With the swift advancement of industrial automation,robots have emerged as an essential component in emerging industries and high-end equipment,thereby propelling industrial production towards greater intelligence and...With the swift advancement of industrial automation,robots have emerged as an essential component in emerging industries and high-end equipment,thereby propelling industrial production towards greater intelligence and efficiency.This paper reviews the pivotal technologies for motion planning of robots engaged in contact tasks within industrial automation contexts,encompassing environmental recognition,trajectory generation strategies,and sim-to-real transfer.Environmental recognition technology empowers robots to accurately discern objects and obstacles in their operational environment.Trajectory generation strategies formulate optimal motion paths based on environmental data and task specifications.Sim-to-real transfer is committed to effectively translating strategies from simulated environments to actual production,thereby diminishing the discrepancies between simulation and reality.The article also delves into the application of artificial intelligence in robot motion planning and how embodied intelligence models catalyze the evolution of robotics technology towards enhanced intelligence and automation.The paper concludes with a synthesis of the methodologies addressing this challenge and a perspective on the myriad challenges that warrant attention.展开更多
The internal sedimentary phosphorus(P) load of aquatic systems is able to support eutrophication, especially in dam–reservoir systems where sedimentary P stock is high and where temporary anaerobic conditions occur. ...The internal sedimentary phosphorus(P) load of aquatic systems is able to support eutrophication, especially in dam–reservoir systems where sedimentary P stock is high and where temporary anaerobic conditions occur. The aim of this study therefore is to examine the response of sedimentary P exposed to redox oscillations. Surface sediments collected in the Champsanglard dam–reservoir(on the Creuse River, France) were subjected to two aerobic phases(10 and 12 days) alternated with two anaerobic periods(21 and 27 days)through batch incubations. The studied sediment contained 77 ± 3 μmol/g DW of P, mainly associated with the ascorbate fraction(amorphous Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides). The used sediment was rich in organic matter(OM)(21% ± 1%) with primarily allochthone signature.Our results showed that redox oscillations enhance dissolved inorganic phosphorus release at sediment/water interface. During the first anaerobic stage, the P release was mainly controlled by the dissolution/precipitation of iron minerals. The more pronounced increase of P release during the second anaerobic stage(44%) was due to various mechanisms related to the change in quality of dissolved organic matter(DOM), namely a higher SUVA254 and humification indices. The release of more refractory DOM(rDOM) served to lower the microbial metabolism activity, possibly favored iron oxyhydroxide aggregation and thus limiting iron reduction. In addition, rDOM is able to compete for mineral P sorption sites,leading to a greater P release. In reservoir with predominant allochthone OM input, the release of more aromatic DOM therefore plays an important role in P mobility.展开更多
Excavation with tunnel boring machine(TBM)can generate vibrations,causing damages to neighbouring buildings and disturbing the residents or the equipment.This problem is particularly challenging in urban areas,where T...Excavation with tunnel boring machine(TBM)can generate vibrations,causing damages to neighbouring buildings and disturbing the residents or the equipment.This problem is particularly challenging in urban areas,where TBMs are increasingly large in diameter and shallow in depth.In response to this problem,four experimental campaigns were carried out in different geotechnical contexts in France.The vibration measurements were acquired on the surface and inside the TBMs.These measurements are also complemented by few data in the literature.An original methodology of signal processing is pro-posed to characterize the amplitude of the particle velocities,as well as the frequency content of the signals to highlight the most energetic bands.The levels of vibrations are also compared with the thresholds existing in various European regulations concerning the impact on neighbouring structures and the disturbance to local residents.展开更多
Urban sediment generated by stormwater management techniques are highly contaminated with various trace elements. The characterization of trace element speciation and mobility are critical information to improve envir...Urban sediment generated by stormwater management techniques are highly contaminated with various trace elements. The characterization of trace element speciation and mobility are critical information to improve environmental risk assessment. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of major and trace element release from a sedimentary layer in Django Reinhart stormwater infiltration basin (Chassieu, eastern suburbs of Lyon, France). Sampling was conducted for 3 zones and two dates. Chemical characterization was performed (X-Ray diffraction, ICP-AES). The samples were submitted to Acid Neutralization Capacity & Base Neutralization Capacity ANC-BNC tests, according to European standard 14429 (AFNOR, 2015). Solid matrices were mixed with acid or basic solutions and physicochemical parameters and major and trace element release (i.e. Al, Ca, Fe, P, S, Si, Cu, Zn and total carbon) were followed as a function of pH. The results show that the urban sediment has no significant spatial and temporal variability with regards to element release. This observation is all the more surprising that the samples were collected in three contrasting zones regarding stormwater supply and hydric conditions. Element release follows the same trends as a function of pH with a bell-shaped solubilization curve exhibiting with the highest solubility at extreme pH values. However, the samples showed slight differences concerning the release of major elements. Such differences are related to slight differences in total mineral contents (organic matter, carbonates…) and chemical composition of the sediments. The results show that despite the varying environmental conditions, the sediment chemical properties can be considered as very stable and uniform over space, depending mainly on the local geochemical context and watershed characteristics. This study highlights the strength and affluence of the information obtained by ANC-BNC tests on the release of major and traces metal elements by urban sediments and brings relevant information regarding the management of these sediments.展开更多
The understanding of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous formations is a prerequisite to the understanding of pollutant transfer in the vadose zone and the proper management of infiltration basins settled over such hete...The understanding of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous formations is a prerequisite to the understanding of pollutant transfer in the vadose zone and the proper management of infiltration basins settled over such heterogeneous formations. This study addresses the effect of lithological heterogeneity of a glaciofluvial deposit on flow in the vadose zone underneath an infiltration basin settled in the Lyon suburbs. The basin had already been the subject of several previous studies, some of which demonstrated the impact of soil heterogeneity. But all of them were only based on the sedimentological study of a trench and no study addressed the potential spatial variability of results due to the spatial variability of soil heterogeneity. In this study, we model flow in the vadose zone for several case studies, including drainage, water infiltration during a rainfall event, and a complete meteorological chronic. These calculations were conducted for several sections, previously characterized in the basin using GPR and sedimentological study and compared with a blank (homogeneous section). The results clearly show that heterogeneity impacts unsaturated flow and that these impacts depend upon the section considered. Some geometrical architectural and textural parameters were proposed to explain the spatial variability and effect of the soil heterogeneity on unsaturated flow, thus establishing the first step towards modeling unsaturated flow in the basin at the meso-scale.展开更多
