The discovery of chirped pulse amplification has led to great improvements in laser technology,enabling energetic laser beams to be compressed to pulse durations of tens of femtoseconds and focused to a few micrometer...The discovery of chirped pulse amplification has led to great improvements in laser technology,enabling energetic laser beams to be compressed to pulse durations of tens of femtoseconds and focused to a few micrometers.Protons with energies of tens of MeV can be accelerated using,for instance,target normal sheath acceleration and focused on secondary targets.Under such conditions,nuclear reactions can occur,with the production of radioisotopes suitable for medical application.The use of high-repetition lasers to produce such isotopes is competitive with conventional methods mostly based on accelerators.In this paper,we study the production of^(67)Cu,^(63)Zn,^(18)F,and^(11)C,which are currently used in positron emission tomography and other applications.At the same time,we study the reactions^(10)B(p,α)^(7)Be and^(70)Zn(p,4n)^(67)Ga to put further constraints on the proton distributions at different angles,as well as the reaction^(11)B(p,α)^(8)Be relevant for energy production.The experiment was performed at the 1 PW laser facility at VegaⅢin Salamanca,Spain.Angular distributions of radioisotopes in the forward(with respect to the laser direction)and backward directions were measured using a high purity germanium detector.Our results are in reasonable agreement with numerical estimates obtained following the approach of Kimura and Bonasera[Nucl.Instrum.Methods Phys.Res.,Sect.A 637,164–170(2011)].展开更多
Although complexation with soil organic matter may improve zinc(Zn)bioavailability to plants,the effect of Zn sorbent surface on the use of complexed Zn by plants remains unknown.The objective of this research was to ...Although complexation with soil organic matter may improve zinc(Zn)bioavailability to plants,the effect of Zn sorbent surface on the use of complexed Zn by plants remains unknown.The objective of this research was to elucidate how Zn complexation with humic substances(HS)and phytate affects the uptake of Zn by wheat plants depending on the main sorbent surface in growth media,i.e.,carbonates and Fe oxides.To this end,two pot experiments were performed,one using Fe oxide-coated siliceous as the siliceous growth medium sand and the other using a mixture of calcareous sand and siliceous sand as the calcareous growth medium.Each experiment involved three Zn sources,Zn-HS complex,Zn phytate,and ZnSO_(4).All sources were applied with surface irrigation at two Zn rates(0.25 and 2 mg kg^(-1) growth medium).The Zn-HS complex significantly increased Zn uptake by plants in both media,relative to the other two Zn sources,but no significant difference was observed between Zn phytate and ZnSO_(4).In the calcareous medium,Zn-HS complex and Zn phytate resulted in significantly higher dry biomass yields of wheat than ZnSO_(4).In the siliceous medium,spike and shoot dry biomass yields with Zn-HS complex at the low rate and Zn phytate at both rates were not significantly different from those with ZnSO_(4) at the high rate.After harvest,approximately 50%of the Zn applied as Zn-HS complex remained extractable by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA),while this proportion was less than 20%for the other Zn sources.Thus,Zn-HS complex and Zn phytate are sources of available Zn for plants,and they are more effective than ZnSO_(4) in increasing plant growth,particularly when carbonates are the main Zn sorbent surface.展开更多
Maintaining soil phosphorus （P） at adequate levels for plant growth requires assessing how the long-term P balance （viz., the difference between P inputs and outputs） results in changes in soil test P. The hypothe...Maintaining soil phosphorus （P） at adequate levels for plant growth requires assessing how the long-term P balance （viz., the difference between P inputs and outputs） results in changes in soil test P. The hypothesis that routinely measured soil properties can help predict the conversion factor of P balance into Olsen P was tested at 39 sites in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region in Spair~. A set of soil samples from each site was analyzed for Olsen P, inorganic P （P extracted using 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4）, pseudototal P （P extracted using 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 following ignition at 550 ~C）, and organic P （the difference between pseudototal P and inorganic P）. Organic and Olsen P were uncorrelated in most of the 39 soil sets, which suggests that organic P content changed little with P inputs and outputs. The slopes of the regression lines of Olsen P against pseudototal and inorganic P, which were used as two different measures of the conversion factor, ranged widely （from 0.03 to 0.25 approximately）, with their average values （about 0.10） being similar to those found in long-term experiments conducted in temperate areas. Neither conversion factor was significantly correlated with any routinely measured soil property; however, the conversion factor for inorganic P was significantly lower for calcareous soils than for noncalcareous soils. Our negative results suggest the need to isolate the influence of soil properties from that of management systems and environmental factors relating to P dynamics in future studies.展开更多
