In order to understand the key mechanisms of the composting processes, the municipal solid waste(MSW) composting processes were divided into two stages, and the characteristics of typical experimental scenarios from t...In order to understand the key mechanisms of the composting processes, the municipal solid waste(MSW) composting processes were divided into two stages, and the characteristics of typical experimental scenarios from the viewpoint of microbial kinetics was analyzed. Through experimentation with advanced composting reactor under controlled composting conditions, several equations were worked out to simulate the degradation rate of the substrate. The equations showed that the degradation rate was controlled by concentration of microbes in the first stage. The degradation rates of substrates of inoculation Run A, B, C and Control composting systems were 13 61 g/(kg·h), 13 08 g/(kg·h), 15 671 g/(kg·h), and 10 5 g/(kg·h), respectively. The value of Run C is around 1 5 times higher than that of Control system. The decomposition rate of the second stage is controlled by concentration of substrate. Although the organic matter degradation rates were similar to all Runs, inoculation could reduce the values of the half velocity coefficient K \-m and could be more efficient to make the composting stable. Particularly, for Run C, the degradation rate is high in the first stage, and K \-m is low in the second stage. The results indicated that the inoculation was efficient for the composting processes.展开更多
The western edge of the Jord Tannourine-Aaqoura plateau(Lebanon)is a Mediterranean mountain region that unites the suitable conditions for water erosion:abundant rain,steep slopes,ravaged natural vegetation cover,and ...The western edge of the Jord Tannourine-Aaqoura plateau(Lebanon)is a Mediterranean mountain region that unites the suitable conditions for water erosion:abundant rain,steep slopes,ravaged natural vegetation cover,and soil susceptible to degradation.However,the agricultural terraces developed for decades remain a robust practice to limit runoff and expand the useful agricultural area.To determine water erosion and the role of anti-erosion practices,the adopted methodology is based on the universal USLE equation revised(RUSLE).The combination of model parameters in a GIS has made it possible to define that water erosion can exceed 51 t/ha/year,mainly in sectors marked by the absence of agricultural terraces,and not associated with dense plant cover.In contrast,terraced slopes induce losses of less than 16 t/ha/year.The implantation of a network of metal rods does the validation.Faced with this risk of degradation,it seems essential to recommend protective agricultural techniques.展开更多
Excessive temperature rise during the operation of the generator system can affect the safety and life cycle of the machine.Therefore,in order to accurately obtain the internal temperature of the switched reluctance g...Excessive temperature rise during the operation of the generator system can affect the safety and life cycle of the machine.Therefore,in order to accurately obtain the internal temperature of the switched reluctance generator(SRG),an internal temperature estimation model based on electric heating is established in this paper.First,an im-proved variable coefficient Bertotti loss separation calcula-tion formula is adopted to solve the iron loss of the genera-tor under various operating conditions.Subsequently,the accurate heat source parameters in the temperature model can be obtained,and the corresponding heat source data can be calculated.Then,based on the obtained heat source data,an equivalent thermal circuit model is established for SRG.Meanwhile,in order to effectively reduce the internal temperature during SRG operation,a new water-cooled structure for direct cooling of SRG stator windings is pro-posed in this paper,which can effectively reduce the tem-perature rise during operation,thus improving the reliabil-ity of the generator.Finally,by comparing the equivalent thermal circuit model,finite element thermal model,and experimental temperature measurements of SRG,it is found that results from the equivalent thermal circuit model of the SRG are closer to the measured temperatures,while the effectiveness of the water-cooled structure is verified.展开更多
Mass renovation goals aimed at energy savings on a national scale require a significant level of public financial commitment.To identify target buildings,decision-makers need a thorough understanding of energy perform...Mass renovation goals aimed at energy savings on a national scale require a significant level of public financial commitment.To identify target buildings,decision-makers need a thorough understanding of energy performance.Energy Performance Certificates(EPC)provide information about areas of space,such as land plots or a building’s footprint,without specifying exact locations.They cover only a fraction of dwellings.This paper demonstrates that learning from observed EPCs to predict missing ones at the building level can be viewed as a spatial interpolation problem with uncertainty both on input and output variables.The Kriging methodology is applied to random fields observed at random locations to determine the Best Linear Unbiased Predictor(BLUP).Although the Gaussian setting is lost,conditional moments can still be derived.Covariates are admissible,even with missing observations.We present applications using both simulated and real data,with a specific case study of a city in France serving as an example.展开更多
In order to better realize the energy recovery and storage of hybrid EVs(HEVs),a switched reluctance starter/generator(SRS/G)with both starting and power generation functions is investigated in this paper.First,the ir...In order to better realize the energy recovery and storage of hybrid EVs(HEVs),a switched reluctance starter/generator(SRS/G)with both starting and power generation functions is investigated in this paper.First,the iron loss of SRS/G is mainly studied to reduce the motor loss and improve the power generation efficiency.Then,the energy storage of hybrid EVs can be effectively improved.Secondly,a magnetic flux density(MFD)waveforms solution method is proposed to solve the difficulty in calculating the iron loss of the SRS/G.Compared with the commonly used finite element method,the proposed solution method has the advantages of simple,fast and small computational amount.Meanwhile,considering the different operating conditions of SRS/G,the iron loss models for both the time-domain and frequency-domain are established.In addition,the calculation formula of the variable coefficient Bertotti three-term loss separation is improved.As the hysteresis loss coefficient,the Steinmetz coefficient and the stray loss coefficient are respectively fitted by the Fourier fitting method.This method is also applied to solve the iron loss of SRS/G.Finally,through an experimental verification,it is indicated that the development of proposed method has high accuracy.展开更多
文摘In order to understand the key mechanisms of the composting processes, the municipal solid waste(MSW) composting processes were divided into two stages, and the characteristics of typical experimental scenarios from the viewpoint of microbial kinetics was analyzed. Through experimentation with advanced composting reactor under controlled composting conditions, several equations were worked out to simulate the degradation rate of the substrate. The equations showed that the degradation rate was controlled by concentration of microbes in the first stage. The degradation rates of substrates of inoculation Run A, B, C and Control composting systems were 13 61 g/(kg·h), 13 08 g/(kg·h), 15 671 g/(kg·h), and 10 5 g/(kg·h), respectively. The value of Run C is around 1 5 times higher than that of Control system. The decomposition rate of the second stage is controlled by concentration of substrate. Although the organic matter degradation rates were similar to all Runs, inoculation could reduce the values of the half velocity coefficient K \-m and could be more efficient to make the composting stable. Particularly, for Run C, the degradation rate is high in the first stage, and K \-m is low in the second stage. The results indicated that the inoculation was efficient for the composting processes.