Background:The present article questions the relative importance of local-and large-scale processes on the long-term dynamics of fire in the subalpine belt in the western Alps.The study is based on soil charcoal datin...Background:The present article questions the relative importance of local-and large-scale processes on the long-term dynamics of fire in the subalpine belt in the western Alps.The study is based on soil charcoal dating and identification,several study sites in contrasting environmental conditions,and sampling of soil charcoal along the elevation gradient of each site.Based on local differences in biomass combustion,we hypothesize that local-scale or landscape-scale processes have driven the fire history,while combustion homogeneity supports the hypothesis of the importance of large-scale or macro-ecological processes,especially climate.Results:Biomass burning during the Holocene resulted from the nesting effects of climate,land use,and altitude,but was little influenced by slope exposure(north versus south),soil(dryness,pH,depth),and vegetation.The mid-Holocene(6500–2700 cal BP)was an important period for climate-driven biomass burning in the subalpine ecosystems of the western Alps,while fires over the last 2500 years appear much more episodic,prompting us to speculate that human activity has played a vital role in their occurrence.Conclusion:Our working hypothesis that the strength of local drivers should offset the effects of regional climate is not validated.The homogeneity of the fire regime between sites thus underscores that climate was the main driver during the Holocene of the western Alps.Long-term subalpine fires are controlled by climate at the millennial scale.Local conditions matter for little in determining variability at the century scale.The mid-Holocene was a chief period for climatic biomass burning in the subalpine zone,while fires during the late Holocene appear much more episodic,suggesting that social drivers has exercised key function on their control.展开更多
Background:In Mediterranean mountain socio-ecosystems,both grazing by livestock and the dry season may influence tree regeneration.However,the relative contributions of these drivers are poorly known,even though prese...Background:In Mediterranean mountain socio-ecosystems,both grazing by livestock and the dry season may influence tree regeneration.However,the relative contributions of these drivers are poorly known,even though present and future canopy composition might result from past and present variations in climate and herbivore density.This study aims to test how semi-feral cattle presence and season affect tree regeneration.Methods:The study was conducted using permanent plots inside and outside a cattle exclosure in an old-growth Mediterranean forest.Saplings and seedlings were counted five times per year(winter,early spring,middle spring,summer,fall)and monitored over 7 yrs.Results:Semi-feral cattle exclusion increased Acer,Fagus,Ilex,Pinus,Prunus and Quercus sapling densities and increased Acer,Fraxinus,Ilex,Quercus and Sorbus seedling densities.Interestingly,the dry season did not exert any noticeable effects on the sapling or seedling densities of any of the studied taxa.Discussion:Semi-feral cattle presence may limit tree regeneration through taxon-dependent effects,which suggests that the current decrease in grazing livestock across the Mediterranean basin will modify recruitment processes and,likely,future forest composition.Conclusions:Semi-feral cattle presence acts as a selective driver of tree community composition.展开更多
Due to its rapid movement, preferential flow (PF) in the vadose zone allows much faster contaminant transport, which may have a significant impact on ground-water quality. PF can occur in heterogeneous vadose zones an...Due to its rapid movement, preferential flow (PF) in the vadose zone allows much faster contaminant transport, which may have a significant impact on ground-water quality. PF can occur in heterogeneous vadose zones and it strongly depends on hydric and hydraulic conditions like entering flow rates at surface. This study deals with the modeling of the establishment of PF, and related solute transfer during the infiltration phase in a strongly heterogeneous glaciofluvial deposit. This deposit is made of four contrasting lithofacies (sand, gravel, bimodal gravel and matrix-free gravel) and lies underneath an urban infiltration basin (Lyon, France). Previous studies have been carried out on this site and linked the regionalization of soil pollution with the lithological heterogeneity. But none of them clearly demonstrated how heterogeneity could impact flow and solute transfer and may explain such a regionalization. In this study, we model flow and solute transfer at the trench scale for both uniform and heterogeneous profiles in order to characterize the effect of lithological heterogeneity. In addition, such a modeling was performed for two different entering flow rates to depict the influence of condition at surface on PF. A key result is that heterogeneity clearly impacts unsaturated flow and solute transfer. Numerical modeling permitted pointing out the existence of PF paths associated with the sedimentary heterogeneity of the glaciofluvial deposit. For lower surface fluxes, the sand lens and matrix-free gravel were the sources of capillary barrier effects, leading to a funneled flow and a groundwater recharge characterized by earlier and more dispersed wetting fronts. Such a flow pattern enhances solutes transfer and reduces solute retention by soil. Thus, the effect of heterogeneity on solute transfer is significant, especially for the most reactive solutes.展开更多
In recent years, many studies have been carried out on colloidal particle transfer in the unsaturated zone because they can be a risk to the environment either directly or as a vector of pollutants. A study was conduc...In recent years, many studies have been carried out on colloidal particle transfer in the unsaturated zone because they can be a risk to the environment either directly or as a vector of pollutants. A study was conducted on the influence of porous media structure in unsaturated conditions on colloidal particle transport. Three granular materials were set up in columns to replicate a fluvio-glacial soil from the unsaturated zone in the Lyon area (France). It is a sand, a bimodal mixture in equal proportion by weight of sand and gravel, and a fraction of bimodal mixture. Nanoparticles of silica (SiO2-Au-FluoNPs), having a hydrodynamic diameter between 50 and 60 nm, labeled by organic fluorescent molecules were used to simulate the transport of colloidal particles. A nonreactive tracer, bromide ion (Br-) at a concentration of C0,s = 10-2 M was used to determine the hydrodispersive properties of porous media. The tests were carried out first, with a solution of nanoparticles (C0,p = 0.2 g/L) and secondly, with a solution of nanoparticles and bromine. The transfer model based on fractionation of water into two phases, mobile and immobile, MIM, correctly fits the elution curves. The retention of colloidal particles is greater in the two media of bimodal particle size than that in the sand, which clearly demonstrates the role of textural heterogeneity in the retention mechanism. The increase in ionic strength produced by alimenting the columns with colloidal particle suspension in the presence of bromide, increases retention up to 25% in the sand. The total concentration profile of nanoparticles collected at the end of the experiment shows that the colloidal particles are retained primarily at the entrance of the columns. Hydrodispersive calculated parameters indicate that flow is more heterogeneous in bimodal media compared to sand.展开更多
In periurban zones, urban wet weather discharges have been recognized as the most significant vector of pollution in aquatic environments. The discharge of this water without treatment into the aquatic environment cou...In periurban zones, urban wet weather discharges have been recognized as the most significant vector of pollution in aquatic environments. The discharge of this water without treatment into the aquatic environment could present an ecotoxicological risk for biocenosis. The aim of the INVASION project is to assess the potential ecotoxicological impact of a combined sewer overflow (CSO) on a peri-urban stream. A comparative study between upstream and downstream areas of the CSO allowed observing significant effects of this overflow on the river. We studied three layers of stream: surface water, benthic layer and hyporheic layer. To characterize the potential ecotoxicological risk of water and sediments, we used a battery of 4 bioassays: Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri, Brachionus calyciflorus and Heterocypris incongruens. In parallel, we measured the physico-chemical parameters: ammonium (NH4+), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). An ecological risk is greatest for the hyporheic zone in downstream river, particularly for the solid phase. These results corroborated with the physico-chemical data obtained.展开更多