Cucumis melo is one of the most important fruit vegetables cultivated in tropical and temperate regions, as it is highly valued for the quality of its fruits. Traditionally, C. melo is considered to be divided into tw...Cucumis melo is one of the most important fruit vegetables cultivated in tropical and temperate regions, as it is highly valued for the quality of its fruits. Traditionally, C. melo is considered to be divided into two subspecies according to ovary hairiness, i.e., subspecies melo （long hairs, distributed from India to Europe and in America） and subspecies agrestis （short hairs, in Eastern Asia from India to Japan and in Africa）. Today, the species comprises wild, feral and cultivated varieties, including sweet melons used for dessert and non-sweet ones consumed raw, pickled or cooked. The goal of this paper was to summarize melon genome sequencing and the genetic diversity studies from different references.展开更多
Green HACCP(hazard analysis and critical control point)is a new control method developed by combining food safety controls and good practices for environmental protection,in order to have a safe production that respec...Green HACCP(hazard analysis and critical control point)is a new control method developed by combining food safety controls and good practices for environmental protection,in order to have a safe production that respects the environment.Indeed,some of production practices,such as the use of large amount of water,cleaning/disinfection products and other practices used to have safe foodstuffs,could affect the environment and the profitability in several agri-food process.The goal of Green HACCP is to apply a sustainable rationalization of the good hygienic and environmental practices.展开更多
The interest in structural health monitoring of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers using electrical methods to detect damage in structures is growing because once the material is fabricated the evaluation of strain and ...The interest in structural health monitoring of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers using electrical methods to detect damage in structures is growing because once the material is fabricated the evaluation of strain and damage is simple and feasible.In order to obtain the conductivity,the polymer matrix must be conductive and the use of nanoreinforcement seems to be the most feasible method.In this work,the behavior of nanoreinforced polymer with carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and composites with glass and carbon fibers with nanoreinforced matrices was investigated.These composites were evaluated in tensile tests by simultaneously measuring stress,strain and resistivity.During elastic deformation,a linear increase in resistance was observed and during fracture of the composite fibers,stronger and discontinuous changes in the resistivity were observed.Among other factors,the percentage of nanotubes incorporated in the matrix turned out to be an important factor in the sensitivity of the method.展开更多
This paper presents limits for stability of projection type schemes when using high order pressure-velocity pairs of same degree.Two high order h/p variational methods encompassing continuous and discontinuous Galerki...This paper presents limits for stability of projection type schemes when using high order pressure-velocity pairs of same degree.Two high order h/p variational methods encompassing continuous and discontinuous Galerkin formulations are used to explain previously observed lower limits on the time step for projection type schemes to be stable[18],when h-or p-refinement strategies are considered.In addition,the analysis included in this work shows that these stability limits do not depend only on the time step but on the product of the latter and the kinematic viscosity,which is of particular importance in the study of high Reynolds number flows.We show that high order methods prove advantageous in stabilising the simulations when small time steps and low kinematic viscosities are used.Drawing upon this analysis,we demonstrate how the effects of this instability can be reduced in the discontinuous scheme by introducing a stabilisation term into the global system.Finally,we show that these lower limits are compatible with CourantFriedrichs-Lewy(CFL)type restrictions,given that a sufficiently high polynomial order or a mall enough mesh spacing is selected.展开更多
The recent achievement of fusion ignition with laser-driven technologies at the National Ignition Facility sets a historic accomplishment in fusion energy research.This accomplishment paves the way for using laser ine...The recent achievement of fusion ignition with laser-driven technologies at the National Ignition Facility sets a historic accomplishment in fusion energy research.This accomplishment paves the way for using laser inertial fusion as a viable approach for future energy production.Europe has a unique opportunity to empower research in this field internationally,and the scientific community is eager to engage in this journey.We propose establishing a European programme on inertial-fusion energy with the mission to demonstrate laser-driven ignition in the direct-drive scheme and to develop pathway technologies for the commercial fusion reactor.The proposed roadmap is based on four complementary axes:(ⅰ)the physics of laser-plasma interaction and burning plasmas;(ⅱ)high-energy high repetition rate laser technology;(ⅲ)fusion reactor technology and materials;and(ⅳ)reinforcement of the laser fusion community by international education and training programmes.We foresee collaboration with universities,research centres and industry and establishing joint activities with the private sector involved in laser fusion.This project aims to stimulate a broad range of high-profile industrial developments in laser,plasma and radiation technologies along with the expected high-level socio-economic impact.展开更多
