-HPHT environments,etc.As the current tools and equipment and also the additives and chemicals often fail and/or lose their functional ability due to the detrimental effect of exposure of extremely harsh conditions,the industry needs tools and equipment,chemicals fluid additives that are highly reliable,chemically resistive,thermally and mechanically stable to ensure safe and trouble free drilling operations.It has been demonstrated in several fields of study that nanostructured materials and additives exhibit improved mechanical,chemical,thermal,electrical and tribological properties that can significantly increase the stability and durability of the tools and equipment along with the chemical and thermal stability of additives required for high performance fluid design.This review article captures the recent developments about the application of nanomaterials in the design and development of tools,equipment,additives,chemicals and smart materials to overcome current and future technical challenges of the oil and gas industry.Finally,the conventional of rule of mixtures of composite materials design and the current nanotechnology-based research conducted by various researchers have been highlighted to demonstrate potential of nanotechnology to enhance the physical,mechanical,chemical and thermal property of tools,equipment and various fluid systems used by the oil and gas industry.
文摘The global oil and gas industry has a long standing initiative to develop and use the most environment friendly solutions in the exploration and exploitation of oil and gas resources to prevent any damage or degradation of other marine and terrestrial resources. This is reflected by increasing research in academics, research institutes and organizations around the globe to develop better and more environment friendly base fluids, viscosifiers, fluid loss additives, emulsifiers, lubricants, etc. to protect the local, regional and global environments, eco-systems, habitats and also the OHS of workers and professionals working in the oil and gas industry. This paper describes the development, testing and evaluation of several novel additives to demonstrate their suitability for oil and gas field applications to avoid any negative impact to the surrounding environment. Experimental results indicate that the newly developed additives provide desirable, similar or better performance with respect to conventional additives used by the industry and thus demonstrate their suitability for application in aqueous and non-aqueous fluid design. The plant-based organic additive identified to use as an ecofriendly viscosifier for aqueous mud system can also control the fluid loss behavior of clay free system and thus can act as a bi-functional additive. Several waste vegetable oil-based eco-friendly additives have been developed for their application as spotting fluids, base oil and emulsifiers for invert emulsion oil based mud. These additives have similar or better technical performance than the equivalents and the eco-friendly nature of the mud additives demonstrates their ability to perform the functional tasks with better protection of the surrounding environments.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Pro-gram of China (No.2018YFA0305900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.11872198,U2030110,51472171,11427810 and 11704014)+8 种基金the Science and Technology Innovation Team of Sichuan Province (No.15CXTD0025)the Key Research Projects of Jingchu University of Technology (Nos.HX202160 and HX2022001)the collaborative project fund between Saudi Aramco and Chengdu Dongwei Technology Co.Ltd (No.4600000955)partially supported by the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Nos.JCYJ20190813103201662 and JCYJ20210324121405014)the Key Research Platforms and Research Projects of Universities in Guangdong Province (No.2020ZDZX2035)the Natural Science Foundation of Top Talent of Shenzhen Technology University (SZTU) (No.2019202)the Shenzhen Peacock Plan (No.KQTD2016053019134356)the Guangdong Innovative&Entrepreneurial Research Team Program (No.2016ZT06C279)the Major Science and Technology Infrastructure Project of Material Genome Big-science Facilities Platform supported by Municipal Development and Reform Commission of Shenzhen.
文摘With the development of new synthesis methods and chemistries,a number of new superhard materials have been reported to be harder than diamond.While such materials are highly desirable due to their wide-ranging applications,there are some inherent uncertainties in the methods utilized to determine and define the hardness of such materials.In this paper,we employed the standard Vickers diamond indenter and substitute indenters with the same shape to measure the hardness of nine ceramics and superhard materials within well-defined criteria and methodology,for the assessment of consistency in the hardness testing.The findings and the developed testing method in the current study have broad implications in characterizing new and emerging superhard materials,leading to new discoveries.
基金The authors thank Gia Alexander for editorial assistance in preparing this paper.
文摘Current interest in deep,low-permeability formations(<10 md)demands accelerated development of high-temperature hydraulic fracturing technologies.Conventional guar systems break down above 300°F and require higher polymer loadings to maintain thermal stability.However,higher polymer loadings generate more residue and damage to the proppant pack and the formation.To resolve these problems,a variety of high-temperature stabilizers are added to enhance the thermal stability of these fracturing fluids at temperatures above 300F.The focus of this work is to:(1)identify those additives that best enhance temperature stability of fracturing fluids and(2)study the rheological influence of incorporating these additives on the fracturing fluid systems.The experimental fracturing-fluid solutions were prepared at a total polymer concentration of 30 and 40 lb/1000 gal.Additives such as synthetic polymer,oxygen scavengers,crosslinkers,crosslinker delay additives,and pH buffers were examined in this work.Hydrated polymer solutions were crosslinked with a metallic crosslinker between 200 and 400°F.Viscosity measurements were carried out in a highpressure/high-temperature(HP/HT)rheometer to evaluate rheology and thermal stability.Results show that adding a synthetic polymer and a crosslinker with the slowest reaction rate improves the fracturing fluid thermal stability.Of the three other additives tested,oxygen scavengers showed the greatest enhancement to thermal stability while pH buffers showed the least.Through the addition of high-temperature stabilizing additives,the fracturing fluid in this work was able to maintain a stable performance at temperatures up to 400°F.Maintaining the thermal stability of fracturing fluids at a lower polymer loading remains a challenge in the industry.This work proposes techniques that can be used to enhance the thermal stability of fracturing fluids.Deeper knowledge about these different techniques will allow for better additive development and application in the field.