At the dawn of the deployment of connected and automated vehicles(CAVs)on our roads,assessing the safety of new systems is crucial.Given the overwhelming number of situations to test,focusing efforts on the most relev...At the dawn of the deployment of connected and automated vehicles(CAVs)on our roads,assessing the safety of new systems is crucial.Given the overwhelming number of situations to test,focusing efforts on the most relevant ones for the system is essential.Qualifying scenarios with respect to their relevance is a challenging task.The scope of relevancy must be defined,and a labeling process applicable to any scenario must be developed.However,gathering information on various scenarios to label them poses a challenge because the flagrant lacks field data.In this study,we assume that relevancy is depicted by a safety criticality level on the basis of time-to-collision.We develop a labeling process for scenarios.It learns latent connections between the words generating scenarios and takes advantage of the latent structure to associate criticality levels with any scenario.Such a prediction model enables one to cope with the lack of data by ensuring the prior qualification of any scenario regardless of the quantity of field observations.This process is applied to scenarios described at a high level of abstraction,called functional scenarios.Criticality levels might be used to guide the application of the sampling strategy to select the scenarios under consideration when testing CAVs.Compared with field observations,the results of our automated process are highly correlated,with R^(2)values of up to 0.835 on average.展开更多
Hypericin(C30H16O8)is a naturally occurring substance,an anthraquinone derived from St.John’s wort,possessing outstanding antiviral,antitumor,antibacterial,and antioxidant properties.Today,hypericin is primarily used...Hypericin(C30H16O8)is a naturally occurring substance,an anthraquinone derived from St.John’s wort,possessing outstanding antiviral,antitumor,antibacterial,and antioxidant properties.Today,hypericin is primarily used in medicinal applications.It is a small,flat organic molecule with a graphene-like core surrounded by oxidized functions,suggesting it could act as a graphene precursor in tribological contacts.Therefore,we investigated the lubrication properties of hypericin as an additive in glycerol,used as a base oil.It is well established that glycerol is superlubricious under full and thin film elastohydrodynamic(EHD)lubrication regimes but generally fails with steel under more severe conditions(mixed and boundary regimes).We studied the effect of hypericin added to glycerol for steel-on-steel and steel-on-silicon friction pairs.For the steel-on-steel configuration,results show that hypericin is a strong anti-wear additive due to its antioxidant properties that scavenge OH radicals.Moreover,hypericin is also an efficient friction-reducing agent,providing a steady state and robust ultralow friction coefficient(0.02–0.03).Thus,it outperforms most traditional additive formulations under the same conditions,although it does not achieve superlubricity(coefficient of friction(CoF)<0.01)under more severe conditions.For steel-on-silicon,hypericin significantly extends the superlubricity regime of glycerol to lambda ratios well below unity(low sliding speeds).The mechanism of superlubricity is attributed to the friction-induced formation of graphene layers from hypericin molecules,smoothing friction surfaces,and operating a hybrid liquid–solid superlubricious system.展开更多
While the implementation of sustainable urban planning has proven to be one of the primary goals to reduce the climate change impact,the rapid adoption of nearly Zero Energy Buildings(nZEB)concept in the building sect...While the implementation of sustainable urban planning has proven to be one of the primary goals to reduce the climate change impact,the rapid adoption of nearly Zero Energy Buildings(nZEB)concept in the building sector is inevitable to reach that objective.Following this trend,this article focuses on the implementation of a parametric digital workflow to evaluate the energy performance of a nearly zero energy high-rise 23-storey office building in the climatic and urban contexts of Casablanca at the early design stage.In the scope of this study,Grasshopper-based digital workflow permits to investigate the impact of 147 parametric building designs,which are generated by varying the building’s shape factor and orientation on thermal cooling and heating demand and global solar energy production.The outcomes of this holistic methodology highlight the design trade-offs between energy efficiency strategies and energy performance of building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV)and photovoltaic(PV)systems,aiming to reach optimized nZEB.Moreover,the results of the study suggest that it is possible to reach an annual load match equivalent to 29.68%.The findings also underscore the significant role of the BIPV systems in shifting towards the goal of net zero energy,accounting for up to 64.43%of the total solar energy output and contributing in total up to 17.62%to the yearly self-sufficiency.In addition,the energy balance evaluation,when assessed on an hourly basis,reveals that the BIPV system significantly improves the daily load cover factor,achieving a value of 12.45%,and increases up to 20.62%when considering also the rooftop PV,particularly during spring season.Finally,the capacity credit factor is improved by up to 31.27%,which is a significant share of grid connection reduction compared to the same building relying totally on the grid for its energy needs.展开更多
In recent years,the advancement of artificial intelligence techniques has led to significant interest in reinforcement learning(RL)within the traffic and transportation community.Dynamic traffic control has emerged as...In recent years,the advancement of artificial intelligence techniques has led to significant interest in reinforcement learning(RL)within the traffic and transportation community.Dynamic traffic control has emerged as a prominent application field for RL in traffic systems.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of RL studies in dynamic traffic control,addressing the challenges associated with implementing RL-based traffic control strategies in practice,and identifying promising directions for future research.The first part of this paper provides a comprehensive overview of existing studies on RL-based traffic control strategies,encompassing their model designs,training algorithms,and evaluation methods.It is found that only a few studies have isolated the training and testing environments while evaluating their RL controllers.Subsequently,we examine the challenges involved in implementing existing RL-based traffic control strategies.We investigate the learning costs associated with online RL methods and the transferability of offline RL methods through simulation experiments.The simulation results reveal that online training methods with random exploration suffer from high exploration and learning costs.Additionally,the performance of offline RL methods is highly reliant on the accuracy of the training simulator.These limitations hinder the practical implementation of existing RL-based traffic control strategies.The final part of this paper summarizes and discusses a few existing efforts which attempt to overcome these challenges.This review highlights a rising volume of studies dedicated to mitigating the limitations of RL strategies,with the specific aim of enhancing their practical implementation in recent years.展开更多
Transportation networks are sized to efficiently achieve some set of service objectives.Under particular circumstances,such as the COVID-19 pandemic,the demand for transportation can significantly change,both qualitat...Transportation networks are sized to efficiently achieve some set of service objectives.Under particular circumstances,such as the COVID-19 pandemic,the demand for transportation can significantly change,both qualitatively and quantitatively,resulting in an over-capacitated and less efficient network.In this paper,we address this issue by proposing a framework for resizing the network to efficiently cope with the new demand.The framework includes a model to determine an optimal transportation sub-network that guarantees the following:(i)the minimal access time from any node of the urban network to the new sub-network has not excessively increased compared to that of the original transportation network;(ii)the delay induced on any itinerary by the removal of nodes from the original transportation network has not excessively increased;and(iii)the number of removed nodes from the transportation network is within a preset known factor.A solution is optimal if it induces a minimal global delay.We modelled this problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program and applied it to the public bus transportation network of Lyon,France,in a case study.In order to respond to operational issues,the framework also includes a decision tool that helps the network planners to decide which bus lines to close and which ones to leave open according to specific trade-off preferences.The results on real data in Lyon show that the optimal sub-network from the MILP model can be used to feed the decision tool,leading to operational scenarios for network planners.展开更多