文摘The discovery of chirped pulse amplification has led to great improvements in laser technology,enabling energetic laser beams to be compressed to pulse durations of tens of femtoseconds and focused to a few micrometers.Protons with energies of tens of MeV can be accelerated using,for instance,target normal sheath acceleration and focused on secondary targets.Under such conditions,nuclear reactions can occur,with the production of radioisotopes suitable for medical application.The use of high-repetition lasers to produce such isotopes is competitive with conventional methods mostly based on accelerators.In this paper,we study the production of^(67)Cu,^(63)Zn,^(18)F,and^(11)C,which are currently used in positron emission tomography and other applications.At the same time,we study the reactions^(10)B(p,α)^(7)Be and^(70)Zn(p,4n)^(67)Ga to put further constraints on the proton distributions at different angles,as well as the reaction^(11)B(p,α)^(8)Be relevant for energy production.The experiment was performed at the 1 PW laser facility at VegaⅢin Salamanca,Spain.Angular distributions of radioisotopes in the forward(with respect to the laser direction)and backward directions were measured using a high purity germanium detector.Our results are in reasonable agreement with numerical estimates obtained following the approach of Kimura and Bonasera[Nucl.Instrum.Methods Phys.Res.,Sect.A 637,164–170(2011)].
基金funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund of the European Union through the National Research,Development and Innovation Programme of Spain(Plan Nacional I+d+i)(No.AGL2017-87074-C2-1-R)。
文摘Although complexation with soil organic matter may improve zinc(Zn)bioavailability to plants,the effect of Zn sorbent surface on the use of complexed Zn by plants remains unknown.The objective of this research was to elucidate how Zn complexation with humic substances(HS)and phytate affects the uptake of Zn by wheat plants depending on the main sorbent surface in growth media,i.e.,carbonates and Fe oxides.To this end,two pot experiments were performed,one using Fe oxide-coated siliceous as the siliceous growth medium sand and the other using a mixture of calcareous sand and siliceous sand as the calcareous growth medium.Each experiment involved three Zn sources,Zn-HS complex,Zn phytate,and ZnSO_(4).All sources were applied with surface irrigation at two Zn rates(0.25 and 2 mg kg^(-1) growth medium).The Zn-HS complex significantly increased Zn uptake by plants in both media,relative to the other two Zn sources,but no significant difference was observed between Zn phytate and ZnSO_(4).In the calcareous medium,Zn-HS complex and Zn phytate resulted in significantly higher dry biomass yields of wheat than ZnSO_(4).In the siliceous medium,spike and shoot dry biomass yields with Zn-HS complex at the low rate and Zn phytate at both rates were not significantly different from those with ZnSO_(4) at the high rate.After harvest,approximately 50%of the Zn applied as Zn-HS complex remained extractable by diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid(DTPA),while this proportion was less than 20%for the other Zn sources.Thus,Zn-HS complex and Zn phytate are sources of available Zn for plants,and they are more effective than ZnSO_(4) in increasing plant growth,particularly when carbonates are the main Zn sorbent surface.
基金funded by the former Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation(No.AGL201129893-C02-02)the European Regional Development Fund
文摘Maintaining soil phosphorus （P） at adequate levels for plant growth requires assessing how the long-term P balance （viz., the difference between P inputs and outputs） results in changes in soil test P. The hypothesis that routinely measured soil properties can help predict the conversion factor of P balance into Olsen P was tested at 39 sites in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region in Spair~. A set of soil samples from each site was analyzed for Olsen P, inorganic P （P extracted using 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4）, pseudototal P （P extracted using 0.5 mol L-1 H2SO4 following ignition at 550 ~C）, and organic P （the difference between pseudototal P and inorganic P）. Organic and Olsen P were uncorrelated in most of the 39 soil sets, which suggests that organic P content changed little with P inputs and outputs. The slopes of the regression lines of Olsen P against pseudototal and inorganic P, which were used as two different measures of the conversion factor, ranged widely （from 0.03 to 0.25 approximately）, with their average values （about 0.10） being similar to those found in long-term experiments conducted in temperate areas. Neither conversion factor was significantly correlated with any routinely measured soil property; however, the conversion factor for inorganic P was significantly lower for calcareous soils than for noncalcareous soils. Our negative results suggest the need to isolate the influence of soil properties from that of management systems and environmental factors relating to P dynamics in future studies.