文摘The western edge of the Jord Tannourine-Aaqoura plateau(Lebanon)is a Mediterranean mountain region that unites the suitable conditions for water erosion:abundant rain,steep slopes,ravaged natural vegetation cover,and soil susceptible to degradation.However,the agricultural terraces developed for decades remain a robust practice to limit runoff and expand the useful agricultural area.To determine water erosion and the role of anti-erosion practices,the adopted methodology is based on the universal USLE equation revised(RUSLE).The combination of model parameters in a GIS has made it possible to define that water erosion can exceed 51 t/ha/year,mainly in sectors marked by the absence of agricultural terraces,and not associated with dense plant cover.In contrast,terraced slopes induce losses of less than 16 t/ha/year.The implantation of a network of metal rods does the validation.Faced with this risk of degradation,it seems essential to recommend protective agricultural techniques.
基金supported in part by the Shenzhen Col-laborative Innovation Special Plan International Coopera-tion Research Project(No.GJHZ20220913144400001)the General Research Project of Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan(No.JCYJ20220818100000001).
文摘Excessive temperature rise during the operation of the generator system can affect the safety and life cycle of the machine.Therefore,in order to accurately obtain the internal temperature of the switched reluctance generator(SRG),an internal temperature estimation model based on electric heating is established in this paper.First,an im-proved variable coefficient Bertotti loss separation calcula-tion formula is adopted to solve the iron loss of the genera-tor under various operating conditions.Subsequently,the accurate heat source parameters in the temperature model can be obtained,and the corresponding heat source data can be calculated.Then,based on the obtained heat source data,an equivalent thermal circuit model is established for SRG.Meanwhile,in order to effectively reduce the internal temperature during SRG operation,a new water-cooled structure for direct cooling of SRG stator windings is pro-posed in this paper,which can effectively reduce the tem-perature rise during operation,thus improving the reliabil-ity of the generator.Finally,by comparing the equivalent thermal circuit model,finite element thermal model,and experimental temperature measurements of SRG,it is found that results from the equivalent thermal circuit model of the SRG are closer to the measured temperatures,while the effectiveness of the water-cooled structure is verified.
文摘Mass renovation goals aimed at energy savings on a national scale require a significant level of public financial commitment.To identify target buildings,decision-makers need a thorough understanding of energy performance.Energy Performance Certificates(EPC)provide information about areas of space,such as land plots or a building’s footprint,without specifying exact locations.They cover only a fraction of dwellings.This paper demonstrates that learning from observed EPCs to predict missing ones at the building level can be viewed as a spatial interpolation problem with uncertainty both on input and output variables.The Kriging methodology is applied to random fields observed at random locations to determine the Best Linear Unbiased Predictor(BLUP).Although the Gaussian setting is lost,conditional moments can still be derived.Covariates are admissible,even with missing observations.We present applications using both simulated and real data,with a specific case study of a city in France serving as an example.
基金supported in part by the Shenzhen Collaborative Innovation Special Plan International Cooperation Research Project(No.GJHZ20220913144400001)the General Research Project of Shenzhen Science and Technology Plan(No.JCYJ20220818100000001).
文摘In order to better realize the energy recovery and storage of hybrid EVs(HEVs),a switched reluctance starter/generator(SRS/G)with both starting and power generation functions is investigated in this paper.First,the iron loss of SRS/G is mainly studied to reduce the motor loss and improve the power generation efficiency.Then,the energy storage of hybrid EVs can be effectively improved.Secondly,a magnetic flux density(MFD)waveforms solution method is proposed to solve the difficulty in calculating the iron loss of the SRS/G.Compared with the commonly used finite element method,the proposed solution method has the advantages of simple,fast and small computational amount.Meanwhile,considering the different operating conditions of SRS/G,the iron loss models for both the time-domain and frequency-domain are established.In addition,the calculation formula of the variable coefficient Bertotti three-term loss separation is improved.As the hysteresis loss coefficient,the Steinmetz coefficient and the stray loss coefficient are respectively fitted by the Fourier fitting method.This method is also applied to solve the iron loss of SRS/G.Finally,through an experimental verification,it is indicated that the development of proposed method has high accuracy.