Species and nestmate recognition in social insects occurs mostly through cuticular hydrocarbons acting as chemical cues. These compounds generate a colony-specific odor profile depending on genetic and environmental f...Species and nestmate recognition in social insects occurs mostly through cuticular hydrocarbons acting as chemical cues. These compounds generate a colony-specific odor profile depending on genetic and environmental factors. Species and nestmate recognition results in specific behavioral responses, regulating the level of aggression toward other individuals during an interaction. Although species discrimination and recognition cues have been poorly studied in the context of interspecific hybridization, such systems offer an opportunity to further investigate the influence of heritable and environmental factors on recognition. We explored the strength of discrimination in a hybrid zone between two ant species—Tetramorium immigrans and T. caespitum—by comparing cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and measuring intra- and interspecific worker aggression in both areas of sympatry and areas of allopatry among species. Species cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were well-differentiated and interspecific aggression was high, revealing highly discriminating species recognition cues. Hybrids’ cuticular hydrocarbon profiles consisted of a mixture of the parental bouquets, but also exhibited hybrid-specific patterns. Behavioral assays showed that T. immigrans is as aggressive toward hybrids as toward heterospecifics. Finally, aggression between heterospecific workers was lower when interacting individuals came from areas of sympatry among species than from areas of allopatry. Taken as a whole, these findings paint a particularly complex picture of the recognition system in T. immigrans, T. caespitum, and their hybrids, and highlight that hybrid zones afford a still underexplored opportunity for investigating recognition mechanisms and discrimination between species.展开更多
Artificial light at night(ALAN)is expanding worldwide.Many physiological effects have been reported in animals,but we still know little about the consequences for the visual system.The pupil contributes to control inc...Artificial light at night(ALAN)is expanding worldwide.Many physiological effects have been reported in animals,but we still know little about the consequences for the visual system.The pupil contributes to control incoming light onto the retina.Sudden increases in light intensity evokes the pupil light reflex(PLR).Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGC)affect PLR and melatonin expression,which largely regulate circadian rhythms and PLR itself.IpRCG receive inputs from various photoreptors with different peak sensitivities implying that PLR could be altered by a broad range of light sources.We predicted ALAN to enhance PLR.Contrary to our prediction,dark-adapted cane toads Rhinella marina,exposed to ALAN(5 lx)for 12 days,exhibited a lower PLR than controls and individuals exposed to 0.04 lx,even after 1 h in bright light.We cannot conclude whether ALAN induced a larger pupil size in dark-adapted toads or a slower initial contraction.Nevertheless,the response was triggered by a light source with an emission peak(590 nm)well above the sensitivity peak of melanopsin,the main photoreceptor involved in PLR.Therefore,ALAN alters the capacity of toads to regulate the incoming light in the eye at night,which may reduce the performance of visually guided behaviors,and increase mortality by predators or road kills at night.This first study emphasizes the need to focus on the effect of ALAN on the vision of nocturnal organisms to better understand how this sensory system is altered and anticipate the consequences for organisms.展开更多
In this study,we will model a light-weight building made of phase change materials(PCMs)to analyze the impact of the building volume,window orientation,and air infiltration on the PCM performance.This is done by calcu...In this study,we will model a light-weight building made of phase change materials(PCMs)to analyze the impact of the building volume,window orientation,and air infiltration on the PCM performance.This is done by calculating the energy savings attained by the use of PCM across all of Morocco.We’ll use the commercial Rubitherm panels with RT28HC as a phase change material in this work.Typically,the EnergyPlus simulation engine is chosen to perform the modeling.The impact of building volumes is also evaluated on the PCM activation for light-weight square buildings with different side lengths of 10 m,9 m,8 m,and 7 m.Also,we looked at how well the PCM performed in terms of energy savings and thermal regulation at different window orientation placements(south,north,west,and east)and various air infiltration rates(0.5,1,1.5,and 3 ACH).This paper’s primary objective is to determine the energy savings for the PCM-enhanced building in Morocco,as well as the effect of building volume,window orientation,and infiltration on the PCM capabilities for stabilizing the indoor room temperature.The results show good indoor temperature stabilization during the summer,for the light-weight square building with a south-facing window and no air infiltration.This configuration was able to achieve a total fluctuation reduction of 1303.3℃for the 10 m building in a semi-arid environment.Besides,a high energy savings percentage of 69.56%was achieved for the PCM-enhanced building with the south-oriented window and air infiltration of 0.5 air change per hour.展开更多
Mass renovation goals aimed at energy savings on a national scale require a significant level of public financial commitment.To identify target buildings,decision-makers need a thorough understanding of energy perform...Mass renovation goals aimed at energy savings on a national scale require a significant level of public financial commitment.To identify target buildings,decision-makers need a thorough understanding of energy performance.Energy Performance Certificates(EPC)provide information about areas of space,such as land plots or a building’s footprint,without specifying exact locations.They cover only a fraction of dwellings.This paper demonstrates that learning from observed EPCs to predict missing ones at the building level can be viewed as a spatial interpolation problem with uncertainty both on input and output variables.The Kriging methodology is applied to random fields observed at random locations to determine the Best Linear Unbiased Predictor(BLUP).Although the Gaussian setting is lost,conditional moments can still be derived.Covariates are admissible,even with missing observations.We present applications using both simulated and real data,with a specific case study of a city in France serving as an example.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.52575091,U2341231)。
文摘With the swift advancement of industrial automation,robots have emerged as an essential component in emerging industries and high-end equipment,thereby propelling industrial production towards greater intelligence and efficiency.This paper reviews the pivotal technologies for motion planning of robots engaged in contact tasks within industrial automation contexts,encompassing environmental recognition,trajectory generation strategies,and sim-to-real transfer.Environmental recognition technology empowers robots to accurately discern objects and obstacles in their operational environment.Trajectory generation strategies formulate optimal motion paths based on environmental data and task specifications.Sim-to-real transfer is committed to effectively translating strategies from simulated environments to actual production,thereby diminishing the discrepancies between simulation and reality.The article also delves into the application of artificial intelligence in robot motion planning and how embodied intelligence models catalyze the evolution of robotics technology towards enhanced intelligence and automation.The paper concludes with a synthesis of the methodologies addressing this challenge and a perspective on the myriad challenges that warrant attention.