文摘Cucumis melo is one of the most important fruit vegetables cultivated in tropical and temperate regions, as it is highly valued for the quality of its fruits. Traditionally, C. melo is considered to be divided into two subspecies according to ovary hairiness, i.e., subspecies melo （long hairs, distributed from India to Europe and in America） and subspecies agrestis （short hairs, in Eastern Asia from India to Japan and in Africa）. Today, the species comprises wild, feral and cultivated varieties, including sweet melons used for dessert and non-sweet ones consumed raw, pickled or cooked. The goal of this paper was to summarize melon genome sequencing and the genetic diversity studies from different references.
文摘Green HACCP(hazard analysis and critical control point)is a new control method developed by combining food safety controls and good practices for environmental protection,in order to have a safe production that respects the environment.Indeed,some of production practices,such as the use of large amount of water,cleaning/disinfection products and other practices used to have safe foodstuffs,could affect the environment and the profitability in several agri-food process.The goal of Green HACCP is to apply a sustainable rationalization of the good hygienic and environmental practices.
基金the funds received from Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación(MAT2010-20724-C02-01)and Comunidad de Madrid(ESTRUMAT).
文摘The interest in structural health monitoring of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers using electrical methods to detect damage in structures is growing because once the material is fabricated the evaluation of strain and damage is simple and feasible.In order to obtain the conductivity,the polymer matrix must be conductive and the use of nanoreinforcement seems to be the most feasible method.In this work,the behavior of nanoreinforced polymer with carbon nanotubes(CNTs)and composites with glass and carbon fibers with nanoreinforced matrices was investigated.These composites were evaluated in tensile tests by simultaneously measuring stress,strain and resistivity.During elastic deformation,a linear increase in resistance was observed and during fracture of the composite fibers,stronger and discontinuous changes in the resistivity were observed.Among other factors,the percentage of nanotubes incorporated in the matrix turned out to be an important factor in the sensitivity of the method.
基金In addition,EF and SS would like to thank the support of the European Commission for the financial support of the ANADE project under grant contract PITN-GA-289428.
文摘This paper presents limits for stability of projection type schemes when using high order pressure-velocity pairs of same degree.Two high order h/p variational methods encompassing continuous and discontinuous Galerkin formulations are used to explain previously observed lower limits on the time step for projection type schemes to be stable[18],when h-or p-refinement strategies are considered.In addition,the analysis included in this work shows that these stability limits do not depend only on the time step but on the product of the latter and the kinematic viscosity,which is of particular importance in the study of high Reynolds number flows.We show that high order methods prove advantageous in stabilising the simulations when small time steps and low kinematic viscosities are used.Drawing upon this analysis,we demonstrate how the effects of this instability can be reduced in the discontinuous scheme by introducing a stabilisation term into the global system.Finally,we show that these lower limits are compatible with CourantFriedrichs-Lewy(CFL)type restrictions,given that a sufficiently high polynomial order or a mall enough mesh spacing is selected.
文摘The recent achievement of fusion ignition with laser-driven technologies at the National Ignition Facility sets a historic accomplishment in fusion energy research.This accomplishment paves the way for using laser inertial fusion as a viable approach for future energy production.Europe has a unique opportunity to empower research in this field internationally,and the scientific community is eager to engage in this journey.We propose establishing a European programme on inertial-fusion energy with the mission to demonstrate laser-driven ignition in the direct-drive scheme and to develop pathway technologies for the commercial fusion reactor.The proposed roadmap is based on four complementary axes:(ⅰ)the physics of laser-plasma interaction and burning plasmas;(ⅱ)high-energy high repetition rate laser technology;(ⅲ)fusion reactor technology and materials;and(ⅳ)reinforcement of the laser fusion community by international education and training programmes.We foresee collaboration with universities,research centres and industry and establishing joint activities with the private sector involved in laser fusion.This project aims to stimulate a broad range of high-profile industrial developments in laser,plasma and radiation technologies along with the expected high-level socio-economic impact.