基金supported by a grant from the Research Chair "Large Dam Reservoirs and Water Quality"(http://fondation.unilim.fr/chaire-grqe)funded by EDF and the Partnership Foundation of the University of Limoges
文摘The internal sedimentary phosphorus(P) load of aquatic systems is able to support eutrophication, especially in dam–reservoir systems where sedimentary P stock is high and where temporary anaerobic conditions occur. The aim of this study therefore is to examine the response of sedimentary P exposed to redox oscillations. Surface sediments collected in the Champsanglard dam–reservoir(on the Creuse River, France) were subjected to two aerobic phases(10 and 12 days) alternated with two anaerobic periods(21 and 27 days)through batch incubations. The studied sediment contained 77 ± 3 μmol/g DW of P, mainly associated with the ascorbate fraction(amorphous Fe/Mn oxyhydroxides). The used sediment was rich in organic matter(OM)(21% ± 1%) with primarily allochthone signature.Our results showed that redox oscillations enhance dissolved inorganic phosphorus release at sediment/water interface. During the first anaerobic stage, the P release was mainly controlled by the dissolution/precipitation of iron minerals. The more pronounced increase of P release during the second anaerobic stage(44%) was due to various mechanisms related to the change in quality of dissolved organic matter(DOM), namely a higher SUVA254 and humification indices. The release of more refractory DOM(rDOM) served to lower the microbial metabolism activity, possibly favored iron oxyhydroxide aggregation and thus limiting iron reduction. In addition, rDOM is able to compete for mineral P sorption sites,leading to a greater P release. In reservoir with predominant allochthone OM input, the release of more aromatic DOM therefore plays an important role in P mobility.
文摘Excavation with tunnel boring machine(TBM)can generate vibrations,causing damages to neighbouring buildings and disturbing the residents or the equipment.This problem is particularly challenging in urban areas,where TBMs are increasingly large in diameter and shallow in depth.In response to this problem,four experimental campaigns were carried out in different geotechnical contexts in France.The vibration measurements were acquired on the surface and inside the TBMs.These measurements are also complemented by few data in the literature.An original methodology of signal processing is pro-posed to characterize the amplitude of the particle velocities,as well as the frequency content of the signals to highlight the most energetic bands.The levels of vibrations are also compared with the thresholds existing in various European regulations concerning the impact on neighbouring structures and the disturbance to local residents.
文摘Urban sediment generated by stormwater management techniques are highly contaminated with various trace elements. The characterization of trace element speciation and mobility are critical information to improve environmental risk assessment. This study investigates the spatial and temporal variability of major and trace element release from a sedimentary layer in Django Reinhart stormwater infiltration basin (Chassieu, eastern suburbs of Lyon, France). Sampling was conducted for 3 zones and two dates. Chemical characterization was performed (X-Ray diffraction, ICP-AES). The samples were submitted to Acid Neutralization Capacity & Base Neutralization Capacity ANC-BNC tests, according to European standard 14429 (AFNOR, 2015). Solid matrices were mixed with acid or basic solutions and physicochemical parameters and major and trace element release (i.e. Al, Ca, Fe, P, S, Si, Cu, Zn and total carbon) were followed as a function of pH. The results show that the urban sediment has no significant spatial and temporal variability with regards to element release. This observation is all the more surprising that the samples were collected in three contrasting zones regarding stormwater supply and hydric conditions. Element release follows the same trends as a function of pH with a bell-shaped solubilization curve exhibiting with the highest solubility at extreme pH values. However, the samples showed slight differences concerning the release of major elements. Such differences are related to slight differences in total mineral contents (organic matter, carbonates…) and chemical composition of the sediments. The results show that despite the varying environmental conditions, the sediment chemical properties can be considered as very stable and uniform over space, depending mainly on the local geochemical context and watershed characteristics. This study highlights the strength and affluence of the information obtained by ANC-BNC tests on the release of major and traces metal elements by urban sediments and brings relevant information regarding the management of these sediments.
文摘The understanding of unsaturated flow in heterogeneous formations is a prerequisite to the understanding of pollutant transfer in the vadose zone and the proper management of infiltration basins settled over such heterogeneous formations. This study addresses the effect of lithological heterogeneity of a glaciofluvial deposit on flow in the vadose zone underneath an infiltration basin settled in the Lyon suburbs. The basin had already been the subject of several previous studies, some of which demonstrated the impact of soil heterogeneity. But all of them were only based on the sedimentological study of a trench and no study addressed the potential spatial variability of results due to the spatial variability of soil heterogeneity. In this study, we model flow in the vadose zone for several case studies, including drainage, water infiltration during a rainfall event, and a complete meteorological chronic. These calculations were conducted for several sections, previously characterized in the basin using GPR and sedimentological study and compared with a blank (homogeneous section). The results clearly show that heterogeneity impacts unsaturated flow and that these impacts depend upon the section considered. Some geometrical architectural and textural parameters were proposed to explain the spatial variability and effect of the soil heterogeneity on unsaturated flow, thus establishing the first step towards modeling unsaturated flow in the basin at the meso-scale.
基金Financial support was provided to C.C.through a French incentive action fund from the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers(INSU ACI ECCO)by an ARTEMIS grant for datings(PALEOFIRE program,INSU-CNRS,France).
文摘Background:The present article questions the relative importance of local-and large-scale processes on the long-term dynamics of fire in the subalpine belt in the western Alps.The study is based on soil charcoal dating and identification,several study sites in contrasting environmental conditions,and sampling of soil charcoal along the elevation gradient of each site.Based on local differences in biomass combustion,we hypothesize that local-scale or landscape-scale processes have driven the fire history,while combustion homogeneity supports the hypothesis of the importance of large-scale or macro-ecological processes,especially climate.Results:Biomass burning during the Holocene resulted from the nesting effects of climate,land use,and altitude,but was little influenced by slope exposure(north versus south),soil(dryness,pH,depth),and vegetation.The mid-Holocene(6500–2700 cal BP)was an important period for climate-driven biomass burning in the subalpine ecosystems of the western Alps,while fires over the last 2500 years appear much more episodic,prompting us to speculate that human activity has played a vital role in their occurrence.Conclusion:Our working hypothesis that the strength of local drivers should offset the effects of regional climate is not validated.The homogeneity of the fire regime between sites thus underscores that climate was the main driver during the Holocene of the western Alps.Long-term subalpine fires are controlled by climate at the millennial scale.Local conditions matter for little in determining variability at the century scale.The mid-Holocene was a chief period for climatic biomass burning in the subalpine zone,while fires during the late Holocene appear much more episodic,suggesting that social drivers has exercised key function on their control.
基金the Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers OREME at Montpellier,France(INSU-CNRS).
文摘Background:In Mediterranean mountain socio-ecosystems,both grazing by livestock and the dry season may influence tree regeneration.However,the relative contributions of these drivers are poorly known,even though present and future canopy composition might result from past and present variations in climate and herbivore density.This study aims to test how semi-feral cattle presence and season affect tree regeneration.Methods:The study was conducted using permanent plots inside and outside a cattle exclosure in an old-growth Mediterranean forest.Saplings and seedlings were counted five times per year(winter,early spring,middle spring,summer,fall)and monitored over 7 yrs.Results:Semi-feral cattle exclusion increased Acer,Fagus,Ilex,Pinus,Prunus and Quercus sapling densities and increased Acer,Fraxinus,Ilex,Quercus and Sorbus seedling densities.Interestingly,the dry season did not exert any noticeable effects on the sapling or seedling densities of any of the studied taxa.Discussion:Semi-feral cattle presence may limit tree regeneration through taxon-dependent effects,which suggests that the current decrease in grazing livestock across the Mediterranean basin will modify recruitment processes and,likely,future forest composition.Conclusions:Semi-feral cattle presence acts as a selective driver of tree community composition.
文摘Due to its rapid movement, preferential flow (PF) in the vadose zone allows much faster contaminant transport, which may have a significant impact on ground-water quality. PF can occur in heterogeneous vadose zones and it strongly depends on hydric and hydraulic conditions like entering flow rates at surface. This study deals with the modeling of the establishment of PF, and related solute transfer during the infiltration phase in a strongly heterogeneous glaciofluvial deposit. This deposit is made of four contrasting lithofacies (sand, gravel, bimodal gravel and matrix-free gravel) and lies underneath an urban infiltration basin (Lyon, France). Previous studies have been carried out on this site and linked the regionalization of soil pollution with the lithological heterogeneity. But none of them clearly demonstrated how heterogeneity could impact flow and solute transfer and may explain such a regionalization. In this study, we model flow and solute transfer at the trench scale for both uniform and heterogeneous profiles in order to characterize the effect of lithological heterogeneity. In addition, such a modeling was performed for two different entering flow rates to depict the influence of condition at surface on PF. A key result is that heterogeneity clearly impacts unsaturated flow and solute transfer. Numerical modeling permitted pointing out the existence of PF paths associated with the sedimentary heterogeneity of the glaciofluvial deposit. For lower surface fluxes, the sand lens and matrix-free gravel were the sources of capillary barrier effects, leading to a funneled flow and a groundwater recharge characterized by earlier and more dispersed wetting fronts. Such a flow pattern enhances solutes transfer and reduces solute retention by soil. Thus, the effect of heterogeneity on solute transfer is significant, especially for the most reactive solutes.
文摘In recent years, many studies have been carried out on colloidal particle transfer in the unsaturated zone because they can be a risk to the environment either directly or as a vector of pollutants. A study was conducted on the influence of porous media structure in unsaturated conditions on colloidal particle transport. Three granular materials were set up in columns to replicate a fluvio-glacial soil from the unsaturated zone in the Lyon area (France). It is a sand, a bimodal mixture in equal proportion by weight of sand and gravel, and a fraction of bimodal mixture. Nanoparticles of silica (SiO2-Au-FluoNPs), having a hydrodynamic diameter between 50 and 60 nm, labeled by organic fluorescent molecules were used to simulate the transport of colloidal particles. A nonreactive tracer, bromide ion (Br-) at a concentration of C0,s = 10-2 M was used to determine the hydrodispersive properties of porous media. The tests were carried out first, with a solution of nanoparticles (C0,p = 0.2 g/L) and secondly, with a solution of nanoparticles and bromine. The transfer model based on fractionation of water into two phases, mobile and immobile, MIM, correctly fits the elution curves. The retention of colloidal particles is greater in the two media of bimodal particle size than that in the sand, which clearly demonstrates the role of textural heterogeneity in the retention mechanism. The increase in ionic strength produced by alimenting the columns with colloidal particle suspension in the presence of bromide, increases retention up to 25% in the sand. The total concentration profile of nanoparticles collected at the end of the experiment shows that the colloidal particles are retained primarily at the entrance of the columns. Hydrodispersive calculated parameters indicate that flow is more heterogeneous in bimodal media compared to sand.
文摘In periurban zones, urban wet weather discharges have been recognized as the most significant vector of pollution in aquatic environments. The discharge of this water without treatment into the aquatic environment could present an ecotoxicological risk for biocenosis. The aim of the INVASION project is to assess the potential ecotoxicological impact of a combined sewer overflow (CSO) on a peri-urban stream. A comparative study between upstream and downstream areas of the CSO allowed observing significant effects of this overflow on the river. We studied three layers of stream: surface water, benthic layer and hyporheic layer. To characterize the potential ecotoxicological risk of water and sediments, we used a battery of 4 bioassays: Daphnia magna, Vibrio fischeri, Brachionus calyciflorus and Heterocypris incongruens. In parallel, we measured the physico-chemical parameters: ammonium (NH4+), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu) and lead (Pb). An ecological risk is greatest for the hyporheic zone in downstream river, particularly for the solid phase. These results corroborated with the physico-chemical data obtained.
文摘At the dawn of the deployment of connected and automated vehicles(CAVs)on our roads,assessing the safety of new systems is crucial.Given the overwhelming number of situations to test,focusing efforts on the most relevant ones for the system is essential.Qualifying scenarios with respect to their relevance is a challenging task.The scope of relevancy must be defined,and a labeling process applicable to any scenario must be developed.However,gathering information on various scenarios to label them poses a challenge because the flagrant lacks field data.In this study,we assume that relevancy is depicted by a safety criticality level on the basis of time-to-collision.We develop a labeling process for scenarios.It learns latent connections between the words generating scenarios and takes advantage of the latent structure to associate criticality levels with any scenario.Such a prediction model enables one to cope with the lack of data by ensuring the prior qualification of any scenario regardless of the quantity of field observations.This process is applied to scenarios described at a high level of abstraction,called functional scenarios.Criticality levels might be used to guide the application of the sampling strategy to select the scenarios under consideration when testing CAVs.Compared with field observations,the results of our automated process are highly correlated,with R^(2)values of up to 0.835 on average.
基金funding from the HORIZON-EIC-2021-PATHFINDEROPEN-0 N.101046693,SSLiP project,funded by the European Union.
文摘Hypericin(C30H16O8)is a naturally occurring substance,an anthraquinone derived from St.John’s wort,possessing outstanding antiviral,antitumor,antibacterial,and antioxidant properties.Today,hypericin is primarily used in medicinal applications.It is a small,flat organic molecule with a graphene-like core surrounded by oxidized functions,suggesting it could act as a graphene precursor in tribological contacts.Therefore,we investigated the lubrication properties of hypericin as an additive in glycerol,used as a base oil.It is well established that glycerol is superlubricious under full and thin film elastohydrodynamic(EHD)lubrication regimes but generally fails with steel under more severe conditions(mixed and boundary regimes).We studied the effect of hypericin added to glycerol for steel-on-steel and steel-on-silicon friction pairs.For the steel-on-steel configuration,results show that hypericin is a strong anti-wear additive due to its antioxidant properties that scavenge OH radicals.Moreover,hypericin is also an efficient friction-reducing agent,providing a steady state and robust ultralow friction coefficient(0.02–0.03).Thus,it outperforms most traditional additive formulations under the same conditions,although it does not achieve superlubricity(coefficient of friction(CoF)<0.01)under more severe conditions.For steel-on-silicon,hypericin significantly extends the superlubricity regime of glycerol to lambda ratios well below unity(low sliding speeds).The mechanism of superlubricity is attributed to the friction-induced formation of graphene layers from hypericin molecules,smoothing friction surfaces,and operating a hybrid liquid–solid superlubricious system.
文摘While the implementation of sustainable urban planning has proven to be one of the primary goals to reduce the climate change impact,the rapid adoption of nearly Zero Energy Buildings(nZEB)concept in the building sector is inevitable to reach that objective.Following this trend,this article focuses on the implementation of a parametric digital workflow to evaluate the energy performance of a nearly zero energy high-rise 23-storey office building in the climatic and urban contexts of Casablanca at the early design stage.In the scope of this study,Grasshopper-based digital workflow permits to investigate the impact of 147 parametric building designs,which are generated by varying the building’s shape factor and orientation on thermal cooling and heating demand and global solar energy production.The outcomes of this holistic methodology highlight the design trade-offs between energy efficiency strategies and energy performance of building-integrated photovoltaic(BIPV)and photovoltaic(PV)systems,aiming to reach optimized nZEB.Moreover,the results of the study suggest that it is possible to reach an annual load match equivalent to 29.68%.The findings also underscore the significant role of the BIPV systems in shifting towards the goal of net zero energy,accounting for up to 64.43%of the total solar energy output and contributing in total up to 17.62%to the yearly self-sufficiency.In addition,the energy balance evaluation,when assessed on an hourly basis,reveals that the BIPV system significantly improves the daily load cover factor,achieving a value of 12.45%,and increases up to 20.62%when considering also the rooftop PV,particularly during spring season.Finally,the capacity credit factor is improved by up to 31.27%,which is a significant share of grid connection reduction compared to the same building relying totally on the grid for its energy needs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52002065)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu(No.BK20200378),and ZhiShan Scholar Program of Southeast University.
文摘In recent years,the advancement of artificial intelligence techniques has led to significant interest in reinforcement learning(RL)within the traffic and transportation community.Dynamic traffic control has emerged as a prominent application field for RL in traffic systems.This paper presents a comprehensive survey of RL studies in dynamic traffic control,addressing the challenges associated with implementing RL-based traffic control strategies in practice,and identifying promising directions for future research.The first part of this paper provides a comprehensive overview of existing studies on RL-based traffic control strategies,encompassing their model designs,training algorithms,and evaluation methods.It is found that only a few studies have isolated the training and testing environments while evaluating their RL controllers.Subsequently,we examine the challenges involved in implementing existing RL-based traffic control strategies.We investigate the learning costs associated with online RL methods and the transferability of offline RL methods through simulation experiments.The simulation results reveal that online training methods with random exploration suffer from high exploration and learning costs.Additionally,the performance of offline RL methods is highly reliant on the accuracy of the training simulator.These limitations hinder the practical implementation of existing RL-based traffic control strategies.The final part of this paper summarizes and discusses a few existing efforts which attempt to overcome these challenges.This review highlights a rising volume of studies dedicated to mitigating the limitations of RL strategies,with the specific aim of enhancing their practical implementation in recent years.
基金supported by the Smart Lab LABILITY of the University Gustave Eiffel,funded by the Region Ile de France(Grant No.20012741)by the French ANR research project PROMENADE(Grant No.ANR-18-CE22-0008).
文摘Transportation networks are sized to efficiently achieve some set of service objectives.Under particular circumstances,such as the COVID-19 pandemic,the demand for transportation can significantly change,both qualitatively and quantitatively,resulting in an over-capacitated and less efficient network.In this paper,we address this issue by proposing a framework for resizing the network to efficiently cope with the new demand.The framework includes a model to determine an optimal transportation sub-network that guarantees the following:(i)the minimal access time from any node of the urban network to the new sub-network has not excessively increased compared to that of the original transportation network;(ii)the delay induced on any itinerary by the removal of nodes from the original transportation network has not excessively increased;and(iii)the number of removed nodes from the transportation network is within a preset known factor.A solution is optimal if it induces a minimal global delay.We modelled this problem as a Mixed Integer Linear Program and applied it to the public bus transportation network of Lyon,France,in a case study.In order to respond to operational issues,the framework also includes a decision tool that helps the network planners to decide which bus lines to close and which ones to leave open according to specific trade-off preferences.The results on real data in Lyon show that the optimal sub-network from the MILP model can be used to feed the decision tool,leading to operational scenarios for network planners.
基金This work was supported by the Conseil Departemental de Flsere,the French National Research Agency(ANR)through the LABEX IMU(ANR-10-LABX-0088)of Universite de Lyonwithin the program“Investissements d’Avenir”(ANR-11-IDEX-0007).
文摘Species and nestmate recognition in social insects occurs mostly through cuticular hydrocarbons acting as chemical cues. These compounds generate a colony-specific odor profile depending on genetic and environmental factors. Species and nestmate recognition results in specific behavioral responses, regulating the level of aggression toward other individuals during an interaction. Although species discrimination and recognition cues have been poorly studied in the context of interspecific hybridization, such systems offer an opportunity to further investigate the influence of heritable and environmental factors on recognition. We explored the strength of discrimination in a hybrid zone between two ant species—Tetramorium immigrans and T. caespitum—by comparing cuticular hydrocarbon profiles and measuring intra- and interspecific worker aggression in both areas of sympatry and areas of allopatry among species. Species cuticular hydrocarbon profiles were well-differentiated and interspecific aggression was high, revealing highly discriminating species recognition cues. Hybrids’ cuticular hydrocarbon profiles consisted of a mixture of the parental bouquets, but also exhibited hybrid-specific patterns. Behavioral assays showed that T. immigrans is as aggressive toward hybrids as toward heterospecifics. Finally, aggression between heterospecific workers was lower when interacting individuals came from areas of sympatry among species than from areas of allopatry. Taken as a whole, these findings paint a particularly complex picture of the recognition system in T. immigrans, T. caespitum, and their hybrids, and highlight that hybrid zones afford a still underexplored opportunity for investigating recognition mechanisms and discrimination between species.
基金The study has been funded by CNRS Project PEPS POLLUX TROPIC.
文摘Artificial light at night(ALAN)is expanding worldwide.Many physiological effects have been reported in animals,but we still know little about the consequences for the visual system.The pupil contributes to control incoming light onto the retina.Sudden increases in light intensity evokes the pupil light reflex(PLR).Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells(ipRGC)affect PLR and melatonin expression,which largely regulate circadian rhythms and PLR itself.IpRCG receive inputs from various photoreptors with different peak sensitivities implying that PLR could be altered by a broad range of light sources.We predicted ALAN to enhance PLR.Contrary to our prediction,dark-adapted cane toads Rhinella marina,exposed to ALAN(5 lx)for 12 days,exhibited a lower PLR than controls and individuals exposed to 0.04 lx,even after 1 h in bright light.We cannot conclude whether ALAN induced a larger pupil size in dark-adapted toads or a slower initial contraction.Nevertheless,the response was triggered by a light source with an emission peak(590 nm)well above the sensitivity peak of melanopsin,the main photoreceptor involved in PLR.Therefore,ALAN alters the capacity of toads to regulate the incoming light in the eye at night,which may reduce the performance of visually guided behaviors,and increase mortality by predators or road kills at night.This first study emphasizes the need to focus on the effect of ALAN on the vision of nocturnal organisms to better understand how this sensory system is altered and anticipate the consequences for organisms.
文摘In this study,we will model a light-weight building made of phase change materials(PCMs)to analyze the impact of the building volume,window orientation,and air infiltration on the PCM performance.This is done by calculating the energy savings attained by the use of PCM across all of Morocco.We’ll use the commercial Rubitherm panels with RT28HC as a phase change material in this work.Typically,the EnergyPlus simulation engine is chosen to perform the modeling.The impact of building volumes is also evaluated on the PCM activation for light-weight square buildings with different side lengths of 10 m,9 m,8 m,and 7 m.Also,we looked at how well the PCM performed in terms of energy savings and thermal regulation at different window orientation placements(south,north,west,and east)and various air infiltration rates(0.5,1,1.5,and 3 ACH).This paper’s primary objective is to determine the energy savings for the PCM-enhanced building in Morocco,as well as the effect of building volume,window orientation,and infiltration on the PCM capabilities for stabilizing the indoor room temperature.The results show good indoor temperature stabilization during the summer,for the light-weight square building with a south-facing window and no air infiltration.This configuration was able to achieve a total fluctuation reduction of 1303.3℃for the 10 m building in a semi-arid environment.Besides,a high energy savings percentage of 69.56%was achieved for the PCM-enhanced building with the south-oriented window and air infiltration of 0.5 air change per hour.
文摘Mass renovation goals aimed at energy savings on a national scale require a significant level of public financial commitment.To identify target buildings,decision-makers need a thorough understanding of energy performance.Energy Performance Certificates(EPC)provide information about areas of space,such as land plots or a building’s footprint,without specifying exact locations.They cover only a fraction of dwellings.This paper demonstrates that learning from observed EPCs to predict missing ones at the building level can be viewed as a spatial interpolation problem with uncertainty both on input and output variables.The Kriging methodology is applied to random fields observed at random locations to determine the Best Linear Unbiased Predictor(BLUP).Although the Gaussian setting is lost,conditional moments can still be derived.Covariates are admissible,even with missing observations.We present applications using both simulated and real data,with a specific case study of a city in France serving as an example.
